Post-Ultraviolet-Curing Process Effects on Low-Velocity Impact Response of 3D Printed Polylactic Acid Parts

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 5, 943 - 955, 18.10.2023

Tarkan Akderya

https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.1279767

Öz

In this study, polylactic acid (PLA) parts produced with the 3D fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique were cured with ultraviolet irradiation (post-UV-curing) after production, and the low-velocity impact behaviour of the parts was experimentally investigated. Accordingly, PLA parts were subjected to post-UV-curing at 15-, 30-, 45-, and 60-minute periods. The impact behaviour of the specimens produced with production parameters of 200 °C printing temperature, 0.2 mm layer thickness, 50 mm/s printing speed, 100% infill rate, and 45° raster angle was compared with the raw specimens after the post-UV-curing process was applied. As a result of the impact tests, peak force, peak displacement, peak energy, and puncture energy values were obtained from the force-displacement graphs. It has been revealed that the post-UV-curing implementation increases the peak force values of PLA specimens and decreases the displacement values compared to the raw specimens. All specimens' impact behaviour improves with the post-UV-curing process; however, a decreasing trend is entered after 30 min.

Anahtar Kelimeler

FDM, UV irradiation, polylactic acid, impact response, 3D printing

Kaynakça

• S. E. Zeltmann, N. Gupta, N. G. Tsoutsos, M. Maniatakos, J. Rajendran, R. Karri, "Manufacturing and Security Challenges in 3D Printing," The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, vol. 68, no. 7, pp. 1872-1881, 2016.
• I. Gibson, D. W. Rosen, B. Stucker, Additive manufacturing technologies: Rapid prototyping to direct digital manufacturing: Second Edition. Springer Inc., 2010.
• N. Hopkinson, P. Dickens, "Analysis of rapid manufacturing - Using layer manufacturing processes for production," Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, vol. 217, no. 1, pp. 31-39, 2003.
• R. Hague, I. Campbell, P. Dickens, "Implications on design of rapid manufacturing," Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, vol. 217, no. 1, pp. 25-30, 2003.
• H. Bikas, P. Stavropoulos, G. Chryssolouris, "Additive manufacturing methods and modeling approaches: A critical review," The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 83, pp. 389-405, 2016.
• D. Hodzic, A. Pandzic, "Influence of carbon fibers on mechanical properties of materials in fdm technology," in Annals of DAAAM and Proceedings of the International DAAAM Symposium, Vienna, Austria, 2019, pp. 334-342.
• T. Yao, K. Zhang, Z. Deng, J. Ye, "A novel generalised stress invariant-based strength model for inter-layer failure of FFF 3D printing PLA material," Materials & Design, vol. 193, 2020.
• K. S. Boparai, R. Singh, H. Singh, "Development of rapid tooling using fused deposition modeling: A review," Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 281-299, 2016.
• D. Hodzic, A. Pandzic, I. Hajro, P. Tasic, "Strain rate influence on mechanical characteristics of FDM 3D printed materials," in Annals of DAAAM and Proceedings of the International DAAAM Symposium, Vienna, Austria, 2020, pp. 168-175.
• R. B. Kristiawan, F. Imaduddin, D. Ariawan, Ubaidillah, Z. Arifin, "A review on the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing: Filament processing, materials, and printing parameters," Open Engineering, vol. 11, no. 1., pp. 639-649, 2021.
• J. Edgar, S. Tint, "Additive Manufacturing Technologies: 3D Printing, Rapid Prototyping, and Direct Digital Manufacturing," Johnson Matthey Technology Review, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 193-198, 2015.
• A. Gebhardt, Understanding Additive Manufacturing. Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co., 2011.
• A. R. Zekavat, A. Jansson, J. Larsson, L. Pejryd, "Investigating the effect of fabrication temperature on mechanical properties of fused deposition modeling parts using X-ray computed tomography," The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 100, pp. 287-296, 2019.
• L. T. Sin, B. S. Tueen, "Overview of Biodegradable Polymers and Polylactic acid," in Polylactic Acid, Second Edition, Ed. L. T. Sin, William Andrew Publishing, 2019, pp. 1-52.
• O. Volgin, I. Shishkovsky, "Material modelling of FDM printed PLA part," Engineering Solid Mechanics, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 153-160, 2021.
• R. P. Pawar, S. U. Tekale, S. U. Shisodia, J. T. Totre, A. J. Domb, "Biomedical applications of polylactic acid," Recent Patents on Regenerative Medicine, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 40-51, 2014.
• E. M. Elmowafy, M. Tiboni, M. E. Soliman, "Biocompatibility, biodegradation and biomedical applications of polylactic acid/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) micro and nanoparticles," Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, vol. 49, no. 4., pp. 347-380, 2019.
• F. S. Senatov, K. V. Niaza, M. Y. Zadorozhnyy, A. V. Maksimkin, S. D. Kaloshkin, Y. Z. Estrin, "Mechanical properties and shape memory effect of 3D-printed PLA-based porous scaffolds," Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, vol. 57, pp. 139-148, 2016.
• J. Villacres, D. Nobes, C. Ayranci, "Additive manufacturing of shape memory polymers: effects of print orientation and infill percentage on mechanical properties," Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 744-751, 2018.
• J. Kiendl, C. Gao, "Controlling toughness and strength of FDM 3D-printed PLA components through the raster layup," Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 180, 2020.
• L. Fontana, P. Minetola, L. Iuliano, S. Rifuggiato, M. S. Khandpur, V. Stiuso, " An investigation of the influence of 3d printing parameters on the tensile strength of PLA material," Materials Today Proceedings, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 657-663, 2022.
• A. A. Ansari, M. Kamil, " Effect of print speed and extrusion temperature on properties of 3D printed PLA using fused deposition modeling process," Materials Today Proceedings, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 5462-5468, 2021.
• S. R. Rajpurohit, H. K. Dave, K. P. Rajurkar, "Prediction of tensile strength of fused deposition modeling (FDM) printed PLA using classic laminate theory," Engineering Solid Mechanics, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 13-24, 2022.
• T. Yao, Z. Deng, K. Zhang, S. Li, "A method to predict the ultimate tensile strength of 3D printing polylactic acid (PLA) materials with different printing orientations," Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 163, pp. 393-402, 2019.
• Y. Zhao, Y. Chen, Y. Zhou, "Novel mechanical models of tensile strength and elastic property of FDM AM PLA materials: Experimental and theoretical analyses," Materials & Design, vol. 181, 2019.
• T. Akderya, U. Özmen, B. O. Baba, "A micromechanical approach to elastic modulus of long-term aged chicken feather fibre/polylactic acid biocomposites," International Journal of Materials Research, vol. 113, no. 9, pp. 759–775, 2022.
• M. Somireddy, A. Czekanski, C. V. Singh, "Development of constitutive material model of 3D printed structure via FDM," Materials Today Communications, vol. 15, pp. 143-152, 2018.
• J. B. Soares, J. Finamor, F. P. Silva, L. Roldo, L. H. Cândido, "Analysis of the influence of polylactic acid (PLA) colour on FDM 3D printing temperature and part finishing," Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 1305-1316, 2018.
• S. Wang, Y. Ma, Z. Deng, S. Zhang, J. Cai, "Effects of fused deposition modeling process parameters on tensile, dynamic mechanical properties of 3D printed polylactic acid materials," Polymer Testing, vol. 86, 2020.
• E. Carlier, "Investigation of the parameters used in fused deposition modeling of polylactic acid to optimise 3D printing sessions," International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol. 565, pp. 367-377, 2019.
• M. Algarni, S. Ghazali, "Comparative study of the sensitivity of pla, abs, peek, and petg's mechanical properties to fdm printing process parameters," Crystals, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1-21, 2021.
• Ł. Miazio, "Impact of Print Speed on Strength of Samples Printed in FDM Technology," Agricultural Engineering, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 33-38, 2019.
• R. Hashemi Sanatgar, C. Campagne, V. Nierstrasz, "Investigation of the adhesion properties of direct 3D printing of polymers and nanocomposites on textiles: Effect of FDM printing process parameters," Applied Surface Science, vol. 403, pp. 551-563, 2017.
• Z. Yu, "Study on Effects of FDM 3D Printing Parameters on Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid," in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019, vol. 688, no. 3, pp. 1-5.
• J. Maszybrocka, M. Dworak, G. Nowakowska, P. Osak, B. Łosiewicz, "The Influence of the Gradient Infill of PLA Samples Produced with the FDM Technique on Their Mechanical Properties," Materials (Basel)., vol. 15, no. 4, 2022.
• M. H. Hsueh, "Effects of printing temperature and filling percentage on the mechanical behavior of fused deposition molding technology components for 3d printing," Polymers (Basel)., vol. 13, no. 17, 2021.
• G. H. Koo, J. Jang, "Surface Modification of Polylactic acid by UV/Ozone Irradiation," Fibers and Polymers, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 674-678.
• T. Akderya, "Effects of Post-UV-Curing on the Flexural and Absorptive Behaviour of FDM-3D-Printed Polylactic acid Parts," Polymers (Basel)., vol. 15, no. 2, 2023. International standard organisation, "ISO 6603, Determination of puncture impact behaviour of rigid plastics," 61010-1 © Iec2001, vol. 2014, 2014.
• ASTM, "ASTM E986-04 Standard Practice for Scanning Electron Microscope Beam Size Characterization," ASTM Copyright., vol. 03. 1997.
• B. O. Baba, "Curved sandwich composites with layer-wise graded cores under impact loads," Composite Structures, vol. 159, pp. 1-11, 2017.
• M. V. Podzorova, Y. V. Tertyshnaya, P. V. Pantyukhov, A. A. Popov, S. G. Nikolaeva, "Influence of ultraviolet on polylactide degradation," in AIP Conference Proceedings, 2017, vol. 1909.
• L. Zaidi, M. Kaci, S. Bruzaud, A. Bourmaud, Y. Grohens, "Effect of natural weather on the structure and properties of polylactide/Cloisite 30B nanocomposites," Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 95, no. 9, pp. 1751-1758, 2010.
• T. O. Kumanayaka, R. Parthasarathy, M. Jollands, "Accelerating effect of montmorillonite on oxidative degradation of polyethylene nanocomposites," Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 672-676, 2010.
• C. Kaynak, A. R. Erdogan, "Mechanical and thermal properties of polylactide/talc microcomposites: Before and after accelerated weathering," Polymers and Advanced Technologies, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 812-822, 2016.
• A. Copinet, C. Bertrand, S. Govindin, V. Coma, Y. Couturier, "Effects of ultraviolet light (315 nm), temperature and relative humidity on the degradation of polylactic acid plastic films," Chemosphere, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 763-773, 2004.
• E. Olewnik-Kruszkowska, "Effect of UV irradiation on thermal properties of nanocomposites based on polylactide," Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 119, no. 1, pp. 219-228, 2015.
• S. Bocchini, K. Fukushima, A. Di Blasio, A. Fina, A. Frache, F. Geobaldo, "Polylactic acid and polylactic acid-based nanocomposite photooxidation," Biomacromolecules, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 2919-2926, 2010.
• L. Botta, N. T. Dintcheva, F. P. La Mantia, "The role of organoclay and matrix type in photo-oxidation of polyolefin/clay nanocomposite films," Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 94, no. 4, pp. 712-718, 2009. M. V. Podzorova, Y. V. Tertyshnaya, D. M. Ziborov, M. Poletto, "Damage of polymer blends polylactide-polyethylene under the effect of ultraviolet irradiation," in AIP Conference Proceedings, 2020, vol. 2310.
• J. L. Liu, R. Xia, "A unified analysis of a micro-beam, droplet and CNT ring adhered on a substrate: Calculation of variation with movable boundaries," Acta Mechanica Sinica, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 62-72, 2013.
• J. Jang, "Textile Finishing Technology Using Ultraviolet Curing," Fiber Technology Industry, vol. 7, pp. 303-321, 2001.
• K. Bazaka, J. Ahmad, M. Oelgemöller, A. Uddin, M. V. Jacob, "Photostability of plasma polymerised γ-terpinene thin films for encapsulation of OPV," Scientific Reports, vol. 7, 45599, 2017.