DEVELOPMENT OF THE HIGH-PERFORMANCE WORK SYSTEMS SCALE FOR HOSPITALS: VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY

Abstract

ABSTRACT Purpose- This study aims to develop a scale that evaluates the level of HPWS practices in hospitals based on employee perceptions and to make its validity and reliability. Methodology- The study was conducted via an online survey in three public education and research hospitals. The sample consisted of 309 clinical and administrative employees. After performed face and content validity, a pilot study conducted. The item-total score correlations and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were calculated. Construct validity was tested. Correlation analysis was performed to test scale-related validity. Findings- Overall, a 29 items scale were obtained, encompassing 6 factors that explained 78% of the total variance. Reliability coefficients varied between .96 and .87. Confirmatory factor analyses were found to show good fit. Evidence for criterion-related validity was obtained after correlation analysis. Conclusion- The scale that proven content, construct, and predictive validity, can be used to evaluate the level of high-performance work systems in hospitals.

Keywords

• High-performance work systems
• human resources management
• healthcare
• health workforce
• validity
• reliability

References

1. Ang, S. H., Bartram, T., McNeil, N., Leggat, S. G., & Stanton, P. (2013). The effects of high-performance work systems on hospital employees’ work attitudes and intention to leave: a multi-level and occupational group analysis. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(16), 3086-3114. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.775029
2. Arthur, J. B. (1994). Effects of human resource systems on manufacturing performance and turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 37(3), 670-687. https://doi.org/10.5465/256705
3. Becker, B. E., & Huselid, M. A. (1998). High performance work systems and firm performance: a synthesis of research and managerial implications. Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, 53-102. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp001392z
4. Becker, B., & Gerhart, B. (1996). The impact of human resource management on organizational performance: progress and prospects. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 779-801. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/256712
5. Brislin, R. W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In: Lonner, W. J., & Berry, J. W. (Ed.), Field methods in cross-cultural research (ss. 137-164). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
6. Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd edition). New York.: Routledge.
7. Cohen, R. J., & Swerdlik, M. E. (2018). Psychological testing and assessment: an introduction to tests and measurement (9th edition). The McGraw−Hill Companies. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0222-1_8
8. Cole, D. A. (1987). Utility of confirmatory factor analysis in test validation research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(4), 584-594. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.55.4.584

9. Comrey, A. L. (2013). A first course in factor analysis (2nd edition). New York: Psychology Press.
10. Cook, D. A., & Beckman, T. J. (2006). Current concepts in validity and reliability for psychometric instruments: theory and application. American Journal of Medicine, 119(2), 166.e7-166.e16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.10.036
11. Danayiyen, A., & Bekaroglu, S. B. (2019). Hastanelerde yüksek performansli iş sistemleri ölçeğinin geçerlilik ve güvenirlik (pilot) çalışması. In 3. International 21. National Public Health Congress.
12. Davis, L. L. (1992). Instrument review: getting the most from a panel of experts. Applied Nursing Research, 5(4), 194-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0897-1897(05)80008-4
13. Delery, J. E., & Doty, D. (1996). Modes of theorizing in strategic human resource management: test of universalistic, contingency and configurational performance predictions. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 802-835. https://doi.org/10.2307/256713
14. Erkuş, A. (2019). Psikolojide ölçme ve ölçek geliştirme-I: Temel kavramlar ve işlemler. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
15. Etchegaray, J. M., St. John, C., & Thomas, E. J. (2011). Measures and measurement of high-performance work systems in health care settings: propositions for improvement. Health Care Management Review, 36(1), 38-46. https://doi.org/10.1097/HMR.0b013e3181f685a4
16. Etchegaray, J. M., & Thomas, E. J. (2015). Engaging employees: the importance of high-performance work systems for patient safety. Journal of Patient Safety, 11(4), 221-227. https://doi.org/10.1097/PTS.0000000000000076
17. Garman, A. N., McAlearney, A. S., Harrison, M. I., Song, P. H., & McHugh, M. (2011). High-performance work systems in health care management, part 1: development of an evidence-informed model. Health Care Management Review, 36(3), 201-213. https://doi.org/10.1097/HMR.0b013e318201d1bf
18. Gkorezis, P., Georgiou, L., & Theodorou, M. (2018). High-performance work practices and nurses’ intention to leave: the mediating role of organizational cynicism and the moderating role of human resource management-related educational background. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(3). 465-484. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1255906
19. Gürsakal, N. (2001). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Bursa: Uludağ Üni. Güçlendirme Vakfı.
20. Harley, B., Allen, B. C., & Sargent, L. D. (2007). High performance work systems and employee experience of work in the service sector: the case of aged care. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 45(3), 607-633. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2007.00630.x
21. Hong, Y., Jiang, Y., Liao, H., & Sturman, M. C. (2017). High performance work systems for service quality: boundary conditions and influence processes. Human Resource Management, 56(5), 747-767. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21801
22. Huselid, M. A. (1995). The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38(3), 635-672. https://doi.org/10.5465/256741
23. Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1984). LISREL-VI user’s guide. Scientific Software.
24. Karagöz, Y. (2019). SPSS-AMOS-META uygulamalı istatistiksel analiz. Ankara: Atlas Akademik Basın Yayım Dağ. Ltd.Şti.
25. Kellner, A., Townsend, K., & Wilkinson, A. (2017). The mission or the margin? A high-performance work system in a non-profit organisation. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(14), 1938-1959. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1129636
26. Kloutsiniotis, P. V., & Mihail, D. M. (2017). Linking innovative human resource practices, employee attitudes and intention to leave in healthcare services. Employee Relations, 39(1), 34-53. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-11-2015-0205
27. Laschinger, H. K. S., Finegan, J. E., Shamian, J., & Wilk, P. (2004). A longitudinal analysis of the impact of workplace empowerment on work satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 25(4), 527-545. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.256
28. Lengnick-Hall, M. L., Lengnick-Hall, C. A., Andrade, L. S., & Drake, B. (2009). Strategic human resource management: the evolution of the field. Human Resource Management Review, 19(2), 64-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.01.002
29. Mayer, R. C., & Davis, J. H. (1999). The effect of the performance appraisal system on trust for management: a field quasi-experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(1), 123-136. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.1.123
30. McAlearney, A. S., Garman, A. N., Song, P. H., McHugh, M., Robbins, J., & Harrison, M. I. (2011). High-performance work systems in health care management, part 2: Qualitative evidence from five case studies. Health Care Management Review, 36(3), 214-226. https://doi.org/10.1097/HMR.0b013e3182100dc4
31. McAlearney, A. S., Hefner, J., Robbins, J., & Garman, A. N. (2016). Toward a high-performance management system in health care, part 4. Health Care Management Review, 41(3), 233-243. https://doi.org/10.1097/HMR.0000000000000067
32. Mielke, J., De Geest, S., Beckmann, S., Leppla, L., Luta, X., Guerbaai, R. A., & Schwendimann, R. (2019). The German version of the high-performance work systems questionnaire (HPWS-G) in the context of patient safety: a validation study in a Swiss university hospital. BMC Health Services Research, 19(1), 356. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4189-8
33. Mihail, D. M., & V. Kloutsiniotis, P. (2016). Modeling patient care quality: an empirical high-performance work system approach. Personnel Review, 45(6), 1176-1199. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-03-2015-0068
34. Özçelik, G., Aybas, M., & Uyargil, C. (2016). High performance work systems and organizational values: resource-based view considerations. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 235(October), 332-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.11.040
35. Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1988). SERVQUAL: a multiple-item scale for measuring consumer perception of services quality. Journal of Retailing, 64(1), 12-40.
36. Pfeffer, J. (1995). Producing sustainable competitive advantage through the effective management of people. Academy of Management Perspectives, 9(1), 55-69. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2005.19417910
37. Posthuma, R. A., Campion, M. C., Masimova, M., & Campion, M. A. (2013). A high-performance work practices taxonomy: integrating the literature and directing future research. Journal of Management, 39(5), 1184-1220. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206313478184
38. Robbins, J., & McAlearney, A. S. (2018). Toward a high-performance management system in health care, part 5. Health Care Management Review, 45(4), 1. https://doi.org/10.1097/hmr.0000000000000228
39. Ross, S. C., & Koys, D. J. (2011). High-Involvement management: participative strategies for improving organizational performance. Academy of Management Review, 12(3), 567-570. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1987.4306574
40. Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
41. Slavec, A., & Drnovsek, M. (2013). Affectivity, openness, and self-efficacy: linking entrepreneur’s personality to innovation. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2013(1), 13750). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management.
42. Spence Laschinger, H. K., Finegan, J., Shamian, J., & Wilk, P. (2001). Impact of structural and psychological empowerment on job strain in nursing work settings. Journal of Nursing Administration, 31(5), 260-272. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005110-200105000-00006
43. Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442-1465. https://doi.org/10.5465/256865
44. Sürgevil, O., Tolay, E., & Topoyan, M. (2013). Yapısal güçlendirme ve psikolojik güçlendirme ölçeklerinin geçerlilik ve güvenirlilik analizleri. Journal of Yasar University, 8(31), 5371-5391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2
45. Van De Voorde, K., Paauwe, J., & Van Veldhoven, M. (2010). Predicting business unit performance using employee surveys: monitoring HRM-related changes. Human Resource Management Journal, 20(1), 44-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2009.00114.x
46. Villajos, E., Tordera, N., & Peiró, J. M. (2018). Refinement and validation of a comprehensive scale for measuring HR practices aimed at performance-enhancement and employee-support. European Management Journal, 37(3), 387-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2018.10.003
47. Wang, Z., Xing, L., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Do high-performance work systems harm employees’ health? An investigation of service oriented HPWS in the Chinese healthcare sector. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2019.1579254
48. West, M. A., Borrill, C., Dawson, J., Scully, J., Carter, M., Anelay, S., & Waring, J. (2002). The link between the management of employees and patient mortality in acute hospitals. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(8), 1299-1310. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190210156521
49. Zacharatos, A., Barling, J., & Iverson, R. D. (2005). High-performance work systems and occupational safety. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 77-93. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.77