Evaluation of several geoid models for GNSS height transformation in Turkiye

Abstract

The main purpose of this paper is to present the results of ‘external’ quality tests for global, regional and local geoid models. In this context, available geoid models were evaluated for the height transformation in three different geographic locations in Turkiye on the basis of ground truth GNSS/Leveling data. The d ifferences between observed and computed quantities were investigated. The comparison results of the global, regional and local geoid models for three test areas were presented. The tested geoids are the national geoid model Turkiye-Geoid2003 (TG-03) released by the General Command of Mapping in 2003 which was computed using land and sea gravity data, topographic heights from digital terrain model and GPS/Leveling data, including EGM96 global geopotential model for long wavelengths, the ultra-high resolution model EGM2008 that was released by the US National Geospatial Intelligence Agency, the refined versions of these two geoid models and the GNSS/Leveling derived geometric models produced by the metropolitan municipalities. The comparison of results show that TG03 and EGM2008 models provide about 2 times lower accuracy than the precise local geoid models. In addition, the RMS values of the other two methods (IMPTG03 and IMPEGM2008) compared in the study were obtained as 2.45cm (Istanbul), 5.09cm (Izmır) and 4.77cm (Bursa) for IMPTG03, 2.61cm (Istanbul), 5.45cm (Izmır) and 5cm (Bursa) for IMPEGM2008. It seems that the results are suffici t for many engineering applications in the local areas and EGM2008 can be reach the accuracy of regional or local geoid models after the improvement procedure.

Keywords

• GNSS
• Height Transformation
• Geoid
• EGM2008
• Leveling Geoid

References

1. [1] Kahveci M, Tuşat E, Yıldız F, Sari F, Mikailsoy F. Determination of local quasi-geoid in central ana-tolia for engineering and gis purposes. Selcuk Univ J Eng Sci Tech 2018;6:832–838. [CrossRef]
2. [2] Moritz H, Verlag HW. Advanced Physical Geodesy. 1st ed. Karlsruhe, Germany: Wichmann; 1980.
3. [3] Torge W. Geodesy. 2nd ed. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter; 2015.
4. [4] Rapp RH. Computation and accuracy of global geoid undulation models. Proceedings of the Sixth International Geodetic Symposium on Satellite Positioning; 1992 Mar 17–20; Ohio: Ohio State Univ; 1992. pp. 865–872.
5. [5] IAG (International Association of Geodesy). New Geoids in the world. Bulletin d’information. Iges Bulletin 1995;77:4.
6. [6] Ollikainen M. Determination of Orthometric Heights Using GPS Levelling. Helsinki: Publications of the Finnish Geodetic Institute; 1997.
7. [7] Soycan M. Determination of geoid heights by GPS and precise trigonometric levelling, Surv Rev 2006;38:387–396. [CrossRef]
8. [8] Arslan E, Yılmaz M. Geoit Belirleme Yöntemleri. TMMOB Harita ve Kadastro Mühendisleri, 2005.[Turkish]

9. [9] Marotta G, Almeida Y, Chuerubim ML. Analysis of the influence of the density value on the estimation of the local geoid model fort he federal district, Brazil. Rev Bras Cartogr 2019;71:1089–1113. [CrossRef]
10. [10] Pavlis NK, Holmes SA, Kenyon SC, Factor JK. An earth gravitational model to degree 2160: EGM2008. 2008 General Assembly of the European Geosciences Union; 2008 Apr 13–18; Vienna, Austria: April 13–18, 2008. [CrossRef]
11. [11] Hirt C, Marti U, Bürki B, Featherstone WE. Assessment of EGM2008 in Europe using accurate astrogeodetic vertical defl ctions and omission error estimates from SRTM/DTM2006.0 residual terrain model data. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 2010;115:1–13. [CrossRef]
12. [12] Kiamehr R, Sjoberg LE. Comparison of the qualities of recent global and local gravimetric geoid models in Iran. Stud Geophys Geod 2005;49:289–304. [CrossRef]
13. [13] Corchete V. The high-resolution gravimetric geoid of Italy: ITG2009. J Afr Earth Sci 2010;58:580–584. [CrossRef]
14. [14] Abbak RA, Sjöberg LE, Ellmann A, Ustun A. A precise gravimetric geoid model in a mountainous area with scarce gravity data: a case study in cen-tral Turkey. Stud Geophys Geod 2012;56:909–927.[CrossRef]
15. [15] Hirt C. Assessment of EGM2008 over Germany using accurate quasigeoid heights from vertical defl c-tions, GCG05 and GPS/levelling. Zeitschrift für Geodäsie, Geoinformation und Landmanagement, 2011;136:138–149.
16. [16] Aksoy A, Ayan T, Çelik RN, Demirel H, Deniz R, Gürkan O. Güncel gelişmeler ışığında mekan-sal bilgi sistemleri için jeodezik altyapı ve prob-lemleri. Konferans, TMMOB Harita ve Kadastro Mühendisleri Odası İstanbul Şubesi, İTÜ Sosyal Tesisleri Konferans Salonu, Maçka, İstanbul, 1999.[Turkish]
17. [17] Kilicoglu A, Direnc A, Yildiz H, Bölme M, Aktug B, Simav M, et al. Regional gravimetric quasi-geoid model and transformation surface to national height system for Turkey (THG-09). Stud Geophys Geod 2011;55:557. [CrossRef]
18. [18] Zhan-ji Y, Yong-qi C. Determination of local geoid with geometric method: Case study. J Surv Eng 1999;125:136–146. [CrossRef]
19. [19] Deniz R, Akyilmaz O, Erol S, Ozoner B, Denli H. Precise geoid determination using GPS & level-ling measurement. In: Altan MO, Gründig L, editors. Fourth International Symposium “Turkish-German Joint Geodetic Days”; 2001 Apr 3-6; Berlin, Germany: Berlin Technical University; 2001. pp. 591–596.
20. [20] Soycan M, Soycan A. Surface modeling for GPS-levelling geoid determination. Newton’s Bull 2003;2013:41–51.
21. [21] Stopar B, Ambrožič T, Kuhar M, Turk G. GPS-derived geoid using artific al neural network and least squares collocation. Surv Rev 2006;38:513–524.[CrossRef]
22. [22] Erol B, Erol S, Celik RN. Height transformation using regional geoids and GPS/leveling in Turkey. Surv Rev 2008;40:2–18. [CrossRef]
23. [23] Republic of Turkiye Ministry of National Defence General Directorate of Mapping. Available at: https://www.harita.gov.tr/. Accessed on April 29, 2021.
24. [24] International Service for the Geoid. Available at: https://www.isgeoid.polimi.it/. Access on April 29, 2021.
25. [25] Rapp RH, Wang YM, Pavlis NK. The Ohio State 1991 geopotential and sea surface topography harmonic coeffici t models. Ohio: Ohio State University; 1991. Report No: 410.
26. [26] Lemoine FG, Kenyon SC, Factor JK, Trimmer RG, Pavlis NK, Chinn DS, et al. The Development of the Joint NASA GSFC and NIMA Geopotential Model EGM96. Greenbelt,Maryland: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; 1998. Report No: NASA/TP1998–206861.
27. [27] Pavlis NK, Holmes SA, Kenyon SC, Factor JK. The development and evaluation of the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008). J Geophys Res Solid Earth 2012;117:B04406. [CrossRef]
28. [28] Holmes SA, Pavlis NK, Novák P. A Fortran pro-gram for very–high-degree harmonic synthesis.V. 05/01/2006 Available at: http://earthinfo.nga.mil/GandG/wgs84/gravitymod/new_egm/new_egm. html Accessed on Feb 05, 2023.
29. [29] Soycan M. Analysis of geostatistical surface model for GPS height transformation: a case study in Izmir territory of Turkey. Geod Vestn 2013;57:702–718. [CrossRef]
30. [30] Yιlmaz M, Acar M, Ayan T, Arslan E. Application of Fuzzy logic theory to geoid height determina-tion. In: Klopotek MA, Wierzchon ST, Trojanowski K, editors. Proceedings of the International IIS: IIPWM´06 Conference; 2006 Jun 19-22; Ustron, Poland: Springer; 2006. pp. 383–388. [CrossRef]
31. [31] Tusat E. A comparison of geoid height obtained with adaptive neural fuzzy inference systems and polynomial coeffici ts methods. Int J Phys Sci 2011;6:789–795.
32. [32] Doganalp S, Selvi HZ. Local geoid determination in strip area projects by using polynomials, least-squares collocation and radial basis functions. Measurement 2015;73:429–438. [CrossRef]
33. [33] Kirici U, Sisman Y. The determination of the best fitting geoid: A case study of Samsun. FIG Working Week 2015; 2015 May 17-21; Bulgaria, Sofia: International Federation of Surveyors; 2015. pp. 1–8.
34. [34] Doganalp S. Geoid height computation in strip-area project by using leastsquares collocation. Acta Geodyn Geomater 2016;13:167–176. [CrossRef]
35. [35] Karaaslan O, Kayıkcı ET, Asık Y. Comparison of local geoid height surfaces, in the province of Trabzon. Arab J Geosci 2016;9:431. [CrossRef]
36. [36] Albayrak M, Ozludemır MT, Aref MM, Halicioglu K. Determination of Istanbul geoid using GNSS/lev-elling and valley cross levelling data. Geod Geodyn 2020;11:163–173. [CrossRef]
37. [37] Ayan T. Astrogeodätische geoidberechnung für das Gebiet der Türkei. PhD Thesis. Karlsruhe, Germany: Karlsruhe University; 1976. [German]
38. [38] Ayan T. Türkiye geoidi. J Map 1978;44:5–17.[Turkish]
39. [39] Gurkan O. Astrojeodezik ağların deformasyonu ve Türkiye I. Derece triyangülasyon ağı. 1st ed. Trabzon: Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Basımevi; 1978. [Turkish]
40. [40] Ayhan ME, Bank E, Lenk O, Seker H. South west-ern Anatolia (Aegean region) Doppler geoid. In: Birardi G, editor. International Symposium on the Defin tion of the Geoid; 1986 May 26-30; Florence, Italy: Springer: 1986. pp. 293–308.
41. [41] Ayhan ME. Geoid determination in Turkey (TG-91). J Geod 1993;67:10–22. [CrossRef]
42. [42] Ayhan ME, Alp O. Türkiye Astrojeodezik Jeoidi–1994 (TAG-94), İç Rapor, No. Jeof-94-2, Harita Genel Komutanlığı Jeodezi Dairesi Başkanlığı, Ankara, 1994. [Turkish]
43. [43] Ayhan ME, Demir C, Lenk O, Kılıcoglu A, Aktug B, Acıkgoz M, et al. Turkish national fundamental gps network –1999A (TFGN-99A). J Map 2002;69:1–74.
44. [44] Kılıçoğlu A, Fırat O, Demir C. Yeni Türkiye Jeoidi (TG-03)’nin hesabında kullanılan ölçüler ve yön-temler. TUJK 2005 Yılı Bilimsel Toplantısı, Jeoit ve Düşey Datum Çalıştayı Bildiri Kitabı, KTÜ, Trabzon, 2005. [Turkish]
45. [45] Türkiye Jeoidi. Available at: http://www.hgk.msb. gov.tr/uyekurulus/THG/thg.html. Accessed on Oct 10, 2013. [Turkish]
46. [46] Akyilmaz O, Ayan T, Ozludemir MT. Geoid sur-face approximation by using adaptive network-based fuzzy inference systems. Allg Vermess Nachr 2003;8:308–315.
47. [47] Ayan T, Deniz R, Arslan E, Çelik RN, Denli HH, Akyılmaz O, et al. İstanbul GPS Nirengi Ağı (İGNA) 2005-2006 Yenileme Ölçü ve Değerlendirmesi Projesi, Teknik Rapor, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, 2006. [Turkish]
48. [48] Ayan T, Deniz R, Çelik RN, Denli H, Özlüdemir MT, Erol S, et al. İzmir Jeodezik Referans Sistemi-2001 (İzJRS-2001) Teknik Raporu, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İnşaat Fakültesi, Eylül-2001, İstanbul.[Turkish]