Teacher leadership (TL) has become a popular topic in educational research whereby teachers have increasing responsibilities and voice outside of their classrooms. TL has been shown to be important for school reforms, teacher satisfaction, and student learning. The amount of research on TL has grown; however, it continues to be criticized for lacking a coherent definition and theoretical base. Additionally, TL, as a field of study, lacks any organization or regularly occurring meetings. This study surveyed international TL scholars using both Likert items and open-ended questions. Convergent mixed methods analysis showed that participants agreed that TL lacks a cohesive definition, but four common themes emerged from the data on the definition. This analysis shows that while specifics of TL differ across settings, there are some common understandings of TL.
Ado, K. (2015). From pre-service to teacher leader: The early development of teacher leaders. Issues in Teacher Education, 25(1), 3-21.
Anderson, K. D. (2002). Changing roles and teacher leadership in schools. Rural Educator, 23(3), 1–6.
Arden, C. & Okoko, J. M. (2021). Exploring cross-cultural perspectives of teacher leadership among the members of an international research team: A phenomenographic study. Research in Educational Administration & Leadership, 6(1), 51-90. DOI: 10.30828/real/2021.1.3
Arden, C. & Okoko, J. M. (2023). Exploring cross-cultural perspectives of teacher leadership among the members of an international research team: A phenomenographic study. In C. F. Webber (Ed.). Teacher Leadership in International Contexts (pp. 51-81). Springer.
Berg, J. H., Carver, C. L., & Mangin, M. M. (2014). Teacher Leader Model Standards: Implications for preparation, policy, and practice. Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 9(2), 195-217. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942775113507714
Berg, J. H., Horn, P., Supovitz, J., & Margolis, J. (2019). Typology of teacher leadership programs. Research Report (#RR 2019-1). Consortium for Policy Research in Education, University of Pennsylvania.
Berg, J. H., & Zoellick, B. (2019). Teacher leadership: Toward a new conceptual framework. Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 4(1), 2-14. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPCC-06-2018-0017
Bogler, R. (2001). The influence of leadership style on teacher job satisfaction. Educational Administration Quarterly, 37(5), 662-683. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131610121969460
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage.
Cosenza, M. N. (2015). Defining teacher leadership: Affirming the Teacher Leader Model Standards. Issues in Teacher Education, 24(2), 79-99.
Estabrooks, J. A., Field, P. A., & Morse, J.M. (1994). Aggregating qualitative findings: An approach to theory development. Qualitative Health Research 4(4), 503-511. https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323940040
Evans, R. (1996). The human side of school change. Jossey-Bass.
Fairman, J. C., & Mackenzie, S. V. (2015). How teacher leaders influence others and understand their leadership. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 18(1), 61-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2014.904002
Frymier, J. (1987). Bureaucracy and the neutering of teachers. Phi Delta Kappan, 69(1), 8-14. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20403522
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.
Hallinger, P., & Kovačević, J. (2021). Science mapping the knowledge base in educational leadership and management: A longitudinal bibliometric analysis, 1960 to 2018. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 49(1), 5-30. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1741143219859002
Harris, A. (2003). Distributed leadership in schools: Leading or misleading? Management in Education, 16(5), 10-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/089202060301600504
Hinkle, D. E., Wiersma, W., & Jurs, S. G. (2002). Applied statistics for the behavioral science, (5th ed). Houghton Mifflin.
Krippendorff, K. (2004). Reliability in content analysis: Some common misconceptions and recommendations. Human Communication Research, 30(3), 411-433. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2004.tb00738.x
Lambert, L. (2002). A framework for shared leadership. Educational leadership, 59(8), 37-40.
Liu, Y., Bellibas, M. S., & Gumus, S. (2021). The effect of instructional leadership and distributed leadership on teacher self-efficacy and job satisfaction: Mediating roles of supportive school culture and teacher collaboration. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 49(3), 430-453. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220910438
Miller, D., Borasi, R., Borys, Z., Callard, C., Carson, C., & Occhino, M. (2022). Teacher Leaders' Roles, Preparation, and Impact in a District-Wide Digital Conversion. In N. Bond (Ed.) The Power of Teacher Leaders (pp. 66-80). Routledge.
Muijs, D., & Harris, A. (2003). Teacher leadership-improvement through empowerment? An overview of the literature. Educational Management & Administration, 31(4), 437-448. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263211X030314007
Nerlino, E. (2020). A theoretical grounding of teacher leadership. Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 5(2), 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPCC-12-2019-0034
Neuendorf, K. A. (2002). The content analysis guidebook. Sage.
Nguyen, D., Harris, A., & Ng, D. (2020). A review of the empirical research on teacher leadership (2003-2017). Journal of Educational Administration, 58(1), 60-80. http://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-02-2018-0023
Pan, H-L. W. & Chen, W-Y. (2021). How principal leadership facilitates teacher learning through teacher leadership: Determining the critical path. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 49(3), 454-470. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220913553
Pan, H-L. W., Wiens, P. D., & Moyal, A. (2023). A bibliometric analysis of the teacher leadership scholarship. Teaching and Teacher Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103936
Pounder, J. S. (2006). Transformational classroom leadership: The fourth wave of teacher leadership?. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 34(4), 533-545. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143206068216
Schott, C., van Roekel, H., & Tummers, L. G. (2020). Teacher leadership: A systematic review, methodological quality assessment and conceptual framework. Educational Research Review, 31, 100-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2020.100352
Sebastian, J., Huang, H., & Allensworth, E. (2017). Examining integrated leadership in high schools: Connecting principal and teacher leadership to organizational processes and student outcomes. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 28(3), 463-488. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2017.1319392
Shen, J., Wu, H., Reeves, P., Zheng, Y., Ryan, L., & Anderson, D. (2020). The association between teacher leadership and student achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 31, 100357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2020.100357
Silva, D. Y., Gimbert, B., & Nolan, J. (2000). Sliding the doors: Locking and unlocking possibilities for teacher leadership. Teacher College Record, 102(4), 779-804.
Teacher Leadership Exploratory Consortium (nd.) Teacher Leader Model Standards. Author.
Tesch, R. (1990). Qualitative research: Analysis types and software tools. Routledge.
Tsai, K. C. (2015). A preliminary meta-analysis of teacher leadership. Journal of Education and Literature, 3(3), 131-137.
von Frank, V. (2011). Teacher leader standards. Learning Forward, 6(5), 1-4.
Webber, C. F. (2021). The need for cross-cultural exploration of teacher leadership. Research in Educational Administration & Leadership, 6(1), 17-49. DOI: 10.30828/real/2021.1.2
Webber, C. F., Conway, J. M., & van der Vyver, C. P. (2023). International Study of Teacher Leadership: A rationale and theoretical framework. In C. F. Webber (Ed.). Teacher Leadership in International Contexts (pp. 27-50). Springer.
Webber, C.F. & Andrews, D. (2023). Lessons learned from voices across the globe. In C. F. Webber (Ed.). Teacher Leadership in International Contexts (pp. 323-344). Springer.
Wenner, J. A., & Campbell, T. (2017). The theoretical and empirical basis of teacher leadership: A review of the literature. Review of Educational Research, 87(1), 134-171. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654316653478
White, M. D. & Marsh, E. E. (2008). Content analysis: A flexible methodology. Library Trends, 55(1), 22-46.
Wiens, P. D., Beck, J. S., Hinton, K., & *Moyal, A. (2024). The complex web of teacher leadership: Examining the relationships between instructional support, shared leadership, and teacher satisfaction. The Educational Forum, 88(1), 94-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131725.2023.2207106
York-Barr, J., & Duke, K. (2004). What do we know about teacher leadership? Findings from two decades of scholarship. Review of Educational Research, 74(3), 255-316. https://doi.org/10.3102%2F00346543074003255
Year 2024,
Volume: 9 Issue: 4, 585 - 618, 23.12.2024
Ado, K. (2015). From pre-service to teacher leader: The early development of teacher leaders. Issues in Teacher Education, 25(1), 3-21.
Anderson, K. D. (2002). Changing roles and teacher leadership in schools. Rural Educator, 23(3), 1–6.
Arden, C. & Okoko, J. M. (2021). Exploring cross-cultural perspectives of teacher leadership among the members of an international research team: A phenomenographic study. Research in Educational Administration & Leadership, 6(1), 51-90. DOI: 10.30828/real/2021.1.3
Arden, C. & Okoko, J. M. (2023). Exploring cross-cultural perspectives of teacher leadership among the members of an international research team: A phenomenographic study. In C. F. Webber (Ed.). Teacher Leadership in International Contexts (pp. 51-81). Springer.
Berg, J. H., Carver, C. L., & Mangin, M. M. (2014). Teacher Leader Model Standards: Implications for preparation, policy, and practice. Journal of Research on Leadership Education, 9(2), 195-217. https://doi.org/10.1177/1942775113507714
Berg, J. H., Horn, P., Supovitz, J., & Margolis, J. (2019). Typology of teacher leadership programs. Research Report (#RR 2019-1). Consortium for Policy Research in Education, University of Pennsylvania.
Berg, J. H., & Zoellick, B. (2019). Teacher leadership: Toward a new conceptual framework. Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 4(1), 2-14. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPCC-06-2018-0017
Bogler, R. (2001). The influence of leadership style on teacher job satisfaction. Educational Administration Quarterly, 37(5), 662-683. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131610121969460
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage.
Cosenza, M. N. (2015). Defining teacher leadership: Affirming the Teacher Leader Model Standards. Issues in Teacher Education, 24(2), 79-99.
Estabrooks, J. A., Field, P. A., & Morse, J.M. (1994). Aggregating qualitative findings: An approach to theory development. Qualitative Health Research 4(4), 503-511. https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323940040
Evans, R. (1996). The human side of school change. Jossey-Bass.
Fairman, J. C., & Mackenzie, S. V. (2015). How teacher leaders influence others and understand their leadership. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 18(1), 61-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2014.904002
Frymier, J. (1987). Bureaucracy and the neutering of teachers. Phi Delta Kappan, 69(1), 8-14. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20403522
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.
Hallinger, P., & Kovačević, J. (2021). Science mapping the knowledge base in educational leadership and management: A longitudinal bibliometric analysis, 1960 to 2018. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 49(1), 5-30. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1741143219859002
Harris, A. (2003). Distributed leadership in schools: Leading or misleading? Management in Education, 16(5), 10-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/089202060301600504
Hinkle, D. E., Wiersma, W., & Jurs, S. G. (2002). Applied statistics for the behavioral science, (5th ed). Houghton Mifflin.
Krippendorff, K. (2004). Reliability in content analysis: Some common misconceptions and recommendations. Human Communication Research, 30(3), 411-433. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2004.tb00738.x
Lambert, L. (2002). A framework for shared leadership. Educational leadership, 59(8), 37-40.
Liu, Y., Bellibas, M. S., & Gumus, S. (2021). The effect of instructional leadership and distributed leadership on teacher self-efficacy and job satisfaction: Mediating roles of supportive school culture and teacher collaboration. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 49(3), 430-453. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220910438
Miller, D., Borasi, R., Borys, Z., Callard, C., Carson, C., & Occhino, M. (2022). Teacher Leaders' Roles, Preparation, and Impact in a District-Wide Digital Conversion. In N. Bond (Ed.) The Power of Teacher Leaders (pp. 66-80). Routledge.
Muijs, D., & Harris, A. (2003). Teacher leadership-improvement through empowerment? An overview of the literature. Educational Management & Administration, 31(4), 437-448. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263211X030314007
Nerlino, E. (2020). A theoretical grounding of teacher leadership. Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 5(2), 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPCC-12-2019-0034
Neuendorf, K. A. (2002). The content analysis guidebook. Sage.
Nguyen, D., Harris, A., & Ng, D. (2020). A review of the empirical research on teacher leadership (2003-2017). Journal of Educational Administration, 58(1), 60-80. http://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-02-2018-0023
Pan, H-L. W. & Chen, W-Y. (2021). How principal leadership facilitates teacher learning through teacher leadership: Determining the critical path. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 49(3), 454-470. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220913553
Pan, H-L. W., Wiens, P. D., & Moyal, A. (2023). A bibliometric analysis of the teacher leadership scholarship. Teaching and Teacher Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103936
Pounder, J. S. (2006). Transformational classroom leadership: The fourth wave of teacher leadership?. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 34(4), 533-545. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143206068216
Schott, C., van Roekel, H., & Tummers, L. G. (2020). Teacher leadership: A systematic review, methodological quality assessment and conceptual framework. Educational Research Review, 31, 100-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2020.100352
Sebastian, J., Huang, H., & Allensworth, E. (2017). Examining integrated leadership in high schools: Connecting principal and teacher leadership to organizational processes and student outcomes. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 28(3), 463-488. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2017.1319392
Shen, J., Wu, H., Reeves, P., Zheng, Y., Ryan, L., & Anderson, D. (2020). The association between teacher leadership and student achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 31, 100357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2020.100357
Silva, D. Y., Gimbert, B., & Nolan, J. (2000). Sliding the doors: Locking and unlocking possibilities for teacher leadership. Teacher College Record, 102(4), 779-804.
Teacher Leadership Exploratory Consortium (nd.) Teacher Leader Model Standards. Author.
Tesch, R. (1990). Qualitative research: Analysis types and software tools. Routledge.
Tsai, K. C. (2015). A preliminary meta-analysis of teacher leadership. Journal of Education and Literature, 3(3), 131-137.
von Frank, V. (2011). Teacher leader standards. Learning Forward, 6(5), 1-4.
Webber, C. F. (2021). The need for cross-cultural exploration of teacher leadership. Research in Educational Administration & Leadership, 6(1), 17-49. DOI: 10.30828/real/2021.1.2
Webber, C. F., Conway, J. M., & van der Vyver, C. P. (2023). International Study of Teacher Leadership: A rationale and theoretical framework. In C. F. Webber (Ed.). Teacher Leadership in International Contexts (pp. 27-50). Springer.
Webber, C.F. & Andrews, D. (2023). Lessons learned from voices across the globe. In C. F. Webber (Ed.). Teacher Leadership in International Contexts (pp. 323-344). Springer.
Wenner, J. A., & Campbell, T. (2017). The theoretical and empirical basis of teacher leadership: A review of the literature. Review of Educational Research, 87(1), 134-171. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654316653478
White, M. D. & Marsh, E. E. (2008). Content analysis: A flexible methodology. Library Trends, 55(1), 22-46.
Wiens, P. D., Beck, J. S., Hinton, K., & *Moyal, A. (2024). The complex web of teacher leadership: Examining the relationships between instructional support, shared leadership, and teacher satisfaction. The Educational Forum, 88(1), 94-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131725.2023.2207106
York-Barr, J., & Duke, K. (2004). What do we know about teacher leadership? Findings from two decades of scholarship. Review of Educational Research, 74(3), 255-316. https://doi.org/10.3102%2F00346543074003255
Wiens, P., Metcalf, K., & Skousen, J. (2024). Understanding Teacher Leadership: A Survey of the Field. Research in Educational Administration and Leadership, 9(4), 585-618. https://doi.org/10.30828/real.1492398
AMA
Wiens P, Metcalf K, Skousen J. Understanding Teacher Leadership: A Survey of the Field. REAL. December 2024;9(4):585-618. doi:10.30828/real.1492398
Chicago
Wiens, Peter, Kim Metcalf, and Jacob Skousen. “Understanding Teacher Leadership: A Survey of the Field”. Research in Educational Administration and Leadership 9, no. 4 (December 2024): 585-618. https://doi.org/10.30828/real.1492398.
EndNote
Wiens P, Metcalf K, Skousen J (December 1, 2024) Understanding Teacher Leadership: A Survey of the Field. Research in Educational Administration and Leadership 9 4 585–618.
IEEE
P. Wiens, K. Metcalf, and J. Skousen, “Understanding Teacher Leadership: A Survey of the Field”, REAL, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 585–618, 2024, doi: 10.30828/real.1492398.
ISNAD
Wiens, Peter et al. “Understanding Teacher Leadership: A Survey of the Field”. Research in Educational Administration and Leadership 9/4 (December 2024), 585-618. https://doi.org/10.30828/real.1492398.
JAMA
Wiens P, Metcalf K, Skousen J. Understanding Teacher Leadership: A Survey of the Field. REAL. 2024;9:585–618.
MLA
Wiens, Peter et al. “Understanding Teacher Leadership: A Survey of the Field”. Research in Educational Administration and Leadership, vol. 9, no. 4, 2024, pp. 585-18, doi:10.30828/real.1492398.
Vancouver
Wiens P, Metcalf K, Skousen J. Understanding Teacher Leadership: A Survey of the Field. REAL. 2024;9(4):585-618.