A Scale Development Study: Validity and Reliability of the Educational Skills Scale

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 1 - 13, 30.06.2021

Aliye Cayır Sevim Ulupınar

Öz

The purpose of this study is to develop a valid and reliable measurement instrument towards the educational skills of instructors. This is a methodological study. The sample of the study consisted of 380 instructors who were employed at a university. During the scale development process, an item pool was created by reviewing the literature, content and construct validity and item reliability analyses were carried out. The data were collected by using a Personal Information Form and the Educational Skills Scale Draft Form. In the study, the item pool consisting of 86 items was rearranged in line with expert opinions and according to the results of preliminary implementation. For the Educational Skills Draft Scale with 58 items remaining, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin coefficient was 0.89 and the adequacy of the sample size was confirmed. According to the Bartlett’s test results (p<0.05) there was correlation among the items. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, factors as planning, implementation and assessment were obtained. The three factors of the scale were found to explain 42.32% of the total variance. The first factor explained 28.47%, the second factor explained 7.81%, and the third factor explained 6.02% of the total variance. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) showed that the factorial structure revealed by Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was confirmed, and the factor loads varied between 0.44 and 0.79. For the 5-point Likert-type Educational Skills Draft Scale with 38 items after analyses, the Cronbach’s Alpha value was found 0.93. The Cronbach’s alpha values of three factors were 0.88 for the planning dimension, 0.84 for the implementation dimension and 0.87 for the assessment dimension. It was concluded that the scale that was developed is a valid and reliable measurement instrument in determining educational skills.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Educational skills instructor, Reliability, Scale, Validity

Kaynakça

• Ağıralioğlu, N. (2013). Türkiye’de lisansüstü öğretim. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 3(1),1-9 Erişim 15.06.2019. http://doi.org/10.5961/jhes.2013.053
• Aktan, C. (2007). Change in higher education: Global trends and new paradigms. Yaşar University Publication. http://eds.sakarya.edu.tr/sites/eds.sakarya.edu.tr/file/3/aktan-trendler
• Aslantaş, H.İ. (2011). Student vıews regardıng teachıng staffs' suffıcencıes ın teachıng strategıes- methods and technıques, communıcatıon. Journal of Mustafa Kemal Unıversıty Socıal Scıences Instıtute, 8, 487-506.
• Başbuğ, G., & Ünsal, P. (2010). Opinions of academic staff about a performance evaluation system to be established: A survey conducted at a public university. Journal of Istanbul University Psychology Studies, 29(1), 1-24.
• Bayık, A. (2001, 19-22 September). What kind of a change in nursing, nursing education and roles of nursing educators in the twenty-first century? I. International and National Nursing Education Congress, Nevsehir, Turkey.
• Bayram, N. (2017). Introduction to Structural Equation Modeling. Ezgi Publication.
• Bergan, S. & Damain, R. (2010). Higher education for modern societies-competences and values. Council of Europe Publishing.
• Brechelmacher, A. et al. (2015). The rocky road to tenure – career paths in academia. In T. Fumasoli, G. Goastellec & B. M. Kehm (Eds). Academic Workand Careers in Europe: Trends, Challenges, Perspectives (ss. 13-40). Cham, Springer International Publishing.
• Brown, R. (2018). Higher education and inequality. Perspectives: Policy and Practice in Higher Education, 22(2), 3743.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2006). Data analysis for social sciences: statistics, research design SPSS applications and interpretation. Pegem A Publishing.
• Chan, R., Brown, G. & Ludlow, L. (2014, April). What is the purpose of higher education? A comparison of instituonal and student perspectives on the goals and purposes of completing a bachelor’s degree in the 21 st.centry. American Education Research Association (AERA) Conferance.
• Demir, R., & Acar, A. C. (2011, 26-28 May). Performance-related remuneration: A study to determine the attitudes of academic staff working in public universities towards performance-related remuneration. 19th National Management and Organization Congress Proceedings, Çanakkale, Turkey.
• DeVellis, R.F. (2014). Scale Development;Theory and applications. Sage.
• Djelic, M. (2008). Phd education-challenges and opportunities of europeanization. In G. Mazza, P. Quattrone, & A. Riccaboni (Eds), European Universities in Transition: Issues, Models, and Cases. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publising.
• Doğramacı, İ. (2007). Higher education management in Turkey and the world. Meteksan.
• Erdem, A.R. (2015). The critical element that differentiates higher education and university: Academic strategy. In A.Aypay (Eds), Higher Education in Turkey: Space, Inside Scope and Policy (ss. 243-260). Pegem Academy Publishing.
• Ergün, M. (2001, 11-13 January). Improving teaching effectiveness in universities. National Symposium of Turkish National Education Organization and Administration in 2000, Ankara, Turkey.
• Ergün, M. (2003). Improving teaching activity at Afyon Kocatepe University. XII. Educational Sciences Congress, Afyon, Turkey.
• Esen, M., & Esen, D. (2015). Investigation of the attitudes of faculty members towards performance evaluation system. Journal of Higher Education and Science, 52-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5961/jhes.2015.109
• Eurydice Report (2010). Focus on higher education in Europe 2010: The impact of the Bologna process. http://www.ehea.info/media.ehea.info/file/2010.
• Eurydice Report (2017). Structural indicators for monitoring education an training systems in Europe. https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice
• George, D. & Mallery, P. (2001). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. Needham Heights: Allyn & Bacon Publish
• Helterbran, V.R. (2008). The ideal professor: Student perceptions of effective instructor practices, attitudes, and skills. Education, 129(1), 125-138. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ816980
• Jackson, M. (2006). ‘Serving Time’: the relationship of good and bad teaching. Quality Assurance in Education, 14(4), 385-97. https://doi.org/10.1108/09684880610703965
• Kalaycı, N. (2009). Methods used in the process of evaluating the teaching performance of academicians in higher education institutions. Educational Administration. Theory and Practice, 15(60), 625-656. http://dergipark.org.tr/kuey/issue/10337/126671
• Karadağ, N., Özdemir, S. (2017). The Views of Faculty Members and Phd Students on the Processes of Doctoral Education in Turkey. Journal of Higher Education and Science, 7(2), 267-281. http://dxdoi.org/10.5961/jhes.2017.206
• Kashkan, G.V., & Egorova, M.S. (2015). Problems and outlooks of international integration of higher education. International Education Studies, 8(7), 250-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v8n7p250
• Marginson, S. (2016). High participation systems of higher education. The Journal of Higher Education, 87(2), 243-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2016.11777401
• Matas, C.P. (2012). Doctoral education and skills devalopment: An international perspertive. Reviste de Docencia Universitaria, 10(2), 163-168. http://redaberta.usc.es/redu
• Özçakır Sümen, Ö., & Kesten, A. (2014). School of education students' expectations from their lecturers and their views on whether these are fulfilled. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 13(1), 183-199. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.256837
• Özdamar K. (2016). Structural Equation Modeling for Scale and Test Development. 1st Edition. Eskisehir: Nisan Bookstore.
• Özdemir, E., & Üzel, D. (2010). Examining the opinions of elementary mathematics teacher candidates about the instructor characteristics. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Education Faculty, 10(20), 122-152. http://dergipark.org.tr/maeuefd/issue/19393/205967
• Philadelphia, PA.Davis D., Stullenbarger, E., Dearman C., & Kelley, C. A. (2005). Proposed nurse educator competencies: Development and validation of a model. Nurs Outlook, 53,206-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2005.01.006
• Sökmen, S. (2001). Situation Assessment for Improvement of Education in Nursing Schools. (Unpublished master's thesis) Istanbul University Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul.
• Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. (4th Ed). Needham Heights: Allyn & Bacon.
• Tavşancıl, E. (2002). Measurement of attitudes and data analysis with SPSS. Nobel Publications. Ankara.
• Telli Yamamoto, G. (2018). Thoughts on the higher education system in Turkey. Journal of University Research, 1(3), 132-138. https://doi.org/10.32329/uad.482681
• Ulupınar, S. (1998, 14-16 May). Qualities of Teachers According to Students and Teaching Staff. International Participation VI. National Nursing Congress. Ankara, Turkey.
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (1998). World Declaration on Higher Education for The Twenty First Century: Vision and Action, 9 October. www.unesco.org/education/.../declaration_eng.ht.
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2009). 2009 World Higher Education Conference: New dynamics of higher education and research for social change and development. Final declaration. Paris. http://webb.deu.edu.tr/bologna/diger_bildirgeler/yuksekogretim_konferansi_bildirgesi
• Vatansever, K., & Durak, H.İ. (2007). How to teach educational development in medicine: A review of learning theories, basic concepts, practices and examples. Medical Education World, 24, 28-37. http://dergipark.org.tr/ted/issue/21310/228669
• World Health Organization. (2016). Nurse educator core competencies. Printed by the WHO Document Production Services, Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.who.int/hrh/nursing_midwifery/nurse_educator
• Wood, M., & Su, F. (2017). What makes an excellent lecturer? Academics’ perspectives on the discourse of‘teaching excellence’ in highe education. Teaching in Higher Education, 22(4), 451-466. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2017.1301911
• Higher Education Academic Evaluation and Quality Improvement Commission. (2007). Guidelines for academic evaluation and quality improvement in higher education institutions. http://www.yodek.org.tr