Araştırma Makalesi
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Geniş parmaklı keler (Hemidactylus turcicus)’e ait bir populasyonunda yaşam öyküsü özellikleri

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 3, 516 - 521, 01.06.2017
https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.291938

Öz

Ekolojik faktörlerin hayvan populasyonlarının yaşam öyküsü özellikleri üzerinde etkili olduğu birçok çalışmada
gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Hemidactylus turcicus (geniş parmaklı keler) türüne ait bir populasyonda yaş, ömür
uzunluğu, eşeysel olgunluğa erişme yaşı ve boya bağlı eşeysel dimorfizm gibi bazı yaşam öyküsü özellikleri analiz
edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, bu populasyonda maksimum ömür uzunluğunun 7 yıl, eşeysel olgunluğa erişme
yaşının ise 2-3 yıl olduğunu göstermiştir. Dişi ve erkek bireylerin ortalama yaşları ve boyları arasında istatistiksel
olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır. Hem erkek hem de dişi bireylerin vücut boyları ile yaşları arasında önemli
derecede pozitif bir korelasyon bulunmuştur.
  

Kaynakça

  • U. Sinsch, C. Leskovar, A. Drobig, A. König, and W.-R. Grosse, “Life-history traits in green toad (Bufo viridis) populations: indicators of habitat quality,” Can. J. Zool., vol. 85, no. 5, pp. 665–673, 2007.
  • [2] M. Heino, J. A. J. Metz, and V. Kaitala, “Evolution of mixed maturation strategies in semelparous life histories: the crucial role of dimensionality of feedback environment,” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., vol. 352, no. 1361, pp. 1647–1655, 1997.
  • [3] M. Hasumi, “Age, body size, and sexual dimorphism in size and shape in Salamandrella keyserlingii (Caudata: Hynobiidae),” Evol. Biol., vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 38–48, 2010.
  • [4] K. Olgun, N. Üzüm, A. Avci, and C. Miaud, “Age, size and growth of the southern crested newt Triturus karelinii (Strauch 1870) in a population from Bozdag (Western Turkey),” Amphibia-Reptilia, vol. 26, pp. 223–230, 2005.
  • [5] N. Tomašević Kolarov, K. Ljubisavljević, L. Polović, G. Džukić, and M. L. Kalezić, “The body size, age structure and growth pattern of the endemic balkan mosor rock lizard (Dinarolacerta Mosorensis Kolombatoviæ, 1886),” Acta Zool. Acad. Sci. Hungaricae, 2010.
  • [6] A. Altunışık, Ç. Gül, N. Özdemir, M. Tosunoǧlu, and T. Ergül, “Age structure and body size of the strauch’s racerunner, Eremias strauchi strauchi Kessler, 1878,” Turkish J. Zool., vol. 37, pp. 539–543, 2013.
  • [7] S. Gül, N. Özdemir, Y. Kumlutaş, and Ç. Ilgaz, “Age structure and body size in three populations of Darevskia rudis,” Herpetozoa, vol. 26, no. 3/4, pp. 151–158, 2014.
  • [8] M. Denoël, A. Ivanović, G. Dzukić, and M. L. Kalezić, “Sexual size dimorphism in the evolutionary context of facultative paedomorphosis: insights from European newts.,” BMC Evol. Biol., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 278, 2009.
  • [9] D. Pincheira-Donoso, D. J. Hodgson, and T. Tregenza, “The evolution of body size under environmental gradients in ectotherms: why should Bergmann’s rule apply to lizards?,” BMC Evol. Biol., vol. 8, p. 68, 2008.
  • [10] W. U. Blanckenhorn, “Behavioral causes and consequences of sexual size dimorphism,” Ethology, vol. 111, no. 11, pp. 977–1016, 2005.
  • İ. Baran, Ç. Ilgaz, A. Avci, Y. Kumlutaş, and K. Olgun, Türkiye Amfibi ve Sürüngenleri, 4.Basım. Ankara: TÜBİTAK, 2005.
  • [12] A. Agasyan et al., “Hemidactylus turcicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009,” 2009.
  • [13] D. Cihan, “Akşehir-Eber Kapalı Havzası’ nın Herpetofaunası, Yüksek Lisans Tezi". Çanakkale 18 Mart Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2007.
  • [14] I. H. Uǧurtaş, H. S. Yildirimhan, and M. Sevinç, “Distribution of the Gekkonidae species in southeast Anatolia, Turkey, and new localities,” Turkish J. Zool., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 137–141, 2007.
  • [15] M. Z. Yildiz, B. Gocmen, B. Akman, and D. Yalcinkaya, “New Localities for Hemidactylus turcicus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Sauria : Gekkonidae) in Anatolia, Turkey, with notes on their morphology,” North. West. J. Zool., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 24–33, 2007.
  • [16] M. Başoğlu and İ. Baran, Türkiye Sürüngenleri, Kısım 1. Kaplumbağa ve Kertenkeleler. İzmir, Turkey: Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Kitaplar Serisi No: 76, 1977.
  • [17] İ. Baran and U. Gruber, “Taxonomische Untersuchungen an Türkischen Gekkonidae,” Spixiana, vol. 5, pp. 109–138, 1982.
  • [18] B. Kanat and C. V. Tok, “Age structure of Hemidactylus turcicus (L., 1758) (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from southwestern Anatolia (Muğla, Turkey),” Turkish J. Zool., vol. 39, pp. 373–377, 2015.
  • [19] P. Ranta, A. Laurila, and J. Elmberg, “Reinventing the wheel. Analysis of sexual dimorphism in body size,” Oikos, vol. 70, no. 313–321, 1994.
  • [20] K. Pancharatna and S. Kumbar, “Bone growth marks in tropical wall lizard, Hemidactylus brooki,” Russ. J. Herpetol., vol. 12, pp. 107–110, 2005.
  • F. M. Guarino, I. Di Già, and R. Sindaco, “Age and growth of the sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) from a high Alpine population of north-western Italy,” Acta Herpetol., 2010.
  • [22] K. Çiçek, M. K. Ş, D. Ayaz, and C. V. Tok, “Preliminary data on the age structure of Phrynocephalus horvathi in Mount Ararat ( Northeastern Anatolia , Turkey ),” vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 112–115, 2012.
  • [23] B. Y. Yakin, M. Gürkan, S. Hayretdağ, and C. V. Tok, “Preliminary Data on Age Estimation and Body Size of the Dwarf Lizard, Parvilacerta parva (Boulenger, 1887)(Reptilia: Lacertilia) from Akşehir, Konya (,” Ecol. Balk., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 81–85, 2012.
  • [24] N. Üzüm, Ç. Ilgaz, Y. Kumlutaş, Ç. Gümüş, and A. Avci, “The body size, age structure, and growth of Bosc’s fringe-toed lizard, Acanthodactylus boskianus (Daudin, 1802),” Turkish J. Zool., vol. 38, pp. 383–388, 2014.
  • [25] T. J. Zool, T. E. Kalayci, A. Altunişik, Ç. Gül, N. Özdemir, and M. Tosunoğlu, “Turkish Journal of Zoology Preliminary data on the age structure of Asaccus barani (Baran’s leaf-toed gecko) from southeastern Anatolia, Turkey,” 2015.
  • [26] A. İ. Eroğlu, M. Kurnaz, H. Koç, U. Bülbül, and B. Kutrup, “Age and growth of the red-belied lizard, Darevskia parvula,” Anim. Biol., vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 81–95, 2016.
  • [27] N. Özdemir et al., “Variation in body size and age structure among three Turkish populations of the treefrog Hyla arborea,” Amphibia-Reptilia, vol. 33, pp. 25–35, 2012.
  • [28] E. S. Roitberg, E. M. Smirina, and N. K. Koltsov, “Adult body length and sexual size dimorphism in Lacerta agilis boemica (Reptilia, Lacertidae): between-year and interlocality variation.”
  • [29] R. Barbault and Y.-P. Mou, “Population dynamics of the common wall lizard, Podarcis muralis, in southwestern France,” Herpetologica, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 38–47, 1988.
  • [30] S. C. Adolph and W. P. Porter, “Nordic Society Oikos Growth, Seasonality, and Lizard Life Histories: Age and Size at Maturity,” vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 267–278, 1996.
  • A. Ramírez-Bautista, B. P. Stephenson, C. Serrano Muñoz, R. Cruz-Elizalde, and U. Hernández-Salinas, “Reproduction and sexual dimorphism in two populations of the polymorphic spiny lizard Sceloporus minor from Hidalgo, M??xico,” Acta Zool., 2014.
  • [32] D. Bauwens, “Life-history variation in lacertid lizards,” Nat. Croat., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 239–252, 1999.
  • [33] K. W. Selcer, “Life History of a Successful Colonizer: The Mediterranean gecko, Hemidactylus turcicus, in Southern Texas,” Copeia, vol. 1986, no. 4, pp. 956–962, 1986.
  • [34] D. Saenz and R. Conner, “Hemidactylus turcicus,” Texas J. Sci., vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 207–212, 1996.
  • [35] J. . Johnson, L. . Mcbrayer, and D. Saenz, “Allometry, sexual size dimorphism, and niche partitioning in the Mediterranean gecko ( Hemidactylus turcicus),” Southwest. Nat., vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 435–439, 2005.
  • [36] T. Day and P. D. Taylor, “Von Bertalanffy â€TM s Growth Equation Should Not Be Used to Model Age and Size at Maturity,” Am. Nat., vol. 149, no. 2, pp. 381–393, 1997.
  • [37] M. Heino and V. Kaitala, “Evolution of resource allocation between growth and reproduction in animals with indeterminate growth,” J. Evol. Biol., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 423–429, 1999.
  • [38] R. Shine, “Ecological Causes for the Evolution of Sexual Dimorphism : A Review of the Evidence,” Rev. Lit. Arts Am., vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 419–461, 1989.
  • S. E. Vincent and A. Herrel, “Functional and ecological correlates of ecologically-based dimorphisms in squamate reptiles,” Integr. Comp. Biol., vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 172–188, 2007.
  • [40] T. L. Best and A. L. Gennaro, “Feeding Ecology of the Lizard, Uta stansburiana, in Southeastern New Mexico,” J. Herpetol., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 291–301, 1984.
  • [41] G. E. G. Ekkonidae, H. E. Turcicus, M. I. C. G. Ranatosky, and K. E. L. K. Rysko, “M Orphological V Ariation in the M Editerranean H Ouse G Eographical G Radients in the S Outheastern U Nited S Tates,” vol. 9, no. April, pp. 535–542, 2014.
  • [42] C. Piantoni, N. R. Ibargüengoytía, and V. E. Cussac, “Age and growth of the Patagonian lizard Phymaturus patagonicus,” Amphibia-Reptilia, vol. 27, pp. 385–392, 2006.

Life history traits in a population of Hemidacylus turcicus (Turkish gecko)

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 3, 516 - 521, 01.06.2017
https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.291938

Öz

Many studies have shown that ecological factors influence life story traits of animal populations. In this study, some
life history characteristics such as age, longevity, age at maturity and sexual size dimorphism were analyzed in a
population of
H.turcicus (Turkish gecko). The results have shown that maximum lifespan and age at maturity were 7
and 2-3 years in this population, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between female and
male individuals in terms of mean age and body size. A significant positive correlation was found between body size
and age in both males and females
  

Kaynakça

  • U. Sinsch, C. Leskovar, A. Drobig, A. König, and W.-R. Grosse, “Life-history traits in green toad (Bufo viridis) populations: indicators of habitat quality,” Can. J. Zool., vol. 85, no. 5, pp. 665–673, 2007.
  • [2] M. Heino, J. A. J. Metz, and V. Kaitala, “Evolution of mixed maturation strategies in semelparous life histories: the crucial role of dimensionality of feedback environment,” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., vol. 352, no. 1361, pp. 1647–1655, 1997.
  • [3] M. Hasumi, “Age, body size, and sexual dimorphism in size and shape in Salamandrella keyserlingii (Caudata: Hynobiidae),” Evol. Biol., vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 38–48, 2010.
  • [4] K. Olgun, N. Üzüm, A. Avci, and C. Miaud, “Age, size and growth of the southern crested newt Triturus karelinii (Strauch 1870) in a population from Bozdag (Western Turkey),” Amphibia-Reptilia, vol. 26, pp. 223–230, 2005.
  • [5] N. Tomašević Kolarov, K. Ljubisavljević, L. Polović, G. Džukić, and M. L. Kalezić, “The body size, age structure and growth pattern of the endemic balkan mosor rock lizard (Dinarolacerta Mosorensis Kolombatoviæ, 1886),” Acta Zool. Acad. Sci. Hungaricae, 2010.
  • [6] A. Altunışık, Ç. Gül, N. Özdemir, M. Tosunoǧlu, and T. Ergül, “Age structure and body size of the strauch’s racerunner, Eremias strauchi strauchi Kessler, 1878,” Turkish J. Zool., vol. 37, pp. 539–543, 2013.
  • [7] S. Gül, N. Özdemir, Y. Kumlutaş, and Ç. Ilgaz, “Age structure and body size in three populations of Darevskia rudis,” Herpetozoa, vol. 26, no. 3/4, pp. 151–158, 2014.
  • [8] M. Denoël, A. Ivanović, G. Dzukić, and M. L. Kalezić, “Sexual size dimorphism in the evolutionary context of facultative paedomorphosis: insights from European newts.,” BMC Evol. Biol., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 278, 2009.
  • [9] D. Pincheira-Donoso, D. J. Hodgson, and T. Tregenza, “The evolution of body size under environmental gradients in ectotherms: why should Bergmann’s rule apply to lizards?,” BMC Evol. Biol., vol. 8, p. 68, 2008.
  • [10] W. U. Blanckenhorn, “Behavioral causes and consequences of sexual size dimorphism,” Ethology, vol. 111, no. 11, pp. 977–1016, 2005.
  • İ. Baran, Ç. Ilgaz, A. Avci, Y. Kumlutaş, and K. Olgun, Türkiye Amfibi ve Sürüngenleri, 4.Basım. Ankara: TÜBİTAK, 2005.
  • [12] A. Agasyan et al., “Hemidactylus turcicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009,” 2009.
  • [13] D. Cihan, “Akşehir-Eber Kapalı Havzası’ nın Herpetofaunası, Yüksek Lisans Tezi". Çanakkale 18 Mart Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2007.
  • [14] I. H. Uǧurtaş, H. S. Yildirimhan, and M. Sevinç, “Distribution of the Gekkonidae species in southeast Anatolia, Turkey, and new localities,” Turkish J. Zool., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 137–141, 2007.
  • [15] M. Z. Yildiz, B. Gocmen, B. Akman, and D. Yalcinkaya, “New Localities for Hemidactylus turcicus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Sauria : Gekkonidae) in Anatolia, Turkey, with notes on their morphology,” North. West. J. Zool., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 24–33, 2007.
  • [16] M. Başoğlu and İ. Baran, Türkiye Sürüngenleri, Kısım 1. Kaplumbağa ve Kertenkeleler. İzmir, Turkey: Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Kitaplar Serisi No: 76, 1977.
  • [17] İ. Baran and U. Gruber, “Taxonomische Untersuchungen an Türkischen Gekkonidae,” Spixiana, vol. 5, pp. 109–138, 1982.
  • [18] B. Kanat and C. V. Tok, “Age structure of Hemidactylus turcicus (L., 1758) (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from southwestern Anatolia (Muğla, Turkey),” Turkish J. Zool., vol. 39, pp. 373–377, 2015.
  • [19] P. Ranta, A. Laurila, and J. Elmberg, “Reinventing the wheel. Analysis of sexual dimorphism in body size,” Oikos, vol. 70, no. 313–321, 1994.
  • [20] K. Pancharatna and S. Kumbar, “Bone growth marks in tropical wall lizard, Hemidactylus brooki,” Russ. J. Herpetol., vol. 12, pp. 107–110, 2005.
  • F. M. Guarino, I. Di Già, and R. Sindaco, “Age and growth of the sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) from a high Alpine population of north-western Italy,” Acta Herpetol., 2010.
  • [22] K. Çiçek, M. K. Ş, D. Ayaz, and C. V. Tok, “Preliminary data on the age structure of Phrynocephalus horvathi in Mount Ararat ( Northeastern Anatolia , Turkey ),” vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 112–115, 2012.
  • [23] B. Y. Yakin, M. Gürkan, S. Hayretdağ, and C. V. Tok, “Preliminary Data on Age Estimation and Body Size of the Dwarf Lizard, Parvilacerta parva (Boulenger, 1887)(Reptilia: Lacertilia) from Akşehir, Konya (,” Ecol. Balk., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 81–85, 2012.
  • [24] N. Üzüm, Ç. Ilgaz, Y. Kumlutaş, Ç. Gümüş, and A. Avci, “The body size, age structure, and growth of Bosc’s fringe-toed lizard, Acanthodactylus boskianus (Daudin, 1802),” Turkish J. Zool., vol. 38, pp. 383–388, 2014.
  • [25] T. J. Zool, T. E. Kalayci, A. Altunişik, Ç. Gül, N. Özdemir, and M. Tosunoğlu, “Turkish Journal of Zoology Preliminary data on the age structure of Asaccus barani (Baran’s leaf-toed gecko) from southeastern Anatolia, Turkey,” 2015.
  • [26] A. İ. Eroğlu, M. Kurnaz, H. Koç, U. Bülbül, and B. Kutrup, “Age and growth of the red-belied lizard, Darevskia parvula,” Anim. Biol., vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 81–95, 2016.
  • [27] N. Özdemir et al., “Variation in body size and age structure among three Turkish populations of the treefrog Hyla arborea,” Amphibia-Reptilia, vol. 33, pp. 25–35, 2012.
  • [28] E. S. Roitberg, E. M. Smirina, and N. K. Koltsov, “Adult body length and sexual size dimorphism in Lacerta agilis boemica (Reptilia, Lacertidae): between-year and interlocality variation.”
  • [29] R. Barbault and Y.-P. Mou, “Population dynamics of the common wall lizard, Podarcis muralis, in southwestern France,” Herpetologica, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 38–47, 1988.
  • [30] S. C. Adolph and W. P. Porter, “Nordic Society Oikos Growth, Seasonality, and Lizard Life Histories: Age and Size at Maturity,” vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 267–278, 1996.
  • A. Ramírez-Bautista, B. P. Stephenson, C. Serrano Muñoz, R. Cruz-Elizalde, and U. Hernández-Salinas, “Reproduction and sexual dimorphism in two populations of the polymorphic spiny lizard Sceloporus minor from Hidalgo, M??xico,” Acta Zool., 2014.
  • [32] D. Bauwens, “Life-history variation in lacertid lizards,” Nat. Croat., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 239–252, 1999.
  • [33] K. W. Selcer, “Life History of a Successful Colonizer: The Mediterranean gecko, Hemidactylus turcicus, in Southern Texas,” Copeia, vol. 1986, no. 4, pp. 956–962, 1986.
  • [34] D. Saenz and R. Conner, “Hemidactylus turcicus,” Texas J. Sci., vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 207–212, 1996.
  • [35] J. . Johnson, L. . Mcbrayer, and D. Saenz, “Allometry, sexual size dimorphism, and niche partitioning in the Mediterranean gecko ( Hemidactylus turcicus),” Southwest. Nat., vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 435–439, 2005.
  • [36] T. Day and P. D. Taylor, “Von Bertalanffy â€TM s Growth Equation Should Not Be Used to Model Age and Size at Maturity,” Am. Nat., vol. 149, no. 2, pp. 381–393, 1997.
  • [37] M. Heino and V. Kaitala, “Evolution of resource allocation between growth and reproduction in animals with indeterminate growth,” J. Evol. Biol., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 423–429, 1999.
  • [38] R. Shine, “Ecological Causes for the Evolution of Sexual Dimorphism : A Review of the Evidence,” Rev. Lit. Arts Am., vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 419–461, 1989.
  • S. E. Vincent and A. Herrel, “Functional and ecological correlates of ecologically-based dimorphisms in squamate reptiles,” Integr. Comp. Biol., vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 172–188, 2007.
  • [40] T. L. Best and A. L. Gennaro, “Feeding Ecology of the Lizard, Uta stansburiana, in Southeastern New Mexico,” J. Herpetol., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 291–301, 1984.
  • [41] G. E. G. Ekkonidae, H. E. Turcicus, M. I. C. G. Ranatosky, and K. E. L. K. Rysko, “M Orphological V Ariation in the M Editerranean H Ouse G Eographical G Radients in the S Outheastern U Nited S Tates,” vol. 9, no. April, pp. 535–542, 2014.
  • [42] C. Piantoni, N. R. Ibargüengoytía, and V. E. Cussac, “Age and growth of the Patagonian lizard Phymaturus patagonicus,” Amphibia-Reptilia, vol. 27, pp. 385–392, 2006.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Konular Yapısal Biyoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Abdullah Altunışık

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Şubat 2017
Kabul Tarihi 27 Mart 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Altunışık, A. (2017). Life history traits in a population of Hemidacylus turcicus (Turkish gecko). Sakarya University Journal of Science, 21(3), 516-521. https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.291938
AMA Altunışık A. Life history traits in a population of Hemidacylus turcicus (Turkish gecko). SAUJS. Haziran 2017;21(3):516-521. doi:10.16984/saufenbilder.291938
Chicago Altunışık, Abdullah. “Life History Traits in a Population of Hemidacylus Turcicus (Turkish Gecko)”. Sakarya University Journal of Science 21, sy. 3 (Haziran 2017): 516-21. https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.291938.
EndNote Altunışık A (01 Haziran 2017) Life history traits in a population of Hemidacylus turcicus (Turkish gecko). Sakarya University Journal of Science 21 3 516–521.
IEEE A. Altunışık, “Life history traits in a population of Hemidacylus turcicus (Turkish gecko)”, SAUJS, c. 21, sy. 3, ss. 516–521, 2017, doi: 10.16984/saufenbilder.291938.
ISNAD Altunışık, Abdullah. “Life History Traits in a Population of Hemidacylus Turcicus (Turkish Gecko)”. Sakarya University Journal of Science 21/3 (Haziran 2017), 516-521. https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.291938.
JAMA Altunışık A. Life history traits in a population of Hemidacylus turcicus (Turkish gecko). SAUJS. 2017;21:516–521.
MLA Altunışık, Abdullah. “Life History Traits in a Population of Hemidacylus Turcicus (Turkish Gecko)”. Sakarya University Journal of Science, c. 21, sy. 3, 2017, ss. 516-21, doi:10.16984/saufenbilder.291938.
Vancouver Altunışık A. Life history traits in a population of Hemidacylus turcicus (Turkish gecko). SAUJS. 2017;21(3):516-21.

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