COVİD 19 HASTALARINDA TAT VE KOKU BOZUKLUKLARI
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 28 Sayı: COVİD-19 ÖZEL SAYI, 153 - 156, 01.05.2021
Hasan Yasan
,
Mehmet Emre Sivrice
Öz
Covid 19 enfeksiyonun klinik bulguları tanınmaya başladıkça tat ve koku bozukluklarının da oldukça sık rastlanan semptomlardan oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Mekanizmaları halen kesin olarak ortaya konulmamıştır. Koku bozukluğu içi ilk tedavi rehberi yayınlanmış olup geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Tat bozukluğu için ise henüz tedavi algoritması yetersizdir.
Kaynakça
- 1. Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, Horoi M, Le Bon SD, Rodriguez A, et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020;277(8):2251-61.
- 2. Speth MM, Singer-Cornelius T, Oberle M, Gengler I, Brockmeier SJ, Sedaghat AR. Olfactory Dysfunction and Sinonasal Symptomatology in COVID-19: Prevalence, Severity, Timing, and Associated Characteristics. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020;163(1):114-20.
- 3. Mehraeen E, Behnezhad F, Salehi MA, Noori T, Harandi H, Seyed Alinaghi S. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions due to coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a review of current evidence. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020;17:1–6.
- 4. Giacomelli A, Pezzati L, Conti F, Bernacchia D, Siano M, Oreni L, et al. Self-reported Olfactory and Taste Disorders in Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus 2 Infection: A Cross-sectional Study. Clin Infect Dis 2020;71(15):889-90.
- 5. Singer-Cornelius T, Cornelius J, Oberle M, Metternich FU, Brockmeier SJ. Objective gustatory and olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: a prospective cross-sectional study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021;20:1–8.
- 6. Mullol J, Alobid I, Mariño-Sánchez F, Izquierdo-Domínguez A, Marin C, Klimek L, et al. The Loss of Smell and Taste in the COVID-19 Outbreak: a Tale of Many Countries. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2020;20(10):61.
- 7. Han Q, Peng J, Xu H, Chen Q. Taste cell is abundant in the expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV. Preprints 2020;2020040424.
- 8. Sungnak W, Huang N, Bécavin C, Berg M, Queen R, Litvinukova M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes. Nat Med 2020;26(5):681-7.
- 9. Meunier N, Briand L, Jacquin-Piques A, Brondel L, Pénicaud L. COVID 19-Induced Smell and Taste Impairments: Putative Impact on Physiology. Front Physiol 2021;11:625110.
- 10. Mastrangelo A, Bonato M, Cinque P. Smell and taste disorders in COVID-19: From pathogenesis to clinical features and outcomes. Neurosci Lett 2021;748:135694.
- 11. Hummel T, Whitcroft KL, Andrews P, Altundag A, Cinghi C, Costanzo RM, et al. Position paper on olfactory dysfunction. Rhinol Suppl 2017;54:1–30.
- 12. Butowt R, Bilinska K. SARS-CoV-2: olfaction, brain infection, and the urgent need for clinical samples allowing earlier virus detection. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020;11(9):1200–3.
- 13. Letko M, Marz A, Munster V. Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nat Microbiol 2020;5:562–9.
- 14. Hou YJ, Okuda K, Edwards CE, Martinez DR, Asakura T, Dinnon KH III, et al. SARS-CoV-2 reverse genetics reveals a variable infection gradient in the respiratory tract. Cell 2020;182:429–46.
- 15. Bilinska K, Jakubowska P, Von Bartheld CS, Butowt R. Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 entry proteins, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, in cells of the olfactory epithelium: identification of cell types and trends with age. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020;11(11):155–62.
- 16. Netland J, Meyerholz DK, Moore S, Cassell M, Perlman S. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2. J Virol 2008;82:7264–75.
- 17. Ye Q, Zhou J, Yang G, Li RT, He Q, Zhang Y, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection causes transient olfactory dysfunction in mice. BioRxiv 2020:1-28.
- 18. Zheng J, Wong LR, Li K, Verma AK, Ortiz ME, Wohlford-Lenane C, et al. COVID-19 treatments and pathogenesis including anosmia in K18-hACE2 mice. Nature 2021;589(7843):603-7.
- 19. Wang H, Zhou M, Brand J, Huang L. Inflammation activates the interferon signaling pathways in taste bud cells. J Neurosci 2007;27:10703–13.
- 20. Wang H, Zhou M, Brand J, Huang L. Inflammation and taste disorders: mechanisms in taste buds. Ann NY Acad Sci 2009;1170:596–603.
- 21. Ziegler CGK, Allon SJ, Nyquist SK, Mbano IM, Miao VN, Tzouanas CN, et al. SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 is an interferon-stimulated gene in human airway epithelial cells and is detected in specific cell subsets across tissues. Cell 2020;181:1016–35.
- 22. Meunier N, Briand L, Jacquin-Piques A, Brondel L, Pénicaud L. COVID 19-Induced Smell and Taste Impairments: Putative Impact on Physiology. Front Physiol 2021;11:625110.
TASTE AND SMELL DISORDERS IN COVID 19 PATIENTS
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 28 Sayı: COVİD-19 ÖZEL SAYI, 153 - 156, 01.05.2021
Hasan Yasan
,
Mehmet Emre Sivrice
Öz
With the recognition of the clinical signs of Covid 19 infection, it was determined that taste and smell disorders were among the most common symptoms of this infection. The underlying mechanisms of these symptoms are still not well established. The first guideline to smell disorders has been published, but still needs improvement. For taste disorders, the treatment algorithm is still insufficient.
Kaynakça
- 1. Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, Horoi M, Le Bon SD, Rodriguez A, et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020;277(8):2251-61.
- 2. Speth MM, Singer-Cornelius T, Oberle M, Gengler I, Brockmeier SJ, Sedaghat AR. Olfactory Dysfunction and Sinonasal Symptomatology in COVID-19: Prevalence, Severity, Timing, and Associated Characteristics. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020;163(1):114-20.
- 3. Mehraeen E, Behnezhad F, Salehi MA, Noori T, Harandi H, Seyed Alinaghi S. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions due to coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a review of current evidence. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020;17:1–6.
- 4. Giacomelli A, Pezzati L, Conti F, Bernacchia D, Siano M, Oreni L, et al. Self-reported Olfactory and Taste Disorders in Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus 2 Infection: A Cross-sectional Study. Clin Infect Dis 2020;71(15):889-90.
- 5. Singer-Cornelius T, Cornelius J, Oberle M, Metternich FU, Brockmeier SJ. Objective gustatory and olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: a prospective cross-sectional study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021;20:1–8.
- 6. Mullol J, Alobid I, Mariño-Sánchez F, Izquierdo-Domínguez A, Marin C, Klimek L, et al. The Loss of Smell and Taste in the COVID-19 Outbreak: a Tale of Many Countries. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2020;20(10):61.
- 7. Han Q, Peng J, Xu H, Chen Q. Taste cell is abundant in the expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV. Preprints 2020;2020040424.
- 8. Sungnak W, Huang N, Bécavin C, Berg M, Queen R, Litvinukova M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes. Nat Med 2020;26(5):681-7.
- 9. Meunier N, Briand L, Jacquin-Piques A, Brondel L, Pénicaud L. COVID 19-Induced Smell and Taste Impairments: Putative Impact on Physiology. Front Physiol 2021;11:625110.
- 10. Mastrangelo A, Bonato M, Cinque P. Smell and taste disorders in COVID-19: From pathogenesis to clinical features and outcomes. Neurosci Lett 2021;748:135694.
- 11. Hummel T, Whitcroft KL, Andrews P, Altundag A, Cinghi C, Costanzo RM, et al. Position paper on olfactory dysfunction. Rhinol Suppl 2017;54:1–30.
- 12. Butowt R, Bilinska K. SARS-CoV-2: olfaction, brain infection, and the urgent need for clinical samples allowing earlier virus detection. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020;11(9):1200–3.
- 13. Letko M, Marz A, Munster V. Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nat Microbiol 2020;5:562–9.
- 14. Hou YJ, Okuda K, Edwards CE, Martinez DR, Asakura T, Dinnon KH III, et al. SARS-CoV-2 reverse genetics reveals a variable infection gradient in the respiratory tract. Cell 2020;182:429–46.
- 15. Bilinska K, Jakubowska P, Von Bartheld CS, Butowt R. Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 entry proteins, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, in cells of the olfactory epithelium: identification of cell types and trends with age. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020;11(11):155–62.
- 16. Netland J, Meyerholz DK, Moore S, Cassell M, Perlman S. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2. J Virol 2008;82:7264–75.
- 17. Ye Q, Zhou J, Yang G, Li RT, He Q, Zhang Y, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection causes transient olfactory dysfunction in mice. BioRxiv 2020:1-28.
- 18. Zheng J, Wong LR, Li K, Verma AK, Ortiz ME, Wohlford-Lenane C, et al. COVID-19 treatments and pathogenesis including anosmia in K18-hACE2 mice. Nature 2021;589(7843):603-7.
- 19. Wang H, Zhou M, Brand J, Huang L. Inflammation activates the interferon signaling pathways in taste bud cells. J Neurosci 2007;27:10703–13.
- 20. Wang H, Zhou M, Brand J, Huang L. Inflammation and taste disorders: mechanisms in taste buds. Ann NY Acad Sci 2009;1170:596–603.
- 21. Ziegler CGK, Allon SJ, Nyquist SK, Mbano IM, Miao VN, Tzouanas CN, et al. SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 is an interferon-stimulated gene in human airway epithelial cells and is detected in specific cell subsets across tissues. Cell 2020;181:1016–35.
- 22. Meunier N, Briand L, Jacquin-Piques A, Brondel L, Pénicaud L. COVID 19-Induced Smell and Taste Impairments: Putative Impact on Physiology. Front Physiol 2021;11:625110.