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Yıl 2019, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 11 - 20, 01.06.2019

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Adolphs, R. (2002). Neural systems for recognizing emotion. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 12(2), 169-177. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-4388(02)00301-X
  • Anderson, C., Keltner, D., & John, O. P. (2003). Emotional convergence between people over time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(5), 1054-1068. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.1054
  • Barsade, S. G., & Gibson, D. E. (1998). Group emotion: A view from top and bottom. In D. H Gruenfeld (Ed.), Research on managing groups and teams, composition (pp. 81-102). US: Elsevier Science/JAI Press.
  • Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
  • Bohn, M., Zimmermann, L., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2018). The social-cognitive basis of infants’ reference to absent entities. Cognition, 177, 41-48. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.03.024
  • Bradshaw, D. (1986). Immediate and prolonged effectiveness of negative emotion expressions in inhibiting infants' actions (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of California, Berkeley.
  • Buss, D. M. (2000). The evolution of happiness. American Psychologist, 55(1), 15-23. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.15
  • Campos, J. J., Campos, R. G., & Barrett, K. C. (1989). Emergent themes in the study of emotional development and emotion regulation. Developmental Psychology, 25(3), 394-402.
  • Crossman, J. (2007). The role of relationships and emotions in student perceptions of learning and assessment. Higher Education Research & Development, 26(3), 313-327. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360701494328
  • Darwin, C. R. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: John Murray.
  • Ekman, P. (1984). Expression and the nature of emotion. In K. Scherer, & P. Ekman (Eds.), Approaches to emotion (pp. 319-344). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Ekman, P. (1993). Facial expression and emotion. American Psychologist, 48(4), 384-392. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.48.4.384
  • Fischer, A. H., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2008). Social functions of emotion. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, & L. Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 456–468). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Fischer, A. H., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2016). Social functions of emotion and emotion regulation. In L. Feldman Barrett, M. Lewis, & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 424–439). New York: Guilford Press
  • Fischer, A. H., & Roseman, I. J. (2007). Beat them or ban them: The characteristics and social functions of anger and contempt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(1), 103-115. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.93.1.103
  • Fox, E., Lester, V., Russo, R., Bowles, R. J., Pichler, A., & Dutton, K. (2000). Facial expressions of emotion: Are angry faces detected more efficiently?. Cognition & Emotion, 14(1), 61-92. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/026999300378996
  • Hwang, H., & Matsumoto, D. (2019). Functions of emotions. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds.), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers.
  • Iyer, A., Leach, C. W., & Crosby, F. J. (2003). White guilt and racial compensation: The benefits and limits of self-focus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(1), 117-129. doi: 10.1177/0146167202238377
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç., & Cemalcılar, Z. (2017). Dünden bugüne insan ve insanlar sosyal psikolojiye giriş [People and people from the past to the present]. (19th ed.). İstanbul: Evrim Yayınları.
  • Kavaliers, M., Ossenkopp, K. P., & Choleris, E. (2019). Social neuroscience of disgust. Genes, Brain and Behavior, 18(1), 1-13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/gbb.12508
  • Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (1999). Social functions of emotions at four levels of analysis. Cognition & Emotion, 13(5), 505-521. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379168
  • Keltner, D. (2003). Expression and the course of life: Studies of emotion, personality, and psychopathology from a social-functional perspective. In P. Ekman, J. Campos, R. J.
  • Davidson, & F. B. M. De Waal (Eds.), Emotions Inside Out: 130 years after Darwin's “The expression of the emotions in man and animals” (pp. 222–243). New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences.
  • Leary, M. R. (2005). Varieties of Interpersonal Rejection. In K. D. Williams, J. P. Forgas, & W. von Hippel (Eds.), Sydney Symposium of social psychology series. The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying (pp. 35-51). New York, NY, US: Psychology Press.
  • Lee, S., & Lang, A. (2009). Discrete emotion and motivation: Relative activation in the appetitive and aversive motivational systems as a function of anger, sadness, fear, and joy during televised information campaigns. Media Psychology, 12(2), 148-170. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260902849927
  • Levenson, R. W. (1992). Autonomic nervous system differences among emotions. Psychological Science, 3, 23–27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00251.x
  • Levenson, R. W., Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1990). Voluntary facial action generates emotion specific autonomic nervous system activity. Psychophysiology, 27(4), 363-384. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb02330.x
  • Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., & Smith, E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(4), 602-616. doi: 10.10371/0022-3514.79.4.602
  • Mao, Y., Yang, S., Li, Z., & Li, Y. (2018). Personality trait and group emotion contagion based crowd simulation for emergency evacuation. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 1-28. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-6422-6
  • Matsumoto, D. (2001). Culture and emotion. In D. Matsumoto (Eds.), The handbook of culture and psychology (pp. 171-194). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • McElreath, R., Clutton-Brock, T. H., Fehr, E., Fessler, D. M., Hagen, E. H., Hammerstein, P., ... & Wilson, M. I. (2003). Group report: The role of cognition and emotion in cooperation. Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation, 125-152.
  • Morozov, A., & Ito, W. (2019). Social modulation of fear: Facilitation vs buffering. Genes, Brain and Behavior, 18(1), 1-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/gbb.12491
  • Niedenthal, P. M., & Ric, F. (2017). Psychology of emotions: Interpersonal, experiential, and cognitive approaches (2nd ed.) (pp. 72-97). New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Parkinson, B. (1995). Ideas and realities of emotion. New York: Routledge.
  • Parkinson, B., Fischer, A. H., & Manstead, A. S. (2005). Emotion in social relations: Cultural, group, and interpersonal processes. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
  • Petty, R. E., & Briñol, P. (2015). Emotion and persuasion: Cognitive and meta-cognitive processes impact attitudes. Cognition and Emotion, 29(1), 1-26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.967183
  • Schwarz, N. (1990). Feelings as information: Informational and motivational functions of affective states. In R. M. Sorrentino, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Cognitive foundations of social psychology, (pp. 527-561). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Simpson, J. A., Collins, W. A., Tran, S., & Haydon, K. C. (2007). Attachment and the experience and expression of emotions in romantic relationships: A developmental perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(2), 355-367. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.2.355
  • Smith, C. A. (1989). Dimensions of appraisal and physiological response in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(3), 339-353.
  • Smith, M. L. (2011). Rapid processing of emotional expressions without conscious awareness. Cerebral Cortex, 22(8), 1748-1760. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr250
  • Sorce, J. F., Emde, J. J., Campos, J. J., & Klinnert, M. D. (1985). Maternal emotional signaling: Its effect on the visual cliff behavior of 1-year-olds. Developmental Psychology, 21, 195–200.
  • Stewart, J. L., Silton, R. L., Sass, S. M., Fisher, J. E., Edgar, J. C., Heller, W., & Miller, G. A. (2010). Attentional bias to negative emotion as a function of approach and withdrawal anger styles: An ERP investigation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 76(1), 9-18. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.01.008
  • Tapias, M. P., Glaser, J., Keltner, D., Vasquez, K., & Wickens, T. (2007). Emotion and prejudice: Specific emotions toward outgroups. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 10(1), 27-39. doi: 10.1177/1368430207071338
  • Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2008). The evolutionary psychology of the emotions and their relationship to internal regulatory variables. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, & L. Feldman Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed.) (pp. 114-137). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  • Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
  • Tybur, J. M., Lieberman, D., Kurzban, R., & DeScioli, P. (2013). Disgust: Evolved function and structure. Psychological Review, 120(1), 65-84. doi: 10.1037/a0030778
  • Van Kleef, G. A., De Dreu, C. K., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2004). The interpersonal effects of emotions in negotiations: A motivated information processing approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 510-528. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.87.4.510
  • Williams, K. D. (2001). Ostracism: The power of silence. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Williams, K. D. (2007). Ostracism. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 425-452.
  • Winkielman, P., Berridge, K. C., & Wilbarger, J. L. (2005). Unconscious affective reactions to masked happy versus angry faces influence consumption behavior and judgments of value. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(1), 121-135. doi: 10.1177/0146167204271309

Why Do We Have Emotions? The Social Functions of Emotions

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 11 - 20, 01.06.2019

Öz

Every people have emotions, and these emotions
sometimes could be positive such as happiness, pride, love and occasionally
negative like anger, sadness or embarrassment. A question comes to people’s
mind at that point. Why do we have emotions? According to the evolutionary
perspective, emotions have functional features for humankind. Emotions which
evolved in the evolutionary history can provide many survival advantages people
against to predators attack, dangerous situation and threats. Besides this, emotions
are socially functional for humans. Humans are social creature and emotion we
express, and experience may regulate their behavior, thoughts, interactions and
relationship. There are some ideas about the social functions of emotions. Thus
the aim of the present review study discuss and examine social functions of
emotion according to the individual, interpersonal and group level with in
light of the literature. 

Kaynakça

  • Adolphs, R. (2002). Neural systems for recognizing emotion. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 12(2), 169-177. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-4388(02)00301-X
  • Anderson, C., Keltner, D., & John, O. P. (2003). Emotional convergence between people over time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(5), 1054-1068. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.1054
  • Barsade, S. G., & Gibson, D. E. (1998). Group emotion: A view from top and bottom. In D. H Gruenfeld (Ed.), Research on managing groups and teams, composition (pp. 81-102). US: Elsevier Science/JAI Press.
  • Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
  • Bohn, M., Zimmermann, L., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2018). The social-cognitive basis of infants’ reference to absent entities. Cognition, 177, 41-48. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.03.024
  • Bradshaw, D. (1986). Immediate and prolonged effectiveness of negative emotion expressions in inhibiting infants' actions (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of California, Berkeley.
  • Buss, D. M. (2000). The evolution of happiness. American Psychologist, 55(1), 15-23. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.15
  • Campos, J. J., Campos, R. G., & Barrett, K. C. (1989). Emergent themes in the study of emotional development and emotion regulation. Developmental Psychology, 25(3), 394-402.
  • Crossman, J. (2007). The role of relationships and emotions in student perceptions of learning and assessment. Higher Education Research & Development, 26(3), 313-327. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360701494328
  • Darwin, C. R. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: John Murray.
  • Ekman, P. (1984). Expression and the nature of emotion. In K. Scherer, & P. Ekman (Eds.), Approaches to emotion (pp. 319-344). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Ekman, P. (1993). Facial expression and emotion. American Psychologist, 48(4), 384-392. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.48.4.384
  • Fischer, A. H., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2008). Social functions of emotion. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, & L. Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 456–468). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Fischer, A. H., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2016). Social functions of emotion and emotion regulation. In L. Feldman Barrett, M. Lewis, & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 424–439). New York: Guilford Press
  • Fischer, A. H., & Roseman, I. J. (2007). Beat them or ban them: The characteristics and social functions of anger and contempt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(1), 103-115. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.93.1.103
  • Fox, E., Lester, V., Russo, R., Bowles, R. J., Pichler, A., & Dutton, K. (2000). Facial expressions of emotion: Are angry faces detected more efficiently?. Cognition & Emotion, 14(1), 61-92. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/026999300378996
  • Hwang, H., & Matsumoto, D. (2019). Functions of emotions. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds.), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers.
  • Iyer, A., Leach, C. W., & Crosby, F. J. (2003). White guilt and racial compensation: The benefits and limits of self-focus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(1), 117-129. doi: 10.1177/0146167202238377
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç., & Cemalcılar, Z. (2017). Dünden bugüne insan ve insanlar sosyal psikolojiye giriş [People and people from the past to the present]. (19th ed.). İstanbul: Evrim Yayınları.
  • Kavaliers, M., Ossenkopp, K. P., & Choleris, E. (2019). Social neuroscience of disgust. Genes, Brain and Behavior, 18(1), 1-13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/gbb.12508
  • Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (1999). Social functions of emotions at four levels of analysis. Cognition & Emotion, 13(5), 505-521. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379168
  • Keltner, D. (2003). Expression and the course of life: Studies of emotion, personality, and psychopathology from a social-functional perspective. In P. Ekman, J. Campos, R. J.
  • Davidson, & F. B. M. De Waal (Eds.), Emotions Inside Out: 130 years after Darwin's “The expression of the emotions in man and animals” (pp. 222–243). New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences.
  • Leary, M. R. (2005). Varieties of Interpersonal Rejection. In K. D. Williams, J. P. Forgas, & W. von Hippel (Eds.), Sydney Symposium of social psychology series. The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying (pp. 35-51). New York, NY, US: Psychology Press.
  • Lee, S., & Lang, A. (2009). Discrete emotion and motivation: Relative activation in the appetitive and aversive motivational systems as a function of anger, sadness, fear, and joy during televised information campaigns. Media Psychology, 12(2), 148-170. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260902849927
  • Levenson, R. W. (1992). Autonomic nervous system differences among emotions. Psychological Science, 3, 23–27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00251.x
  • Levenson, R. W., Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1990). Voluntary facial action generates emotion specific autonomic nervous system activity. Psychophysiology, 27(4), 363-384. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb02330.x
  • Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., & Smith, E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(4), 602-616. doi: 10.10371/0022-3514.79.4.602
  • Mao, Y., Yang, S., Li, Z., & Li, Y. (2018). Personality trait and group emotion contagion based crowd simulation for emergency evacuation. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 1-28. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-6422-6
  • Matsumoto, D. (2001). Culture and emotion. In D. Matsumoto (Eds.), The handbook of culture and psychology (pp. 171-194). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • McElreath, R., Clutton-Brock, T. H., Fehr, E., Fessler, D. M., Hagen, E. H., Hammerstein, P., ... & Wilson, M. I. (2003). Group report: The role of cognition and emotion in cooperation. Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation, 125-152.
  • Morozov, A., & Ito, W. (2019). Social modulation of fear: Facilitation vs buffering. Genes, Brain and Behavior, 18(1), 1-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/gbb.12491
  • Niedenthal, P. M., & Ric, F. (2017). Psychology of emotions: Interpersonal, experiential, and cognitive approaches (2nd ed.) (pp. 72-97). New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Parkinson, B. (1995). Ideas and realities of emotion. New York: Routledge.
  • Parkinson, B., Fischer, A. H., & Manstead, A. S. (2005). Emotion in social relations: Cultural, group, and interpersonal processes. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
  • Petty, R. E., & Briñol, P. (2015). Emotion and persuasion: Cognitive and meta-cognitive processes impact attitudes. Cognition and Emotion, 29(1), 1-26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.967183
  • Schwarz, N. (1990). Feelings as information: Informational and motivational functions of affective states. In R. M. Sorrentino, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Cognitive foundations of social psychology, (pp. 527-561). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Simpson, J. A., Collins, W. A., Tran, S., & Haydon, K. C. (2007). Attachment and the experience and expression of emotions in romantic relationships: A developmental perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(2), 355-367. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.2.355
  • Smith, C. A. (1989). Dimensions of appraisal and physiological response in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(3), 339-353.
  • Smith, M. L. (2011). Rapid processing of emotional expressions without conscious awareness. Cerebral Cortex, 22(8), 1748-1760. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr250
  • Sorce, J. F., Emde, J. J., Campos, J. J., & Klinnert, M. D. (1985). Maternal emotional signaling: Its effect on the visual cliff behavior of 1-year-olds. Developmental Psychology, 21, 195–200.
  • Stewart, J. L., Silton, R. L., Sass, S. M., Fisher, J. E., Edgar, J. C., Heller, W., & Miller, G. A. (2010). Attentional bias to negative emotion as a function of approach and withdrawal anger styles: An ERP investigation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 76(1), 9-18. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.01.008
  • Tapias, M. P., Glaser, J., Keltner, D., Vasquez, K., & Wickens, T. (2007). Emotion and prejudice: Specific emotions toward outgroups. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 10(1), 27-39. doi: 10.1177/1368430207071338
  • Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (2008). The evolutionary psychology of the emotions and their relationship to internal regulatory variables. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, & L. Feldman Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed.) (pp. 114-137). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  • Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
  • Tybur, J. M., Lieberman, D., Kurzban, R., & DeScioli, P. (2013). Disgust: Evolved function and structure. Psychological Review, 120(1), 65-84. doi: 10.1037/a0030778
  • Van Kleef, G. A., De Dreu, C. K., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2004). The interpersonal effects of emotions in negotiations: A motivated information processing approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 510-528. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.87.4.510
  • Williams, K. D. (2001). Ostracism: The power of silence. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Williams, K. D. (2007). Ostracism. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 425-452.
  • Winkielman, P., Berridge, K. C., & Wilbarger, J. L. (2005). Unconscious affective reactions to masked happy versus angry faces influence consumption behavior and judgments of value. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(1), 121-135. doi: 10.1177/0146167204271309
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Mehmet Kavaklı 0000-0001-8876-3966

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kavaklı, M. (2019). Why Do We Have Emotions? The Social Functions of Emotions. Research on Education and Psychology, 3(1), 11-20.

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