Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Hedysarum Varium Wild. and Its Antibacterial Activities

Ece Ozkan; Batuhan Ozturk; Gizem Arik; Fatma Taeb Dişli; Mehmet Bay; Suzan Biran Ay; Nihan Kosku Perkgöz; İsmail Murat Palabıyık

doi:10.29233/sdufeffd.1677975

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Hedysarum Varium Wild. and Its Antibacterial Activities

Abstract

The increasing interest in nanomaterials has accelerated the search for sustainable and eco-friendly synthesis routes. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were successfully synthesized for the first time using Hedysarum varium extracts through a green synthesis approach. The plant material was extracted using a methanol–water mixture, and the resulting extract was incorporated into a zinc nitrate solution, followed by incubation at 60 °C for 4 hours under alkaline conditions (pH 10). After purification and drying at 90 °C, pure ZnO NPs were obtained. Structural and morphological properties were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, XRD, and atomic force microscopy (AFM), confirming the formation of crystalline ZnO NPs with average sizes ranging from 10–20 nm, while optimization studies revealed that a 25 mg extract concentration provided the most stable and controlled nanoparticle formation. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and the nanoparticles exhibited the strongest effect against Gram-positive S. aureus (MIC: 0.25 mg/mL), indicating potential for biomedical applications. Compared with previously reported green synthesis methods using Aloe vera or Thymbra spicata, the use of H. varium extract offers a novel, cost-effective, and sustainable alternative with antibacterial properties. This study contributes to the literature by presenting the first report of ZnO NP synthesis mediated by H. varium, highlighting its promising role as a green source for nanomaterial production, and suggesting that future studies should expand microbial spectrum testing, explore cytotoxicity and biocompatibility, and evaluate potential industrial-scale applications.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

No human or animal subjects were used in this study.

Thanks

Ece Özkan thanks the financial support from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TUBITAK) under the BIDEB/ 2218 National Postdoctoral Research Scholarship Program (project no. 122C249). Batuhan Öztürk thanks the financial support from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TUBITAK) under the BIDEB/ 2210 MSc/MA Scholarship Programs.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Analytical Biochemistry

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Ece Ozkan ^*
0000-0001-7529-5569
Türkiye

Batuhan Ozturk
0000-0002-3619-7138
Türkiye

Gizem Arik
0000-0002-3673-3543
Türkiye

Fatma Taeb Dişli
0000-0002-2657-6935
Türkiye

Mehmet Bay
0000-0001-6447-6460
Türkiye

Suzan Biran Ay
0000-0002-2968-4982
Türkiye

Nihan Kosku Perkgöz
0000-0003-1331-0959
Türkiye

İsmail Murat Palabıyık
0000-0003-2843-5690
Türkiye

Publication Date

November 26, 2025

Submission Date

April 16, 2025

Acceptance Date

November 4, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 20 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.29233/sdufeffd.1677975

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA34KS56DW

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Ozkan, E., Ozturk, B., Arik, G., Taeb Dişli, F., Bay, M., Biran Ay, S., Kosku Perkgöz, N., & Palabıyık, İ. M. (2025). Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Hedysarum Varium Wild. and Its Antibacterial Activities. Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Arts and Science Journal of Science, 20(2), 194-205. https://doi.org/10.29233/sdufeffd.1677975

AMA

1.Ozkan E, Ozturk B, Arik G, et al. Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Hedysarum Varium Wild. and Its Antibacterial Activities. Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Arts and Science Journal of Science. 2025;20(2):194-205. doi:10.29233/sdufeffd.1677975

Chicago

Ozkan, Ece, Batuhan Ozturk, Gizem Arik, et al. 2025. “Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Hedysarum Varium Wild. And Its Antibacterial Activities”. Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Arts and Science Journal of Science 20 (2): 194-205. https://doi.org/10.29233/sdufeffd.1677975.

EndNote

Ozkan E, Ozturk B, Arik G, Taeb Dişli F, Bay M, Biran Ay S, Kosku Perkgöz N, Palabıyık İM (November 1, 2025) Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Hedysarum Varium Wild. and Its Antibacterial Activities. Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Arts and Science Journal of Science 20 2 194–205.

IEEE

[1]E. Ozkan et al., “Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Hedysarum Varium Wild. and Its Antibacterial Activities”, Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Arts and Science Journal of Science, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 194–205, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.29233/sdufeffd.1677975.

ISNAD

Ozkan, Ece - Ozturk, Batuhan - Arik, Gizem - Taeb Dişli, Fatma - Bay, Mehmet - Biran Ay, Suzan - Kosku Perkgöz, Nihan - Palabıyık, İsmail Murat. “Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Hedysarum Varium Wild. And Its Antibacterial Activities”. Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Arts and Science Journal of Science 20/2 (November 1, 2025): 194-205. https://doi.org/10.29233/sdufeffd.1677975.

JAMA

1.Ozkan E, Ozturk B, Arik G, Taeb Dişli F, Bay M, Biran Ay S, Kosku Perkgöz N, Palabıyık İM. Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Hedysarum Varium Wild. and Its Antibacterial Activities. Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Arts and Science Journal of Science. 2025;20:194–205.

MLA

Ozkan, Ece, et al. “Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Hedysarum Varium Wild. And Its Antibacterial Activities”. Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Arts and Science Journal of Science, vol. 20, no. 2, Nov. 2025, pp. 194-05, doi:10.29233/sdufeffd.1677975.

Vancouver

1.Ece Ozkan, Batuhan Ozturk, Gizem Arik, Fatma Taeb Dişli, Mehmet Bay, Suzan Biran Ay, Nihan Kosku Perkgöz, İsmail Murat Palabıyık. Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Hedysarum Varium Wild. and Its Antibacterial Activities. Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Arts and Science Journal of Science. 2025 Nov. 1;20(2):194-205. doi:10.29233/sdufeffd.1677975