Cytogenetic and Morphophysiological Effects of Exogenous Triacontanol against Drought in Barley

Abstract

Drought stress is one of the leading abiotic stresses that have a devastating impact on sustainable agricultural policy as a result of the decrease in crop yield. For this reason, hormones or growth regulators can be used to grow plants that can adapt to morphological and physiological changes caused by stress. Triacontanol (TRIA) is a hormone that takes part in abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms and performs this task by ensuring the continuity of growth, productivity, development and vital metabolic processes. In this study, the morphophysiological and cytogenetic effects of exogenous TRIA application in barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Avcı) under drought stress were investigated. The results showed that drought stress negatively affected barley both morphophysiologically and cytogenetically. Application of exogenous TRIA had an increasing effect on germination percentage, radicle number, coleoptile length and percentage under drought stress. Moreover, in the same environment, with the effect of TRIA, there was an increase in the mitotic index (44%) and a decrease in chromosomal abnormalities (46%). The conclusion drawn from this study is that the application of 10 µM TRIA application causes physiological and cytogenetic improvements in barley under drought stress, resulting in the plant's stress tolerance.

Keywords

• drought
• mitotic activity
• morpho-physiological effects
• TRIA.

References

1. K.A.A. Abdelaal, K.A. Attia, S.F. Alamery, M.M. El-Afry, A.I. Ghazy, D.S. Tantawy, A.A. Al-Doss, E.-S.E. El-Shawy, A. M. Abu-Elsaoud and Y.M. Hafez, “Exogenous application of proline and salicylic acid can mitigate the injurious impacts of drought stress on barley plants associated with physiological and histological characters”, Sustainability,12(5),1736, 2020.
2. M. ALKahtani, Y. Hafez, K. Attia, T. Al-Ateeq, M.A.M. Ali, M. Hasanuzzaman and K. Abdelaal, “Bacillus thuringiensis and silicon modulate antioxidant metabolism and improve the physiological traits to confer salt tolerance in lettuce”, Plants,10(5),1025, 2021.
3. M. Pepe, M.F. Crescente and L. Varone, “Effect of water stress on physiological and morphological leaf traits: A comparison among the three widely-spread invasive alien species Ailanthus altissima, Phytolacca americana, and Robinia pseudoacacia”, Plants, 11 (7), 899, 2022.
4. M.R. Sofy, A.A. Aboseidah, S.A. Heneidak and H.R. Ahmed, “ACC deaminase containing endophytic bacteria ameliorate salt stress in Pisum sativum through reduced oxidative damage and induction of antioxidative defense systems”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 40971–40991, 2021.
5. P. Zandi and E. Schnug, “Reactive oxygen species, antioxidant responses and implications from a microbial modulation perspective”, Biology, 11 (2), 155, 2022.
6. S. Özmen, S. Tabur, S. Öney-Birol and S. Özmen, “Molecular responses of exogenous polyamines under drought stress in the barley plants”, Cytologia, 87 (1), 7–15, 2022.
7. S. Ozmen, S. Tabur and S. Oney-Birol, “Alleviation role of exogenous cadaverine on cell cycle, endogenous polyamines amounts and biochemical enzyme changes in barley seedlings under drought stress”, Scientific Reports,13 (1), 17488, 2023.
8. F. Alghabari and M.Z. Ihsan: “Effects of drought stress on growth, grain filling duration, yield and quality attributes of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”, Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 47 (3), 421–428, 2018.

9. N.A. Anjum, S.S. Gill and R. Gill, “Plant Adaptation to Environmental Change: Significance of Amino Acids and their Derivatives”, CABI, 2014.
10. T.I. Allahverdiyev, J. M. Talai, I.M. Huseynova and J. A. Aliyev, “Effect of drought stress on some physiological parameters, yield, yield components of durum (Triticum durum desf.) and bread (Triticum aestivum L.) wheat genotypes”, Ekin Journal of Crop Breeding and Genetics, 1(1), 50–62, 2015.
11. D. Akhzari and M. Pessaraklii “Effect of drought stress on total protein, essential oil content, and physiological traits of Levisticum officinale Koch”, Journal of Plant Nutrition, 39, 1365–1371, 2016.
12. C. Zhang, S. Shi, B. Wang and J. Zhao, “Physiological and biochemical changes in different drought-tolerant alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) varieties under PEG-induced drought stress”, Acta Physiologia Plantarum, 40(2), 25, 2018.
13. U. Schuppler, P. H. He, P.C.L. John and R. Munns, “Effect of water stress on cell division and Cdc2-Like cell cycle kinase activity in wheat leaves”, Plant Physiology, 117(2), 667–678, 1998.
14. T.L. Setter and B.A. Flannigan, “Water deficit inhibits cell division and expression of transcripts involved in cell proliferation and endoreduplication in maize endosperm”, Journal of Experimental Botany, 52, 1401–1408, 2001.
15. T.S. Per, M.I.R. Khan, N.A. Anjum, A. Masood, S.J. Hussain and N.A. Khan, “Jasmonates in plants under abiotic stresses: Crosstalk with other phytohormones matters”, Environmental and Experimental Botany, 145, 104–120, 2018.
16. P.J. Zwack and A.M. Rashotte, “Interactions between cytokinin signalling and abiotic stress responses”, Journal of Experimental Botany, 66, 4863–4871, 2015.
17. S. Tabur and K. Demir, “Role of some growth regulators on cytogenetic activity of barley under salt stress”, Plant Growth Regulation, 60(2), 99–104, 2010.
18. S.H. Wani, V. Kumar, V. Shriram and S.K. Sah, “Phytohormones and their metabolic engineering for abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants”, The Crop Journal. 4, 162–176, 2016.
19. A. EL Sabagh, M.S. Islam, A. Hossain, M.A. Iqbal, M. Mubeen, M. Waleed, M. Reginato, M. Battaglia, S. Ahmed, A. Rehman, M. Arif, H. U. R. Athar, D. Ratnasekera, S. Danish, M.A. Raza, K. Rajendran, M. Mushtaq, M. Skalicky, M. Brestic, W. Soufan, S. Fahad, S. Pandey, M. Kamran, R. Datta and M.T. Abdelhamid, “Phytohormones as growth regulators during abiotic stress tolerance in plants.” Frontiers in Agronomy, 4, 765068, 2022.
20. T. Verma, S. Bhardwaj, J. Singh, D. Kapoor and R. Prasad, “Triacontanol as a versatile plant growth regulator in overcoming negative effects of salt stress”, Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 10, 100351, 2022.
21. M.K. Sharma, A. Singh, A. Kumar, S.A. Simnani, N. Nazir, A. Khalil, R. Mushtaq and R. Bhat, “Response of triacontanol on temperate fruit crops a review”, The International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7, 3239–3243, 2018.
22. S. Islam, A. Zaid and F. Mohammad, “Role of triacontanol in counteracting the ill effects of salinity in plants: a review”, Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 40, 1–10, 2021.
23. M. Sarwar, S. Anjum, M.W. Alam, Q. Ali, C.M. Ayyub, M.S. Haider, M.I. Ashraf and W. Mahboob, “Triacontanol regulates morphological traits and enzymatic activities of salinity affected hot pepper plants”, Scientific Reports, 12, 3736, 2022.
24. H. Faiz, O. Khan, I. Ali, T. Hussain, S.T. Haider, T. Siddique, M. Liaquat, A. Noor, R.W. Khan, S. Ashraf, S. Rashid, A. Noreen, S. Asghar and Q.S. Anjum: “Foliar application of triacontanol ameliorates heat stress through regulation of the antioxidant defense system and improves yield of eggplant”, Brazillian Journal of Biology, 84, e253696, 2022.
25. P.E. Verslues, E.S. Ober and R.E. Sharp, “Root growth and oxygen relations at low water potentials. impact of oxygen availability in polyethylene glycol solutions”, Plant Physiology, 116, 1403–1412, 1998.
26. Ş. Elçi and C. Sancak “Research methods and observations in cytogenetics”, Ankara Üniversitesi Publish House, 227, 2013.
27. E. Ivanova, T. Staikova, I. Velcheva and K. Kostadinovn, “Somatostatic effect of heavy metal contaminated waters ın the region of the town of panagjurishte, Bulgaria” Journal of Environmental Protection, 4(2): 284-287, 2003.
28. S. Oney-Birol and F. Gunduz, “L- Karnitinin sitotoksik ve genotoksik etkilerinin Allium cepa kök ucu testi ile değerlendirilmesi”, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 22(4): 650-658, 2019.
29. M. Zheng, Y. Tao, S. Hussain, Q. Jiang, S. Peng, J. Huang, K. Cui and L. Nie, “Seed priming in dry direct-seeded rice: consequences for emergence, seedling growth and associated metabolic events under drought stress”, Plant Growth Regulation, 78(2), 167–178, 2016.
30. M. Aydin, A. Hossein pour, M. Tosun and K. Haliloglu, “Effect of application of putrescine on seedling growth and cell division of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought stress”, Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 26, 319–332, 2016.
31. I.M. Zeid and Z.A. Shedeed, “Response of alfalfa to putrescine treatment under drought stress”, Biologia Plantarum, 50(4), 635, 2006.
32. W.A. Kasim, M.E. Osman, M.N. Omar, I.A. Abd El-Daim, S. Bejai and J. Meijer, “Control of drought stress in wheat using plant-growth-promoting bacteria”, Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 32, 122–130, 2013.
33. S.K. Thind, “Effects of a long chain aliphatic alcohol mixture on growth and solute accumulation in water stressed wheat seedlings under laboratory conditions”, Plant Growth Regulation,10, 223–234, 1991.
34. Tilottama, N. Raghava and R.P. Raghava, “Effect of miraculan of seed germination parameters in cowpea under water stress.” Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia, 7, 353–358, 2016.
35. D. Sanadhya, E. Kathuria and C. Malik, “Effect of drought stress and its interaction with two phytohormones on Vigna radiata seed germination and seedling growth”, International Journal of Life Sciences, 1, 201–207, 2012.
36. K. Suman, R. Kondamudi, Y.V. Rao, T.V. Kiran, K.N. Swamy, P.R. Rao, D. Subramanyam and S.R. Voleti, “Effect of triacontanol on rice seed germination, seedling growth and some antioxidant enzyme status under PEG induced drought stress”, The Andhra Agricultural Journal, 60, 132–137, 2013.
37. S. Nag, R. Dutta and K.K. Pal, “Chromosomal aberrations induced by acetamiprid in Allium cepa L. root meristem cells”, Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 3, 1-5, 2013.
38. R. Kontek, R. Osiecka and B. Kontek, "Clastogenic and mitodepressive effects of the insecticide dichlorvos on root meristems of Vicia faba", Journal of Applied Genetics, 48(5), 359-361, 2007.
39. C.H. Briand and B.M. Kapoor, "The cytogenetic effects of sodium salicylate on the root meristem cells of Allium sativum L.", Cytologia, 54, 203–209, 1989.
40. J.M. Kim, T.K. To, T. Nishioka and M. Seki, "Chromatin regulation functions in plant abiotic stress responses", Plant Cell and Environment, 33, 604-611, 2010.
41. M.A. Asensi-Fabado, A. Amtmann and G. Perrella, "Plant responses to abiotic stress: The chromatin context of transcriptional regulation", Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1860, 106-122, 2017.
42. M. Sun, M. Jia, H. Ren, B. Yang, W. Chi, G. Xin, Q. Jiang, and C. Zhang, "NuMA regulates mitotic spindle assembly, structural dynamics and function via phase separation", Nature Communications, 12, 7157, 2021.
43. A. Merdes and D.W. Cleveland, "The role of NuMA in the interphase nucleus", Journal of Cell Science, 111, 71–79, 1998.
44. A.O. Asita and M.M. Mokhobo, "Clastogenic and cytotoxic effects of four pesticides used to control insect pests of stored products on root meristems of Allium cepa", Environmental and Natural Resources Research, 3(2), 133–145, 2013.
45. I. Klášterská, A.T. Natarajan and C. Ramel, "An interpretation of the origin of subchromatid aberrations and chromosome stickiness as a category of chromatid aberrations", Hereditas, 83, 153-162, 1976.
46. G. Fiskesjö and A. Levan, "Evaluation of the first ten MEIC chemicals in the Allium test", Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 21, 139–149, 1993.
47. S. Türkoğlu" "Genotoxicity of five food preservatives tested on root tips of Allium cepa L.", Mutation Research, 626, 4-14, 2007.
48. G.L. Silveira, M.G.F. Lima, G.B. dos Reis, M.J. Palmieri and L.F. Andrade-Vieira, "Toxic effects of environmental pollutants: Comparative investigation using Allium cepa L. and Lactuca sativa L.", Chemosphere, 178, 359-367, 2017.
49. A. Banerjee, N. Adames, J. Peccoud and J.J. Tyson, "A stochastic model for error correction of kinetochore-microtubule attachments in budding yeast", Plos One, 15(8), e0236293, 2020.
50. S. Tabur and K. Demir, "Protective roles of exogenous polyamines on chromosomal aberrations in Hordeum vulgare exposed to salinity", Biologia, 65, 947-953, 2010.
51. E. Bonciu, P. Firbas, C.S. Fontanetti, J. Wusheng, M.C. Karaismailoğlu, D. Liu, F. Menicucci, D.S. Pesnya, A. Popescu, A.V. Romanovsky, S. Schi, J.Ślusarczyk, C.P. Souza, A. Srivastava, A. Sutan and A. Papini, "An evaluation for the standardization of the Allium cepa test as cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assay", Caryologia, 71(3), 191-209, 2018
52. G. Fiskesjö, "Allium test for screening chemicals; evaluation of cytological parameters", In W. Wang, W.R. Lower, J.W. Gorsuch and J.S. Hughes (Eds.), Plants for Environmental Studies (pp. 308-333). Lewis Publishers, New York, 1997.
53. B.C. Patil and G.I. Bhat, "A comparative study of MH and EMS in the induction of chromosomal aberrations on lateral root meristem in Clitoria ternetea L.", Cytologia, 57, 259–264, 1992.
54. D.M. Leme and M.A. Marin-Morales, “Allium cepa test in environmental monitoring: A review on its application”, Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, 682, 71–81, 2009.
55. S. Tabur and K. Demir, “Tuz stresi altındaki mitotik indeks ve kromozom anormallikleri üzerine triakontanol ön uygulamasının etkileri”, Research Journal of Biological Sciences. 1, 11–15, 2008.
56. S. Tabur and N. Öney, “Comparison of cytogenetic antagonism between abscisic acid and plant growth regulators”, Pakistan Journal of Botany, 44, 1581-1586, 2012.
57. S. Tabur, N.B. Bayraktar, and S. Özmen, “L-Ascorbic acid modulates the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of salinity in barley meristem cells by regulating mitotic activity and chromosomal aberrations”, Caryologia, 75(3), 19–29, 2022.