Investigation of Chemical Disposal Methods for Classic Explosives Containing Nitro Groups Via Reductive Reactions

Year 2020, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 45 - 62, 31.05.2020

Abdullah Yücel , Orhan Atakol

https://doi.org/10.29233/sdufeffd.612469

Abstract

The greater part of the ammunition used for military purposes today is produced from energetic substances containing nitro groups. The fact that a nitro group is a functional group that is affected by heat, light, and microorganisms causes the ammunition to have a lifetime, in parallel the problem of disposal of expired ammunition. Disposal methods used today are based on the explosion or combustion of the energetic material. Although these methods are carried out in precautionary environments, they involve risks in terms of occupational safety and environmental pollution. In this work, the energetic substances used in the ammunition 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol and 1,3,5-cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine compounds using the usual reduction reactions are planned to convert to nonhazardous materials. The stated energetic materials were reduced using iron, metallic zinc, sodium dithionite, Pd-activated charcoal/hydrazine and sodium-mercury amalgam in MeOH:H2O. The reduction products were characterized by IR spectroscopy and it was found that the nitro groups in the reduction products were reduced almost exclusively to amino groups. When the reduction products were examined by the thermogravimetry method, it was observed that the explosion hazards of energetic substances reduced with Fe / HCl and sodium-mercury amalgam were eliminated.

Keywords

Chemical disposal, Energetic materials, TNT, RDX, Picric acid, Explosives

Nitro Grupları İçeren Klasik Patlayıcı Maddelerin İndirgeme Tepkimeleri ile Kimyasal Bertaraf Yöntemlerinin Araştırılması

Abstract

Askeri amaçlı olarak kullanılan mühimmatın çok büyük bir kısmı nitro grubu içeren enerjik maddelerden üretilmektedir. Nitro grubunun ısı, ışık ve mikroorganizmalardan etkilenen bir fonksiyonlu grup olması mühimmatların bir raf ömrü olmasına ve ömrünü tamamlamış mühimmatın bertaraf edilmesi problemini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Günümüzde başvurulan bertaraf yöntemleri enerjik maddenin patlatılması veya yakılması esasına dayanır. Bu yöntemler tedbir alınmış ortamlarda gerçekleştirilmekle birlikte iş güvenliği ve çevre kirliliği açısından risk içerirler. Bu çalışma mühimmat içinde kullanılan enerjik maddelerden 2,4,6-trinitrotoluen, 2,4,6-trinitrofenol ve 1,3,5-siklotrimetilentrinitramin bileşiklerinin indirgenme tepkimeleri kullanılarak tehlikesiz materyal haline getirilmeleri üzerine planlanmıştır. Belirtilen enerjik maddeler metalik demir, metalik çinko, sodyumditiyonit, Pd-aktif kömür/hidrazin ve sodyum-cıva amalgamı kullanılarak MeOH:H2O içinde indirgenmişlerdir. İndirgenme ürünleri IR spektroskopi yöntemi ile incelendiğinde, indirgenme ürünleri nitro gruplarının hemen hemen tamamen amino gruplarına indirgendiği tespit edilmiştir. Termogravimetri yöntemi ile indirgenme ürünleri incelendiğinde Fe/HCl ve sodyum-civa amalgamı ile indirgenmiş enerjik maddelerin patlama tehlikelerinin ortadan kalktığı görülmüştür.

Keywords

Enerjik maddeler, Kimyasal bertaraf, Pikrik asit, Patlayıcı maddeler, TNT, RDX

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