Suggestions for Designing Test Specimens and Testing Procedures to Impregnate Wood Material by Pre-vacuumed Immersion Method Realized Using a Special Device

Abstract

This study, which promised remarkable contributions for designing of experimental samples and trial device to treat wood by pre-vacuumed immersion method, was conducted to test the impregnability of wood material according to the pre-vacuumed immersion process and to reveal the usability of plug (cylindrical) samples in impregnation experiments in addition to the cuboid (rectangular prism) samples. In this perspective, samples to be subjected to immersion test were initially dried to an average moisture content of 12% and than prepared for the flow pathways to determine the possible preservative uptake as the percentage of void volume filled and net dry salt retention in radial and longitudinal flow pathways, and in triplex [i.e. three flow pathways including tangential flow] and than impregnated using with 3% concentration of boron compound by normal and pre-vacuumed immersion method based on the immersion of 120 minutes, and pre-vacuum process of 30 minutes at –0,84 bar (640 mmHg). According to the experimental evidences that have been provided, it was observed that the preparation techniques for cuboids and plugs were suitable with each other in terms of the preservative uptake in either flow pathway, while the preparation process and the period of the data collection were shorter in plugs than that for cuboids. And samples impregnated by pre-vacuumed immersion method were determined to have a slightly higher preservative uptake than those impregnated with normal immersion method. At this point, it was also observed that in both experimental arrangements, the level of preservative uptake was minimal in radial samples compared to longitudinal samples. Therefore, based on the outcomes of this study, some remarks and recommendations for future work can be deduced on the use of plugs and cuboids, and also pre-vacuumed immersion process in the context of permeability examinations of any wood material.

Keywords

• Wood
• impregnation
• immersion method
• test device
• cuboid and plug samples

References

1. [1] İ. Usta, “Ahşap koruma,” Yapı Dünyası, vol. 258-259, pp. 8-17, 2017. [2] A. J. McQuire, “Radial permeability of timber,”, PhD thesis, University of Leeds, 1970.
2. [3] Z. Koran, “Air permeability and creosote retention of Douglas-fir,” Forest Products Journal, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 159–166, 1964.
3. [4] R. D. Graham, “Sink-float test to determine treatability of Douglas-fir,” Forest Product Journal, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 516, 1964.
4. [5] Hayashi, S., K. Nishimoto, and T. Kishima, “Study on the liquid permeability of softwoods,” Wood Research, vol. 36, pp. 47–57, 1967.
5. [6] R. Wheeler, “Equipment suitable for measuring angle of grain and for obtaining small timber samples from living trees,” Commonwealth Forestry Review, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 314–319, 1964.
6. [7] İ. Usta, “Batırma yöntemi ile ahşap korumada ön vakum uygulamasının borlu emprenye maddesi absorpsiyonuna etkisi,” 2. Ulusal Bor Çalıştayı, pp. 275–288, 2008.
7. [8] I. Usta, “Comparison of cubic and plug samples for preparation and data assembly in permeability study,” International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Document No: IRG/WP 00–20197, 2000.
8. [9] I. Usta, and M. D. Hale, “A novel guide for the determination of the physical properties of wood including kiln drying and full-cell preservative treatment,” The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Document No: IRG/WP: 04–20298, 2004.

9. [10] İ. Usta, “Ağaç malzeme fiziksel özelliklerinin tespitinde ve ahşap koruma performans değerlendirmesinde örnek bir kılavuz olarak Şematik Rehber kullanımı,” Selçuk Üniversitesi Teknik Online Dergisi, vol. Özel Sayı (UMK-2015), pp. 407–420, 2015.
10. [11] G. Eliçin, “Sözlük (Bitki Adları),” İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, Yayın No: 2633/273, 1980.
11. [12] M. Konukçu, “Statistical Profile of Turkish Forestry,” Ankara: Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, 1998.
12. [13] “Türkiye Orman Varlığı Kitabı: 2015,” https://www.ogm.gov.tr/ekutuphane/Yayinlar/T%C3%BCrkiye%20Orman%20Varl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1-2016-2017.pdf accessed 09 June 2018.
13. [14] Y. Tayanç, B. Çengel, G. Kandemir, and E. Velioğlu, “Türkiye’de yayılış gösteren göknar (Abies spp.) popülasyonlarının genetik çeşitliliği ve filogenetik sınıflandırılması,” Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Orman Ağaçları ve Tohumları Islah Araştırma Enstitüsü, Teknik Bülten No: 33, Yayın No: 47, 2012.
14. [15] Wolman GmbH, “Wolmanit-CB,” Technical Leaflet 501–65, 1965.
15. [16] R. İlhan, “Göknar tel direklerinin Wolmanit-CB ve Tanalith-C ile emprenye edilmesine dair araştırmalar” Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Teknik Bülteni 26, 1968.
16. [17] F. F. P. Kollmann, and W. A. Cote, Principles of Wood Science and Technology, 1: Solid Wood, Berlin: Springer–Verlag, 1968.
17. [18] J. M. Dinwoodie, “Timber: Its Structure, Properties and Utilisation,” London: MacMillan Press Ltd., 1981.
18. [19] W. B. Banks, “Some factors affecting the permeability of Scots pine and Norway spruce,”, Journal of the Institute of Wood Science, vol. 5 no. 1, pp. 10–17, 1970.
19. [20] Nicholas, D. D. and J. F. Siau, “Factors influencing treatability of wood,” In: Wood Deterioration and Its Prevention by Preservative Treatments, 2: Preservatives and Preservative Systems, pp. 299–343, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1973.
20. [21] A. J. McQuire, “Effect of wood density on preservative retention in fence posts,” New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, vol. 5, pp. 105–109, 1975.
21. [22] A. Y. Bozkurt, “Ağaç Teknolojisi,” İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, Yayın No: 3403/380, 1986.
22. [23] K. A. Flynn, “A review of the permeability, fluid flow, and anatomy of spruce (Picea spp.),” Wood and Fiber Science, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 278–284, 1995.
23. [24] J. F. Siau, “Flow in Wood,” New York: Syracuse University Press, 1971.
24. [25] A. Y. Bozkurt, Y. Göker, and N. Erdin, “Emprenye Tekniği,” İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, Yayın No: 3779/425, 1993.
25. [26] R. B. Hoadley, “Understanding Wood: A Craftman`s Guide to Wood Technology,” London: The Taunton Press, Inc., 1980.
26. [27] R. A. Eaton, and M. D. C. Hale, “Wood: Decay, Pests and Protection,” London: Chapman and Hall Ltd., 1993.
27. [28] J. F. Siau, “Transport Processes in Wood,” Berlin: Springer–Verlag, 1984.
28. [29] G. Tsoumis, “Science and Technology of Wood: Structure, Properties and Utilisation,” New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991.
29. [30] A. Y. Bozkurt, and Y. Göker, “Fiziksel ve Mekanik Ağaç Teknolojisi,” İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, Yayın No: 3445/388, 1987.
30. [31] Forest Products Laboratory (FPL), “Wood Handbook: 72,” Madison: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1987.