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Student Perception of Classroom Climate Scale: Adaptation and Validation in Turkish

Year 2021, , 204 - 222, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.54535/rep.1005702

Abstract

Classroom climate is a major contributor to student behavior and learning, and serves as an indicator of overall school performance. Currently, researchers examining classroom climate have a choice between two models of the Student Personal Perception of Classroom Climate (SPPCC) scale. International adoptationsof the SPPCC scale alternate between the four factor and the six factor dimensional. This research assesses the psychometric properties found in the SPPCC scale in a Turkish classroom context using the four factor model. Data analysis has been conducted on 3 different samples (425, 405, 502) from 12 different schools, whose students’ aged 10 to 15.

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References

  • Adelman, H. S., & Taylor, L. (2005). Classroom Climate. In S W Lee (Ed.), Encyclopedia of School Psychology. CA: Sage Publications.
  • Ahnert, Liesellotte, Harwardt-Heinecke, Elena, Kappler, Gregor, Eckstein-Madry, Tina, & Milatz, Anne. (2012). Student-teacher relationships and classroom climate in first grade: how do they relate to students' stress regulation? Attachment & Human Development, 14(3), 249-263.
  • Akar Vural, R., Yilmaz, S., Çengel, M., & Gömleksiz, M. (2013). The Development of the " Sense of Belonging to School " Scale. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research Scale. Egitim Arastirmalari-Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 53(53), 215–230.
  • Bahar, M., Asil, M., & Rubie-Davies, C. M. (2018). Measurement invariance of the student personal perception of classroom climate scale (SPPCC) in the Turkish context. European Journal of Educational Research, 7(1), 113-120. doi: 10.12973/eu-jer.7.1.113
  • Baker, J. A. (2006). Contributions of teacher-child relationships to positive school adjustment during elementary school. Journal of School Psychology, 44, 211–229.
  • Beavers, A. S., Lounsbury, J. W., Richards, J. K., Huck, S. W., Skolits, G. J., & Esquivel, S. L. (2013). Practical considerations for using exploratory factor analysis in educational research. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 18(6).
  • Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/1990-13755-001.html
  • Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness-of-fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–600.
  • Bergin, C., & Bergin, D. (2009). Attachment in the Classroom. Educational Psychology Review, 21(2), 141–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-009-9104-0
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing Structural Equation Models (Vol. 154, pp. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Focus Editions.
  • Burchinal, M., Peisner-Feinberg, E. , Pianta, R. C., & Howes, C. (2002). Development of academic skills from preschool through second grade: Family and classroom predictors of developmental trajectories. Journal of School Psychology, 40, 415-436.
  • Byrne, B. M., & Campbell, T. L. (1999). Cross-cultural comparisons and the presumption of equivalent measurement and theoretical structure: A look beneath the surface. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30, 557–576.
  • Christle, C. A., Jolivette, K., & Nelson, M. (2007). School characteristics related to high school dopout rates. Remedial and Special Education, 28(325–340), 325.
  • Cohen, J. (2006). Social, Emotional, Ethical, and Academic Education: Creating a Climate for Learning, Participation in Democracy, and Well-Being. Harvard Educational Review, 76(2), 201–237. https://doi.org/http://ww.ijvs.org/files/Publications/Social,%20Emotional,%20Ethical.pdf
  • Crede, M., & Harms, P. D. (2015). 25 years of higher-order confirmatory factor analysis in the organizational sciences: A critical review and development of reporting recommendations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36, 845–872. https://doi.org/10.1002/job
  • Çengel, M., Totan, T., & Çöğmen, S. (2017). Turkish Adaptation of School Engagement Scale. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(4), 1820–1837.
  • Çengel, M., & Türkoğlu, A. (2016). Analysis through hidden curriculum of peer relations in two different classes with positive and negative classroom climates. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 16, 1893–1919. https ://doi.org/10.12738 /estp.2016.6.0103.
  • Doll, B., Spies, R. A., LeClair, C. M., Kurien, S. A., & Foley, B. P. (2010). Student perceptions of classroom learning environments: Development of the ClassMaps Survey. School Psychology Review, 39(2), 203–218.
  • Dorman, J. P. (2001). Associations between classroom environment and academic efficacy. Learning Environments Research, 4, 243–257.
  • Elliott, K. M., & Shin, D. (2002). Student Satisfaction : An alternative approach to assessing this important concept. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 24(April 2013), 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/136008002200001351
  • Ferketich, S. (1991). Focus on psychometrics. Aspects of item analysis. Research in Nursing & Health, 14(2), 165–168.
  • Field, A. (2005). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications.
  • Fraser, B. J. (1986). Classroom Environment. Croom Helm Curriculum Policy and Research Series. Australia: Croom Helm Ltd.
  • Fraser, B. J. (2001). Twenty thousand hours: Editor’s introduction. Learning Environments Research, 4, 1–5.
  • Fraser, B. J. (2005). Using learning environment assessments to improve classroom and school climates. (H. J. Freiberg, Ed.), School Climate: Measuring, Improving and Sustaining Healty Learning Environments. London: Falmer Press, Taylor & Francis.
  • Fraser, B. J. (2007). Classroom learning environments. (S. K. Abell & N. G. Lederman, Eds.), Handbook of Research on Science Education. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Fraser, B. J., Anderson, G. J., & Walberg, H. J. (1982). Assessment of Learning Environments: Manual forLearning Environment Inventory (LEI) and My Class Inventory (MCI) (Third). Perth: Western Australian Institure of Technology.
  • Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P., Friedel, J., & Paris, A. (2005). School Engagement. In K. A. Moore & L. H. Lippman (Eds.), What do children need to flourish? New York: Springer.
  • Goh, S. C., Young, D. J., & Fraser, B. J. (1995). Psychosocial climate and student outcomes in elementary mathematics classrooms: A multilevel analysis. The Journal of Experimental Education, 64(1), 29–40.
  • Goodenow, C., & Grady, K. E. (1993). The Relationship of School Belonging and Friends’ Values to Academic Motivation among Urban Adolescent Students. The Journal of Experimental Education1, 62, 60–71.
  • Guess, P., & Bowling, S. (2014). Students’ Perceptions of Teachers: Implications for Classroom Practices for Supporting Students’ Success. Preventing School Failure: Altrnative Education for Children and Youth, 58(4), 201–206.
  • Hamre, B., & Pianta, R. C. (2001). Early teacher-child relationships and the trajectory of children’s school outcomes through eighth grade. Child Development, 72, 625–638.
  • Henry, K. L., & Huizinga, D. H. (2007). School-related risk and protective factors associated with truancy among urban youth placed at risk. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 28, 505–519.
  • Hinshaw, S. P. (2001). Externalizing bahavior problems and academic underachievement in childhood and adolescence: Causal relationships and underlying mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 127–155.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural Equation Modelling : Guidelines for Determining Model Fit Structural equation modelling : guidelines for determining model fit. Journal of Business Research, 6, 53–60.
  • Hughes, K., & Coplan, R. (2018). Why classroom climate matters for children high in anxious solitude: A study of differential susceptibility. School Psychology Quarterly. https ://doi.org/10.1037/spq00 00201 .
  • IBM SPSS 23. (2015). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp, d, IL: Scientific Software International, Inc.
  • Ingemarson, M., Rosendahl, Bodin, M. & Birgegard, A. (2019). Teacher’s use of praise, clarity of school rules and classroom climate: comparing classroom compositions in terms of disruptive students. Social Psychology of Education https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-019-09520-7
  • Jerome, E. M., Hamre, B., & Pianta, R. C. (2009). Teacher-child relationships from kindergarten to sixth grade: Early childhood predictors of teacher-perceived conflict and closeness. Social Development, 18(4), 915-945.
  • Johnson, B., & McClure, R. (2004). Validity and reliability of a shortened, revised version of the constructivist learning environment survey (CLES). Learning Environments Research, 7, 65–80.
  • Johnson, D. I. (2009). Connected Classroom Climate: A Validity Study. Communication Research Reports, 26(2), 146–157.
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2004). LISREL 8.71. Lincolnwood, IL: Software International, Inc.
  • Kaplan Toren, N., Seginer, R. (2015). Classroom climate, parental educational involvement, and student school functioning in early adolescence: a longitudinal study. Social Psychology of Education: An International Journal, 18(4), 811–827. DOI 10.1007/s11218-015-9316-8.
  • Koufteros, X., Babbar, S., & Kaighobadi, M. (2009). A paradigm for examining second-order factor models employing structural equation modeling. International Journal of Production Economics, 120(2), 633–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2009.04.010
  • Lac, A., & Donaldson, C. D. (2017). Higher-Order and Bifactor Models of the Drinking Motives Questionnaire: Examining Competing Structures Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Assessment, 24(2), 222–231. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191115603503
  • Lee, Steven W. (2005). Encyclopedia of school psychology. London: Sage Publications.
  • López, V., Torres-Vallejos, J., Ascorra, P., Villalobos-Parada, B., Bilbao, M. & Valdes, R. (2018). Construction and validation of a classroom climate scale: a mixed methods approach. Learning Environments Research, 2, 407–422
  • Lorsbach, A. W., & Jinks, J. L. (1999). Self-efficacy theory and learning environment research. Learning Environments Research, 2, 157–167.
  • Mainhard, M. T., Brekelmans, M., & Wubbels, T. (2011). Coercive and supportive teacher behaviour: Within-and across-lesson associations with the classroom social climate. Learning and Instruction, 21(3), 345-354.
  • Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T., Artelt, C., Baumert, J., & Peschar, J. L. (2006). OECD ’ s Brief Self-Report Measure of Educational Psychology ’ s Most Useful Affective Constructs : Cross-Cultural , Psychometric Comparisons Across 25 Countries. International Journal of Testing, 6(4), 311–360. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327574ijt0604
  • McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M.-H. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 64–82. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.64
  • Meece, J. L., Anderman, E. M., & Anderman, L. H. (2006). Classroom goal structure, students’ motivation, and academic achievement. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 57, 487–503. Moos, R. H. (1974). The social climate scales: An overview. Palo Alto: California: Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Munro, B. H. (2005). Statistical methods for health care research. (Barbara Hazard Munro, Ed.) (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Murray, C., & Malmgren, K. (2005). Implementing a teacher-student relationship program in high-poverty urban school: Effects on social, emotional, and academic adjustment and lessons learned. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 2094-2100.
  • Patrick, H., Ryan, A. M., & Kaplan, A. (2007). Early Adolescents’ Perceptions of the Classroom Social Environment, Motivational Beliefs, and Engagement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(1), 83.
  • Penick, J. E., & Bonnstetter, R. J. (1993). Classroom climate and instruction: New goals demand new approaches. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 2(2), 389–395.
  • Person, L., Svensson, M. (2017). Classmate characteristics, class composition and children’s perceived classroom climate. Journal of Public Health. 25:473–480 Peterson, R. A. (1994). A Meta-Analysis of Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(2), 381. https://doi.org/10.1086/209405
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Year 2021, , 204 - 222, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.54535/rep.1005702

Abstract

Project Number

-

References

  • Adelman, H. S., & Taylor, L. (2005). Classroom Climate. In S W Lee (Ed.), Encyclopedia of School Psychology. CA: Sage Publications.
  • Ahnert, Liesellotte, Harwardt-Heinecke, Elena, Kappler, Gregor, Eckstein-Madry, Tina, & Milatz, Anne. (2012). Student-teacher relationships and classroom climate in first grade: how do they relate to students' stress regulation? Attachment & Human Development, 14(3), 249-263.
  • Akar Vural, R., Yilmaz, S., Çengel, M., & Gömleksiz, M. (2013). The Development of the " Sense of Belonging to School " Scale. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research Scale. Egitim Arastirmalari-Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 53(53), 215–230.
  • Bahar, M., Asil, M., & Rubie-Davies, C. M. (2018). Measurement invariance of the student personal perception of classroom climate scale (SPPCC) in the Turkish context. European Journal of Educational Research, 7(1), 113-120. doi: 10.12973/eu-jer.7.1.113
  • Baker, J. A. (2006). Contributions of teacher-child relationships to positive school adjustment during elementary school. Journal of School Psychology, 44, 211–229.
  • Beavers, A. S., Lounsbury, J. W., Richards, J. K., Huck, S. W., Skolits, G. J., & Esquivel, S. L. (2013). Practical considerations for using exploratory factor analysis in educational research. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 18(6).
  • Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/1990-13755-001.html
  • Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness-of-fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–600.
  • Bergin, C., & Bergin, D. (2009). Attachment in the Classroom. Educational Psychology Review, 21(2), 141–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-009-9104-0
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing Structural Equation Models (Vol. 154, pp. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Focus Editions.
  • Burchinal, M., Peisner-Feinberg, E. , Pianta, R. C., & Howes, C. (2002). Development of academic skills from preschool through second grade: Family and classroom predictors of developmental trajectories. Journal of School Psychology, 40, 415-436.
  • Byrne, B. M., & Campbell, T. L. (1999). Cross-cultural comparisons and the presumption of equivalent measurement and theoretical structure: A look beneath the surface. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30, 557–576.
  • Christle, C. A., Jolivette, K., & Nelson, M. (2007). School characteristics related to high school dopout rates. Remedial and Special Education, 28(325–340), 325.
  • Cohen, J. (2006). Social, Emotional, Ethical, and Academic Education: Creating a Climate for Learning, Participation in Democracy, and Well-Being. Harvard Educational Review, 76(2), 201–237. https://doi.org/http://ww.ijvs.org/files/Publications/Social,%20Emotional,%20Ethical.pdf
  • Crede, M., & Harms, P. D. (2015). 25 years of higher-order confirmatory factor analysis in the organizational sciences: A critical review and development of reporting recommendations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36, 845–872. https://doi.org/10.1002/job
  • Çengel, M., Totan, T., & Çöğmen, S. (2017). Turkish Adaptation of School Engagement Scale. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(4), 1820–1837.
  • Çengel, M., & Türkoğlu, A. (2016). Analysis through hidden curriculum of peer relations in two different classes with positive and negative classroom climates. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 16, 1893–1919. https ://doi.org/10.12738 /estp.2016.6.0103.
  • Doll, B., Spies, R. A., LeClair, C. M., Kurien, S. A., & Foley, B. P. (2010). Student perceptions of classroom learning environments: Development of the ClassMaps Survey. School Psychology Review, 39(2), 203–218.
  • Dorman, J. P. (2001). Associations between classroom environment and academic efficacy. Learning Environments Research, 4, 243–257.
  • Elliott, K. M., & Shin, D. (2002). Student Satisfaction : An alternative approach to assessing this important concept. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 24(April 2013), 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/136008002200001351
  • Ferketich, S. (1991). Focus on psychometrics. Aspects of item analysis. Research in Nursing & Health, 14(2), 165–168.
  • Field, A. (2005). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications.
  • Fraser, B. J. (1986). Classroom Environment. Croom Helm Curriculum Policy and Research Series. Australia: Croom Helm Ltd.
  • Fraser, B. J. (2001). Twenty thousand hours: Editor’s introduction. Learning Environments Research, 4, 1–5.
  • Fraser, B. J. (2005). Using learning environment assessments to improve classroom and school climates. (H. J. Freiberg, Ed.), School Climate: Measuring, Improving and Sustaining Healty Learning Environments. London: Falmer Press, Taylor & Francis.
  • Fraser, B. J. (2007). Classroom learning environments. (S. K. Abell & N. G. Lederman, Eds.), Handbook of Research on Science Education. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Fraser, B. J., Anderson, G. J., & Walberg, H. J. (1982). Assessment of Learning Environments: Manual forLearning Environment Inventory (LEI) and My Class Inventory (MCI) (Third). Perth: Western Australian Institure of Technology.
  • Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P., Friedel, J., & Paris, A. (2005). School Engagement. In K. A. Moore & L. H. Lippman (Eds.), What do children need to flourish? New York: Springer.
  • Goh, S. C., Young, D. J., & Fraser, B. J. (1995). Psychosocial climate and student outcomes in elementary mathematics classrooms: A multilevel analysis. The Journal of Experimental Education, 64(1), 29–40.
  • Goodenow, C., & Grady, K. E. (1993). The Relationship of School Belonging and Friends’ Values to Academic Motivation among Urban Adolescent Students. The Journal of Experimental Education1, 62, 60–71.
  • Guess, P., & Bowling, S. (2014). Students’ Perceptions of Teachers: Implications for Classroom Practices for Supporting Students’ Success. Preventing School Failure: Altrnative Education for Children and Youth, 58(4), 201–206.
  • Hamre, B., & Pianta, R. C. (2001). Early teacher-child relationships and the trajectory of children’s school outcomes through eighth grade. Child Development, 72, 625–638.
  • Henry, K. L., & Huizinga, D. H. (2007). School-related risk and protective factors associated with truancy among urban youth placed at risk. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 28, 505–519.
  • Hinshaw, S. P. (2001). Externalizing bahavior problems and academic underachievement in childhood and adolescence: Causal relationships and underlying mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 127–155.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural Equation Modelling : Guidelines for Determining Model Fit Structural equation modelling : guidelines for determining model fit. Journal of Business Research, 6, 53–60.
  • Hughes, K., & Coplan, R. (2018). Why classroom climate matters for children high in anxious solitude: A study of differential susceptibility. School Psychology Quarterly. https ://doi.org/10.1037/spq00 00201 .
  • IBM SPSS 23. (2015). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp, d, IL: Scientific Software International, Inc.
  • Ingemarson, M., Rosendahl, Bodin, M. & Birgegard, A. (2019). Teacher’s use of praise, clarity of school rules and classroom climate: comparing classroom compositions in terms of disruptive students. Social Psychology of Education https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-019-09520-7
  • Jerome, E. M., Hamre, B., & Pianta, R. C. (2009). Teacher-child relationships from kindergarten to sixth grade: Early childhood predictors of teacher-perceived conflict and closeness. Social Development, 18(4), 915-945.
  • Johnson, B., & McClure, R. (2004). Validity and reliability of a shortened, revised version of the constructivist learning environment survey (CLES). Learning Environments Research, 7, 65–80.
  • Johnson, D. I. (2009). Connected Classroom Climate: A Validity Study. Communication Research Reports, 26(2), 146–157.
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2004). LISREL 8.71. Lincolnwood, IL: Software International, Inc.
  • Kaplan Toren, N., Seginer, R. (2015). Classroom climate, parental educational involvement, and student school functioning in early adolescence: a longitudinal study. Social Psychology of Education: An International Journal, 18(4), 811–827. DOI 10.1007/s11218-015-9316-8.
  • Koufteros, X., Babbar, S., & Kaighobadi, M. (2009). A paradigm for examining second-order factor models employing structural equation modeling. International Journal of Production Economics, 120(2), 633–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2009.04.010
  • Lac, A., & Donaldson, C. D. (2017). Higher-Order and Bifactor Models of the Drinking Motives Questionnaire: Examining Competing Structures Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Assessment, 24(2), 222–231. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191115603503
  • Lee, Steven W. (2005). Encyclopedia of school psychology. London: Sage Publications.
  • López, V., Torres-Vallejos, J., Ascorra, P., Villalobos-Parada, B., Bilbao, M. & Valdes, R. (2018). Construction and validation of a classroom climate scale: a mixed methods approach. Learning Environments Research, 2, 407–422
  • Lorsbach, A. W., & Jinks, J. L. (1999). Self-efficacy theory and learning environment research. Learning Environments Research, 2, 157–167.
  • Mainhard, M. T., Brekelmans, M., & Wubbels, T. (2011). Coercive and supportive teacher behaviour: Within-and across-lesson associations with the classroom social climate. Learning and Instruction, 21(3), 345-354.
  • Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T., Artelt, C., Baumert, J., & Peschar, J. L. (2006). OECD ’ s Brief Self-Report Measure of Educational Psychology ’ s Most Useful Affective Constructs : Cross-Cultural , Psychometric Comparisons Across 25 Countries. International Journal of Testing, 6(4), 311–360. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327574ijt0604
  • McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M.-H. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 64–82. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.64
  • Meece, J. L., Anderman, E. M., & Anderman, L. H. (2006). Classroom goal structure, students’ motivation, and academic achievement. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 57, 487–503. Moos, R. H. (1974). The social climate scales: An overview. Palo Alto: California: Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Munro, B. H. (2005). Statistical methods for health care research. (Barbara Hazard Munro, Ed.) (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Murray, C., & Malmgren, K. (2005). Implementing a teacher-student relationship program in high-poverty urban school: Effects on social, emotional, and academic adjustment and lessons learned. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 2094-2100.
  • Patrick, H., Ryan, A. M., & Kaplan, A. (2007). Early Adolescents’ Perceptions of the Classroom Social Environment, Motivational Beliefs, and Engagement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(1), 83.
  • Penick, J. E., & Bonnstetter, R. J. (1993). Classroom climate and instruction: New goals demand new approaches. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 2(2), 389–395.
  • Person, L., Svensson, M. (2017). Classmate characteristics, class composition and children’s perceived classroom climate. Journal of Public Health. 25:473–480 Peterson, R. A. (1994). A Meta-Analysis of Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(2), 381. https://doi.org/10.1086/209405
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Studies on Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Meltem Cengel 0000-0002-0255-4600

Serap Yılmaz Özelçi 0000-0003-0518-581X

Tarık Totan 0000-0001-8859-3338

Project Number -
Publication Date December 31, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Cengel, M., Yılmaz Özelçi, S., & Totan, T. (2021). Student Perception of Classroom Climate Scale: Adaptation and Validation in Turkish. Research on Education and Psychology, 5(2), 204-222. https://doi.org/10.54535/rep.1005702

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