Evaluation of Free Radical and Antioxidant Enzyme Levels in Patients with COVID-19 Possible/Definitive Diagnosis

Abstract

Aim: Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a complex disease threatening global public health and leading to a pandemic, the contributions of the pro-oxidant/oxidant imbalance involved in the pathogenesis of the disease have not been adequately studied. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of smoking on oxidative stress and antioxidant defense system biomarkers in COVID-19 patients. Material and Methods: Participants were divided into 4 groups in the study: (Control group) 45 healthy individuals without a diagnosis of COVID-19 and not smoking, (Group 2) 45 individuals without a diagnosis of COVID-19 and smoking, (Group 3) 45 patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 and not smoking, (Group 4) 45 patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 and smoking 45 patients. D-dimer, nitric oxide (NO), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant levels (TAS) and total oxidant levels (TOS) in the serum of the participants were analyzed using commercial kits according to the ELISA method. Results: There is a significant increase in D-dimer levels in people diagnosed with COVID-19 (p<0.001). TAS, CAT, SOD and GR levels in Group II, Group III and Group IV showed a statistical decrease when compared to the control group. Compared to the control group, there was a significant increase in TOS and MDA levels, especially in Group IV (p<0.001). In addition, NO levels in Group II, Group III and Group IV were significantly increased compared to the control group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Our data show that smoking increases oxidative and nitrosative damage in COVID-19.

Keywords

• COVID-19
• smoking
• oxidative stress
• nitrosative stress

COVID-19 Olası/Kesin Tanılı Hastalarda Serbest Radikal Ve Antioksidan Enzim Düzeylerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Amaç: Koronavirüs hastalığı 2019 (COVID-19), küresel halk sağlığını tehdit eden ve bir pandemiye yol açan karmaşık bir hastalık olmasına rağmen, hastalığın patogenezinde yer alan pro-oksidan/oksidan dengesizliğinin katkıları yeterince araştırılmamıştır. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmanın amacı, COVID-19 hastalarında sigara kullanımının oksidatif stres ve antioksidan savunma sistemi biyobelirteçleri üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya katılan kişiler 4 gruba ayrıldı: (Kontrol grubu) COVID-19 tanısı olmayan ve sigara kullanmayan 45 sağlıklı birey, (Grup 2) COVID-19 tanısı olmayan ve sigara kullanan 45 birey, (Grup 3) COVID-19 tanılı ve sigara kullanmayan 45 hasta, (Grup 4) COVID-19 tanılı ve sigara kullanan 45 hasta. Katılımcıların serumlarındaki D-dimer, nitrik oksit (NO), glutatyon redüktaz (GR), süperoksit dismutaz (SOD), katalaz (CAT), malondialdehid (MDA), total antioksidan seviyeleri (TAS) ve total oksidan seviyeleri (TOS) seviyelerini ticari kitler kullanarak ELİSA yöntemine göre analiz edildi. Bulgular: COVID-19 tanısı alan kişilerdeki D-dimer seviyelerinde anlamlı bir artış söz konusudur (p<0,001). Grup II, Grup III ve Grup IV’deki TAS, CAT, SOD ve GR seviyeleri kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında istatiksel olarak bir düşüş göstermiştir. Kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında özellikle de Grup IV’deki TOS ve MDA seviyelerinde ciddi artış olmuştur (p<0,001). Ek olarak, Grup II, Grup III ve Grup IV’deki NO seviyeleri kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı bir şekilde artmıştır (p<0,001). Sonuç: Verilerimiz, sigara kullanımının COVID-19'daki oksidatif ve nitrozatif hasarı arttırdığı göstermektedir.

Keywords

• COVID-19
• sigara kullanımı
• oksidatif stres
• nitrozatif stres

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