COVID’de oksijen tedavisi: kime, ne zaman, nasıl?

Year 2021, , 215 - 222, 01.05.2021

Önder Öztürk

https://doi.org/10.17343/sdutfd.906728

Abstract

Aralık 2019'da Wuhan şehrinde ortaya çıkan ve tüm dünyaya yayılan koronavirüs hastalığı (COVID-19) akciğerde oluşturduğu hasar sonucu hastalar, en sık nefes darlığı (dispne) şikayeti ile başvurmakta ve hipoksemi varlığında hastaneye yatırılarak tedavi edilmektedirler. Hastalığın prognozunu da etkileyen ve mortal seyretmesine yol açan hipokseminin oluşum mekanizması ile oksijen tedavisinin kime, ne zaman ve nasıl verilmesi bu makalede açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır.

Keywords

SARS-COV-2, COVID-19 enfeksiyonu, hipoksemi, oksijen tedavisi

Supporting Institution

yok

Project Number

yok

Oxygen therapy in COVID: to whom, when, how?

Abstract

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which emerged in the city of Wuhan in December 2019 and spread all over the world, especially infected the lungs. As the result of damage to the lungs, the patients most often apply with the complaint of shortness of breath (dyspnea) and are hospitalized in the presence of hypoxemia. The mechanism of hypoxemia, which also affects the prognosis of the disease and leads to mortality, and to whom, when, and how the oxygen therapy should be given, has been tried to be explained in this article.

Keywords

SARS-COV-2, covıd-19 infection, hypoxemia, oxygen therapy

Project Number

yok

References

• Referans1 Cevik M, Kupalli K, Kindrachuk J, Peiris M. Virology, transmission, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. BMJ 2020;371:m3862.
• Referans2 Bohn MK, Hall A, Sepiashvili L, Jung B, Steele S, Adeli K. Pathophysiology of COVID-19: Mechanisms Underlying Disease Severity and Progression. Physiology (Bethesda). 20201;35(5):288-301.
• Referans3 Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y, Han T, Li Z, Zhou P, et al. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):424-32.
• Referans4 Xiao L, Sakagami H, Miwa N. ACE2: The key Molecule for Understanding the Pathophysiology of Severe and Critical Conditions of COVID-19: Demon or Angel? Viruses. 2020; 12(5):491.
• Referans5 Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, van der Meer NJM, Arbous MS, Gommers DAMPJ, Kant KM, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res 2020;191:145–47.
• Referans6 Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 2020; 395: 507–13.
• Referans7 Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel Coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA2020; 323:2020;1061–69.
• Referans8 Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2020;395:1054–62.
• Referans9 Carsana L, Sonzogni A, Nasr A, Rossi RS, Pellegrinelli A, Zerbi P, et al. Pulmonary post-mortem findings in a series of COVID-19 cases from northern Italy: a two-centre descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis 2020;20(10):1135-40.
• Referans10 Calabrese F, Pezzuto F, Fortarezza F, Hofman P, Kern I, Panizo A, et al. Pulmonary pathology and COVID-19: lessons from autopsy. The experience of European Pulmonary Pathologists. Virchows Arch. 2020;477(3):359-72.
• Referans11 Menter T, Haslbauer JD, Nienhold R, Savic S, Hopfer H, Deigendesch N, et al. Postmortem examination of COVID-19 patients reveals diffuse alveolar damage with severe capillary congestion and variegated findings in lungs and other organs suggesting vascular dysfunction. Histopathology. 2020;77(2):198-209.
• Referans12 Hariri LP, North CM, Shih AR, Israel RA, Maley JH, Villalba JA, et al. Lung Histopathology in Coronavirus Disease 2019 as Compared With Severe Acute Respiratory Sydrome and H1N1 Influenza: A Systematic Review. Chest. 2021;159(1):73-84.
• Referans13 Gardenghi G. Pathophysiology of worsening lung function in COVID-19. Rev Bras Fisiol Exerc 2020;19(2supl):S40-S46.
• Referans14 Luo W, Yu H, Gou J, Li X, Sun Y, Li J, et al. Histopathologic Findings in the Explant Lungs of a Patient With COVID-19 Treated With Bilateral Orthotopic Lung Transplant, Transplantation 2020;104(11):p e329-e331.
• Referans15 Somers VK, Kara T, Xie J. Progressive Hypoxia: A Pivotal Pathophysiologic Mechanism of COVID-19 Pneumonia. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2020;95(11):2339-42.
• Referans16 Shah A, Frost JN, Aaron L, Donovan K, Drakesmith H, McKechnie SR, Stanworth SJ. Systemic hypoferremia and severity of hypoxemic respiratory failure in COVID-19. Critical Care 2020;24:320.
• Referans17 Fisher HK. Hypoxemia in COVID‑19 patients: An hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2020;143:110022.doi: 10.1016/j.mehy. 2020.110022.
• Referans18 Wilmshurst PT, de Belder MA. Patent foramen ovale in adult life. (Editorial). Brit Heart J 1994;718:209–12.
• Referans19 Liew J, Stevens J, Slatore C. Refractory hypoxemia in a patient with submassive pulmonary embolism and an intracardiac shunt. Permanente J 2018;22:17–061.
• Referans20 Gattinoni L, Coppola S, Cressoni M, Busana M, Rossi S, Chiumello D. COVID-19 does not lead to a “Typical” acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020;201(10):1299–300.
• Referans21 Nouri-Vaskeh M, Sharifi A, Khalili N, Zand R, Sharifi A. Dyspneic and non-dyspneic (silent) hypoxemia in COVID-19: Possible neurological mechanism. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 2020; 198:106217.
• Referans22 Burki NK, Lee LY. Mechanisms of dyspnea. Chest. 2010;138(5):1196-1201.Manning HL, Mahler DA. Pathophysiology of dyspnea. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2001;56(4):325-30.
• Referans23 M.C. Stoeckel, R.W. Esser, M. Gamer, C. Büchel, A. von Leupoldt, Brain mechanisms of short-term habituation and sensitization toward dyspnea, Front Psychol 2015;6:748-48.
• Referans24 T. Burki. Outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019. The Lancet Infectious diseases 2020; 20(3): 292–3.
• Referans25 Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020 ;8(4):420-2.
• Referans26 Villadiego J, Ramírez-Lorca R, Cala F, Labandeira-García JL, Esteban M, Toledo-Aral JJ, López-BarneoIs J. carotid body infection responsible for silent hypoxemia in COVID-19 patients?. Function 2021;2(1):zqaa032. doi:10.1093/function/zqaa032.
• Referans27 Dhont S, Derom E, Van Braeckel E, Depuydt P, Lambrecht BN. The pathophysiology of 'happy' hypoxemia in COVID-19. Respir Res. 2020;21(1):198.
• Referans28 González-Duarte A., Norcliffe-Kaufmann L. Is 'happy hypoxia' in COVID-19 a disorder of autonomic interoception? A hypothesis. Clin Auton Res 2020;30:331–3.
• Referans29 Zubieta-Calleja G, Zubieta-DeUrioste N. Pneumolysis and “Silent Hypoxemia” in COVID-19. Ind J Clin Biochem 2021;36:112–6.
• Referans30 Xie J, Covassin N, Fan Z, Singh P, Gao W, Li G, et al. Association Between Hypoxemia and Mortality in Patients With COVID-19. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95(6):1138-47.
• Referans31 Brouqui P, Amrane S, Million M, Cortaredona S, Parola P, Lagier JC, Raoult D. Asymptomatic hypoxia in COVID-19 is associated with poor outcome. Int J Infect Dis. 2021 Jan;102:233-8.
• Referans32 Teo, J. Early Detection of Silent Hypoxia in Covid-19 Pneumonia Using Smartphone Pulse Oximetry. J Med Syst 2020;44:134.
• Referans33 Tayfur İ, Afacan MA. Reliability of smartphone measurements of vital parameters: A prospective study using a reference method. The American journal of emergency medicine 2019;37(8):1527-30.
• Referans34 Akhavan AR, Habboushe JP, Gulati R, Iheagwara O, Watterson J, Thomas S et al. Risk stratification of covid-19 patients using ambulatory oxygen saturation in the emergency department. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2020 ;21(6). https://doi.org/10.5811/WESTJEM.2020.8.48701.
• Referans35 World Health Organization. Clinical management of COVID-19: living guidance 27 January 2021. WHO/2019-nCoV/clinical/2021.1.
• Referans36 T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 ENFEKSİYONU) Erişkin Hasta Tedavisi.
• Referans37 Jiang B, Weı H. Oxygen therapy strategies and techniques to treat hypoxia in COVID-19 patients. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological 2020; 24: 10239-46.
• Referans38 Kaya AG. Akut Oksijen Tedavisi. Güncel Göğüs Hastalıkları Serisi 2018; 6 (2): 161-70.
• Referans39 Lindahl GES. Using the prone position could help to combat the development of fast hypoxia in some patients with COVID-19. Acta Paediatrica. 2020 ;109(8):1539-44
• Referans40 Hong X, Xiong J, Feng Z Shi Y. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): does it have a role in the treatment of severe COVID-19? International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020; 94:78-80.