Survey System Using Blockchain for Scientific Research

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 45 - 67, 31.12.2021

Salim Eray Çelik Vildan Özkır

Öz

The survey is a list of questions prepared according to a specific plan for the resource people who constitute a universe or sample to understand specific people's feelings, thoughts, and experiences on a subject. However, there are many disadvantages such as lack of transparency, lack of participant privacy, and low level of security due to the centralized structure of existing survey systems. Blockchain is a Digital Trust Protocol that provides agentless, transparent, secure information transfer that protects user privacy with crypto encryption. In this study, we propose a blockchain-based, inter-university survey system to be used in scientific research to solve the problems encountered in existing survey systems. We also do a SWOT analysis of our proposed approach and centralized survey systems, utilize an algorithm in the literature to investigate whether blockchain is suitable for survey applications, compare the central survey systems with the design we propose in terms of transparency using the CNN transparency index. Moreover, we use the technology organization environment (TOE) theory to identify barriers that may arise in technology adoption and use the Fuzzy Decision-Making Trial and Laboratory Evaluation (Fuzzy Dematel) method to evaluate, analyze and prioritize the interactions of these barriers with each other.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Blockchain, Survey System, Fuzzy Dematel, TOE

Kaynakça

• Ahmad, M. and Salah, K. (2018) “IoT security : Review , blockchain solutions , and open challenges,” Future Generation Computer Systems, 82, pp. 395–411. doi:10.1016/j.future.2017.11.022.
• Aitzhan, N.Z. and Svetinovic, D. (2018) “Security and Privacy in Decentralized Energy Trading Through Multi-Signatures , Blockchain and Anonymous Messaging Streams,” 15(5), pp. 840–852.
• Andoni, M. et al. (2019) “Blockchain technology in the energy sector : A systematic review of challenges and opportunities,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 100(November 2018), pp. 143–174. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.10.014.
• Androulaki, E. et al. (no date) “Hyperledger Fabric : A Distributed Operating System for Permissioned Blockchains.”
• AYDAŞ, İ. (2020) “PRE-ELECTION POLLS IN TURKEY,” 3(2017), pp. 54–67.
• Azaria, A. et al. (2016) “MedRec: Using blockchain for medical data access and permission management,” Proceedings - 2016 2nd International Conference on Open and Big Data, OBD 2016, pp. 25–30. doi:10.1109/OBD.2016.11.
• B, C.D. et al. (2015) “Making Bitcoin Exchanges Transparent,” pp. 561–576. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24177-7. Baur, A.W. et al. (2015) “Cryptocurrencies as a Disruption ? Empirical Findings on User Adoption and Future Potential of Bitcoin and Co,” pp. 63–80. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25013-7.
• Bhargavan, K. et al. (no date) “Formal Verification of Smart Contracts Short Paper F *,” pp. 91–96.
• Biswas, B. and Gupta, R. (2019) “Computers & Industrial Engineering Analysis of barriers to implement blockchain in industry and service sectors,” Computers & Industrial Engineering, 136(July), pp. 225–241. doi:10.1016/j.cie.2019.07.005.
• Biswas, K. and Technology, A.B. (2016) “Securing Smart Cities Using Blockchain Technology,” pp. 10–11. doi:10.1109/HPCC-SmartCity-DSS.2016.178.
• “Blockchain’s Roles in Meeting Key Supply Chain Management Objectives By: Nir Kshetri Kshetri, Nir (2018)." Blockchain’s Roles in Meeting Key Supply Chain Management Objectives,”” (2018), pp. 80–89.
• “Blockchain’s roles in strengthening cybersecurity and protecting privacy By: Nir Kshetri Kshetri, Nir (2017)."Blockchain’s roles in strengthening cybersecurity and protecting privacy "” (2017), 41, pp. 1027–1038.
• Bruens, B. and Moehrle, M.G. (2018) “Understanding the diffusion of the blockchain technology: A patent-based analysis using the tf-lag-idf for term novelty evaluation,” PICMET 2018 - Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology: Managing Technological Entrepreneurship: The Engine for Economic Growth, Proceedings [Preprint]. doi:10.23919/PICMET.2018.8481994.
• Casino, F., Dasaklis, T.K. and Patsakis, C. (2019) “Telematics and Informatics A systematic literature review of blockchain-based applications : Current status , classification and open issues,” Telematics and Informatics, 36(May 2018), pp. 55–81. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2018.11.006.
• Christidis, K. and Devetsikiotis, M. (2016a) “Blockchains and Smart Contracts for the Internet of Things,” IEEE Access, 4, pp. 2292–2303. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2566339.
• Christidis, K. and Devetsikiotis, M. (2016b) “Blockchains and Smart Contracts for the Internet of Things,” IEEE Access, 4, pp. 2292–2303. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2566339.
• Claxton, L.D. (2005) “Scientific authorship: Part 1. A window into scientific fraud?,” Mutation Research - Reviews in Mutation Research, 589(1), pp. 17–30. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2004.07.003.
• Croman, K. et al. (no date) “On Scaling Decentralized Blockchains ( A Position Paper ),” 5, pp. 106–125. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4.
• Cryptography, F. et al. (2017) “A Smart Contract for Boardroom Voting with Maximum Voter Privacy.”
• De, R., Pandey, N. and Pal, A. (2020) “Impact of digital surge during Covid-19 pandemic: A viewpoint on research and practice,” International Journal of Information and Learning Technology, (55), pp. 1–6.
• Decker, C. and Wattenhofert, R. (2013) “Information Propagation in the Bitcoin Network.”
• Dematel, B., Makİne, Y. and Organ, A. (2013) “Bulanik dematel yöntemi̇yle maki̇ne seçi̇mi̇ni̇ etki̇leyen kri̇terleri̇n değerlendi̇ri̇lmesi̇.” Dorri, A. et al. (2017) “BlockChain : A Distributed Solution to Automotive Security and Privacy,” (December), pp. 119–125.
• Esposito, C. et al. (2018) “Blockchain : A Panacea for Healthcare Cloud-Based Data Security and Privacy ?,” (February), pp. 31–37.
• E-textiles, C. (2018) “Towards The Internet of Smart Clothing : A Review on IoT Wearables and Garments for Creating Intelligent.” doi:10.3390/electronics7120405.
• Eyal, I. et al. (2016) “Bitcoin-NG : A Scalable Blockchain Protocol This paper is included in the Proceedings of the.” Eyal, I. and Emin, G. (no date) “Majority is not Enough : Bitcoin Mining is Vulnerable ∗.”
• Fanelli, D. (2009) “How many scientists fabricate and falsify research? A systematic review and meta-analysis of survey data,” PLoS ONE, 4(5). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005738.
• Farooque, M. et al. (2020) “Fuzzy DEMATEL analysis of barriers to Blockchain-based life cycle assessment in China,” Computers and Industrial Engineering, 147(July), p. 106684. doi:10.1016/j.cie.2020.106684.
• Fernando, Y., Rozuar, N.H.M. and Mergeresa, F. (2021) “The blockchain-enabled technology and carbon performance: Insights from early adopters,” Technology in Society, 64(September 2020), p. 101507. doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101507.
• Galvez, J.F., Mejuto, J.C. and Simal-gandara, J. (2018) “Trends in Analytical Chemistry Future challenges on the use of blockchain for food traceability analysis,” Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 107, pp. 222–232. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2018.08.011.
• Grishchenko, I., Maffei, M. and B, C.S. (2018) A Semantic Framework for the Security Analysis of Ethereum Smart Contracts. Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89722-6.
• Guan, Z. et al. (2018) “Privacy-Preserving and Efficient Aggregation Based on Blockchain for Power Grid Communications in Smart Communities,” (July), pp. 82–88.
• Guo, Y. and Liang, C. (2016) “Blockchain application and outlook in the banking industry.” doi:10.1186/s40854-016-0034-9. Hassan, M.U., Rehmani, M.H. and Chen, J. (2019) “Differential Privacy Techniques for Cyber Physical Systems : A Survey,” pp. 1–46.
• Heilman, E. et al. (2015) “Eclipse Attacks on Bitcoin ’ s Peer-to-Peer Network ∗,” (August).
• Huckle, S. et al. (2016) “Internet of Things, Blockchain and Shared Economy Applications,” 98, pp. 461–466. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2016.09.074.
• Huh, S., Cho, S. and Kim, S. (2017) “Managing IoT Devices using Blockchain Platform,” pp. 464–467.
• Information, A. (2018) “Blockchain Technology: A Data Framework to Improve Validity, Trust, and Accountability of Information Exchange in Health Professions Education,” 93(12), pp. 1791–1794. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000002326.
• Janssen, M. (2017) “Delft University of Technology Blockchain in government Benefits and implications of distributed ledger technology for information sharing.” doi:10.1016/j.giq.2017.09.007.
• Journal, D.L.A.W. and Madison, J. (no date) “BEYOND BITCOIN : ISSUES IN REGULATING BLOCKCHAIN TRANSACTIONS.”
• Kamble, S.S., Gunasekaran, A. and Sharma, R. (2020) “International Journal of Information Management Modeling the blockchain enabled traceability in agriculture supply chain,” International Journal of Information Management, 52(November 2018), p. 101967. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.05.023.
• Kang, J. et al. (2017) “Enabling Localized Peer-to-Peer Electricity Trading among Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using Consortium Blockchains,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 13(6), pp. 3154–3164. doi:10.1109/TII.2017.2709784.
• Kim, H.M. and Laskowski, M. (2018) “Toward an ontology-driven blockchain design for supply-chain provenance,” Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management, 25(1), pp. 18–27. doi:10.1002/isaf.1424.
• Kosba, A. et al. (2016) “Hawk: The Blockchain Model of Cryptography and Privacy-Preserving Smart Contracts,” Proceedings - 2016 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, SP 2016, pp. 839–858. doi:10.1109/SP.2016.55.
• Kraft, D. (2016) “Difficulty control for blockchain-based consensus systems,” (November 2014), pp. 397–413. doi:10.1007/s12083-015-0347-x.
• Kroll, J. a, Davey, I.C. and Felten, E.W. (2013) “The Economics of Bitcoin Mining, or Bitcoin in the Presence of Adversaries,” The Twelfth Workshop on the Economics of Information Security (WEIS 2013), (Weis), pp. 1–21.
• Kuo, T., Kim, H. and Ohno-machado, L. (2017) “Review Blockchain distributed ledger technologies for biomedical and health care applications,” 24(September), pp. 1211–1220. doi:10.1093/jamia/ocx068.
• Lei, A. et al. (2017) “Blockchain-Based Dynamic Key Management for Heterogeneous Intelligent Transportation Systems,” 4(6), pp. 1832–1843.
• Lemieux, V.L. (no date) “Trusting records : is Blockchain technology the answer ?” doi:10.1108/RMJ-12-2015-0042.
• Li, L. et al. (2018) “CreditCoin : A Privacy-Preserving Blockchain- based Incentive Announcement Network for Communications of Smart Vehicles.”
• Li, X. and Wang, C.A. (2017) “The technology and economic determinants of cryptocurrency exchange rates : The case of Bitcoin,” Decision Support Systems, 95, pp. 49–60. doi:10.1016/j.dss.2016.12.001.
• Liang, X. et al. (2017) “ProvChain : A Blockchain-based Data Provenance Architecture in Cloud Environment with Enhanced Privacy and Availability,” pp. 468–477. doi:10.1109/CCGRID.2017.8.
• Luu, L. et al. (2016) “Making smart contracts smarter,” Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 24-28-Octo, pp. 254–269. doi:10.1145/2976749.2978309.
• Luu, L. and Gilbert, S. (no date) “A Secure Sharding Protocol For Open Blockchains,” pp. 17–30.
• Ma, Z. et al. (2018) “Blockchain for digital rights management,” Future Generation Computer Systems, 89, pp. 746–764. doi:10.1016/j.future.2018.07.029.
• Mackey, T.K., Nayyar, G. and Mackey, T.K. (2017a) “Expert Opinion on Drug Safety A review of existing and emerging digital technologies to combat the global trade in fake medicines in fake medicines,” Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 16(5), pp. 587–602. doi:10.1080/14740338.2017.1313227.
• Mackey, T.K., Nayyar, G. and Mackey, T.K. (2017b) “Expert Opinion on Drug Safety A review of existing and emerging digital technologies to combat the global trade in fake medicines in fake medicines,” Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 16(5), pp. 587–602. doi:10.1080/14740338.2017.1313227.
• Mengelkamp, E. et al. (2018) “Designing microgrid energy markets A case study : The Brooklyn Microgrid,” Applied Energy, 210, pp. 870–880. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.06.054.
• Munsing, E., Mather, J. and Moura, S. (2017) “Blockchains for Decentralized Optimization of Energy Resources in Microgrid Networks *,” pp. 2164–2171.
• Nakamoto, S. (2008) “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System,” 23(4), pp. 552–557. doi:10.1162/ARTL_a_00247.
• Novo, O. (2018) “Blockchain Meets IoT : An Architecture for Scalable Access Management in IoT,” 5(2), pp. 1184–1195.
• PECK, M.E. (2017) “Do You Need a Blockchain? This chart will tell you if the technology can solve your problem,” Blockchain world, pp. 8–10.
• Pilkington, M. (no date) “Blockchain Technology : Principles and Applications.”
• Salah, K., Member, S. and Rehman, M.H.U.R. (2019) “Blockchain for AI : Review and Open Research Challenges,” IEEE Access, 7, pp. 10127–10149. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2890507.
• Sharma, P.K. et al. (2017) “DistBlockNet : A Distributed Blockchains-Based Secure SDN Architecture for IoT Networks,” (September), pp. 78–85.
• Sharma, P.K., Chen, M. and Park, J.H. (2018) “A Software Defined Fog Node Based Distributed Blockchain Cloud Architecture for IoT,” IEEE Access, 6, pp. 115–124. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2757955.
• Sharples, M. and Domingue, J. (2016) “The Blockchain and Kudos : A Distributed System for Educational Record , Reputation and Reward,” 2, pp. 490–496. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45153-4.
• Sikorski, J.J., Haughton, J. and Kraft, M. (2017) “Blockchain technology in the chemical industry : Machine-to-machine electricity market,” Applied Energy, 195, pp. 234–246. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.03.039.
• Sun, J. and Yan, J. (2016) “Blockchain-based sharing services : What blockchain technology can contribute to smart cities.” doi:10.1186/s40854-016-0040-y.
• Surendra, V. et al. (2020) “Resources , Conservation & Recycling Blockchain technology adoption barriers in the Indian agricultural supply chain : an integrated approach,” Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 161(April), p. 104877. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104877.
• Tahar, M., Hammi, B. and Bellot, P. (2020) “Bubbles of Trust : A decentralized blockchain-based authentication system for IoT,” Computers & Security, 78(2018), pp. 126–142. doi:10.1016/j.cose.2018.06.004.
• Toyoda, K., Mathiopoulos, P.T. and Member, S. (2017) “A Novel Blockchain-Based Product Ownership Management System ( POMS ) for Anti-Counterfeits in the Post Supply Chain,” 5.
• Tschorsch, F. and Scheuermann, B. (2016) “Bitcoin and beyond: A technical survey on decentralized digital currencies,” IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 18(3), pp. 2084–2123. doi:10.1109/COMST.2016.2535718.
• Tuan, T. et al. (2020) “BLOCKBENCH : A Framework for Analyzing Private.”
• Viriyasitavat, W. et al. (2020) “Blockchain-based business process management (BPM) framework for service composition in industry 4.0,” Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 31(7), pp. 1737–1748. doi:10.1007/s10845-018-1422-y.
• Wang, L. and Liu, Y. (no date) “Exploring Miner Evolution in Bitcoin Network.”
• Wang, Y.U. and Han, J. (2018) “When Intrusion Detection Meets Blockchain Technology : A Review,” IEEE Access, 6, pp. 10179–10188. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2799854.
• Weber, I., Xu, X. and Governatori, G. (2016) “Untrusted Business Process Monitoring and Execution Using Blockchain,” 2, pp. 329–347. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45348-4.
• Wong, L. et al. (2020) “International Journal of Information Management Time to seize the digital evolution : Adoption of blockchain in operations and supply chain management among Malaysian SMEs,” International Journal of Information Management, 52(August 2019), p. 101997. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.08.005.
• Wu, W.W. and Lee, Y.T. (2007) “Developing global managers’ competencies using the fuzzy DEMATEL method,” Expert Systems with Applications, 32(2), pp. 499–507. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2005.12.005.
• Xia, Q. et al. (2017) “BBDS : Blockchain-Based Data Sharing for Electronic Medical Records in Cloud Environments.” doi:10.3390/info8020044.
• Xia, Q.I. et al. (2017) “MeDShare : Trust-Less Medical Data Sharing Among Cloud Service Providers via Blockchain,” 5, pp. 14757–14767.
• Xiong, Z. et al. (2018) “When Mobile Blockchain Meets Edge Computing,” (August), pp. 33–39.
• Xu, X. et al. (2016) “The Blockchain as a Software Connector,” pp. 182–191. doi:10.1109/WICSA.2016.21.
• Xu, X. et al. (2017) “A Taxonomy of Blockchain-Based Systems for Architecture Design,” pp. 243–252. doi:10.1109/ICSA.2017.33.
• Yang, M.H., Lee, T.R. and Chang, T.C. (2019) “Key success factors of blockchain platform for micro-enterprises,” Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 6(3), pp. 283–293. doi:10.13106/jafeb.2019.vol6.no3.283.
• Yli-Huumo, J. et al. (2016a) “Where is current research on Blockchain technology? - A systematic review,” PLoS ONE, 11(10), pp. 1–27. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163477.
• Yli-Huumo, J. et al. (2016b) “Where is current research on Blockchain technology? - A systematic review,” PLoS ONE, 11(10), pp. 1–27. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163477.
• Yuan, Y. and Wang, F. (2016) “Towards Blockchain-based Intelligent Transportation Systems,” pp. 2663–2668.
• Yue, X. et al. (2016) “Healthcare Data Gateways : Found Healthcare Intelligence on Blockchain with Novel Privacy Risk Control,” Journal of Medical Systems [Preprint]. doi:10.1007/s10916-016-0574-6.
• Zhang, F. et al. (2016) “Town Crier : An Authenticated Data Feed for Smart Contracts,” pp. 270–282.
• Zhang, Y. and Wen, J. (2015) “An IoT Electric Business Model Based on the Protocol of Bitcoin,” pp. 184–191.
• Zheng, Z. et al. (2017) “An Overview of Blockchain Technology : Architecture , Consensus , and Future Trends.” doi:10.1109/BigDataCongress.2017.85.
• Zheng, Z., Xie, S. and Dai, H. (2018a) “Blockchain challenges and opportunities : A survey Blockchain challenges and opportunities : a survey Zibin Zheng and Shaoan Xie Hong-Ning Dai Xiangping Chen * Huaimin Wang,” (October). doi:10.1504/IJWGS.2018.095647.
• Zheng, Z., Xie, S. and Dai, H. (2018b) “Blockchain challenges and opportunities : A survey Blockchain challenges and opportunities : a survey Zibin Zheng and Shaoan Xie Hong-Ning Dai Xiangping Chen * Huaimin Wang,” (October). doi:10.1504/IJWGS.2018.095647.
• Zhu, P. et al. (2021) “Enhancing Traceability of Infectious Diseases: A Blockchain-Based Approach,” Information Processing and Management, 58(4), p. 102570. doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102570.
• Zyskind, G. and Pentland, A.S. (no date) “Decentralizing Privacy : Using Blockchain to Protect Personal Data.”