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Uluslararası Göçün Dış Ticaret Üzerine Etkisi: Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Analiz

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2, 141 - 163, 31.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2019.28.2.0055

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de uluslararası göçün dış ticaret üzerine etkisini incelemektir. Çalışma, 2013-2016 yılları arasında Türkiye’nin göç aldığı 125 ülke ile dış ticareti üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Bu amaçla panel veri yöntemi kullanılarak tahmin edilen modeller, OECD üyesi ülkeler ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Modellerde yer alan değişkenler, genişletilmiş çekim modeline göre belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın iki temel sonucu bulunmaktadır. İlk olarak hem OECD ülkeleri hem de gelişmekte olan ülkeler için oluşturulan modellerde uluslararası göçün ihracat, ithalat ve dış ticaret üzerine etkisi pozitiftir. İkinci olarak Türkiye’de uluslararası göçün ithalat üzerindeki pozitif etkisi, ihracat üzerindeki etkisinden daha büyüktür. Bu sonuç, Türkiye’de tercih etkisinin ağ etkisinden daha baskın olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca Türkiye’ye daha nitelikli iş gücüne sahip göçmenlerin gelmesini özendirecek politikalara ihtiyaç vardır. 

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu makale, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü tarafından 18.KARİYER.31 numaralı “Dış Ticaretin Belirleyicisi Olarak Uluslararası Göç: Türkiye Üzerine Panel Veri Analizi” başlığı ile Kariyer Destek Projesi olarak desteklenmiştir.

Proje Numarası

18.KARİYER.31 numaralı

Kaynakça

  • Antonucci, D., & Manzocchi, S. (2005). Does Turkey have a special trade relation with the EU? A gravity model approach, Luiss lab on European Economics, LLEE Working Document, No. 35.
  • Arellano, M. (2003). Panel data Econometrics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Asteriou, D., & Hall, S.G. (2007). Applied Econometrics: a modern approach (revised edition). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bacarreza, G. J. C., & Ehrlich, L. (2006). The ımpact of migration on foreign trade: A developing country approach. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, No:1090.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data (Third Edition). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. Batra, A. (2004). India’s global trade potential: The gravity model approach. ICRIER Working Paper, No. 151.
  • Breusch, T., & Pagan, A. (1980), The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in Econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253. Doi: 10.2307/2297111
  • Bruder, J. (2004). Are trade and migration substitutes or complements? The case of Germany, 1970-1998. Working Paper, University of Rostock, Germany.
  • Burger, M. J., Oort, F. G., & Linders, J. M. (2009). On the specification of the gravity model of trade: Zeros, Excess Zeros and Zero-Inflated estimation. Erasmus Research Institute of Management, No: 003.
  • Buzdağlı, Ö. ve Kızıltan, A. (2011). Göç-ticaret ilişkisi: Türkiye’nin Tüketim malı ihracatı üzerine bir uygulama. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25(3-4), 65-75.
  • Çelebi Boz, F. ve Durmaz, A. (2016). Göçmenlerin uluslararası ticaret üzerine etkisi: Mena Bölgesi’ndeki Türk göçmenler üzerine bir uygulama. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 17, 259-272.
  • Domingo, G. S., & Silvente, F. R. (2013). Re-examining the migration–trade link using province data: An application of the generalized propensity score, Economic Modelling, 32, 247-261. Doi: 10.1016/j. econmod.2013.02.002
  • Dunlevy, J. A., & Hutchinson, W. K. (1999). The ımpact of ımmigration on American ımport trade in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The Journal of Economic History, 59(4), 1043-1062.
  • Ebmer, R. W. ve Zimmermann, K. F. (1998). East-West trade and migration: The Austro-German case. IZA Discussion Paper, No:2.
  • Emirhan, P. N. (2014). Uluslararası emek göçü ve dış ticaret arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye için bir uygulama, Ege Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 14(4), 611-620.
  • Erlat, H. (2018). Panel Data: A Selective Survey, Ankara: Department of Economics, Middle East Technical University.
  • Faustino, H. C., & Leitao, N. C. (2008). Immigration and trade in Portugal: A static and dynamic panel data analysis. Technical University of Lisbon, Working Paper, WP 31/2008/DE/Socius.12/2008/DE/Socius.
  • Felbermayr, G. J., & Toubal, F. (2012). Revisiting the trade-migration nexus: Evidence from new OECD data. World Development, 40(5), 928-937. Doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.11.016
  • Genç, M., Gheasi, M., Nijkamp, P., & Poot, J. (2011). The impact of immigration on international trade: a metaanalysis. IZA (The Institute for the Study of Labor) Discussion Paper, No. 6145.
  • Ghatak, S., Silaghi, M. I. P., & Daly, V. (2009). Trade and migration flows between some CEE countries and the UK. The Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 18(1), 61-78. Doi: 10.1080/09638190902757426
  • Girma, S., & Yu, Z. (2000). Immigration and trade creation: What can the evidence from Britain tell us? Preperad for the Murphy Institute Conference on The Political Economy of Migration, Tulane University, New Orleans, USA.
  • Girma, S., & Yu, Z. (2002). The Link between immigration and trade: Evidence from the United Kingdom. Weltwirtschaftliches, 138(1), 115-130.
  • Golovko, A. (2014). Avrasya Ülkelerinin Dış Ticaretlerinin Çekim Modeli Çerçevesinde Analizi. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Greene, W. H. (2012). Econometric analysis (7th Edition). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall International Inc. Hausman, J. (1978). Specification tests in Econometrics. Econometrica, 46, 1251-1271.
  • Head, K., & Ries, J. (1998). Immigration and trade creation: Econometric evidence from Canada. The Canadian Jaurnal of Economics, 31(1), 47-62.
  • Iranzo, S., & Peri, G. (2009). Migration and trade: Theory with an application to the Eastern-Western European integration. Journal of International Economics, 79, 1-19.
  • Kandemir, O. (2010). İktisadi Büyüme Sürecinde Göç Olgusu: Türkiye Örneği. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Sakarya Üniversitesi, Sakarya. Karagöz, K. (2011). Göç-ticaret ilişkisi: Panel çekim modeli. Sosyoekonomi Dergisi, 15(15), 55-68.
  • Kennedy, P. (2005). Ekonometri kılavuzu (Beşinci Baskı), (M. Sarımeşelive Ş. Açıkgöz, Çev.), Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Levine, R., & Schmukler, S. L. (2007). Migration, spillovers, and trade diversion: The impact of internationalization on domestic stock market activity. Journal of Banking &Finance, 31, 1595-1612. Doi: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2006.11.001
  • Lewer, J., & Berg, H. V. (2008). A gravity model of ımmigration. Economics Letters, 99(1), 164-167. Doi: 10.1016/j.econlet.2007.06.019
  • Lin, X., & Yang, X. (2017). From human capital externality to entrepreneurial aspiration: Revisiting the migration-trade linkage. Journal of World Business, 52, 360-371. Doi: 10.1016/j.jwb.2016.11.001
  • Linnemann, H. (1966). An econometric study of ınternational trade flows. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company.
  • Lung, S. M. (2008). The Impact of International Migration on International Trade: An Empirical Study of Australian Migrant Intake from Asian Countries. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
  • Massey, D. S. (1988). Economic devolopment and ınternational migration in comparative perspective. Population and Development Review, 14(3), 383-413.
  • Ortega, F., & Peri, G. (2014). Openness and income: The roles of trade and migration, Journal of International Economics, 92, 231-251. Doi: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2013.11.008
  • Paas, T. (2002). European Integration and EU Eastward enlargement process in ınternational trade: Using a gravity approach for exploring bilateral trade flows. The 42nd Congress of the European Regional Science Association, Dortmund, Germany.
  • Paas, T. (2003). Regional Integration and International Trade in the Context of EU Eastward Enlargement, HWWA Discussion Paper, No: 218.
  • Pöyhönen, P. (1963). A tentative model for the volume of trade between countries. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 90, 93-100.
  • Sgrignoli, P., Metulini, R., Schiavo, S., & Riccaboni, M. (2015). The relation between global migration and trade networks. Physia A, 417, 245-260.
  • Tinbergen, J. (1962). Shaping The World Economy: Suggestion for an International Economic Policy, New York: A Twentieth Century Fund Study.
  • White, R. (2008). Exploring a US ımmigrant-ıntra-ındustry trade link. Eastern Economic Journal, 34, 252-262.
  • White, R. (2009). Immigration, tradeand product differentiation. Economic Issues, 14(1), 43-63.
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2002). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. Cambridge: MIT Press.

The Effect of International Migration on Foreign Trade: An Empirical Analysis for Turkey

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2, 141 - 163, 31.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2019.28.2.0055

Öz

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of international migration on foreign trade in Turkey. The study focuses on the trade of Turkey with 125 countries during the period from 2013 to 2016. For this purpose, the models estimated by using panel data method are divided into two groups: OECD member countries and developing countries. The variables in the models are determined by the augmented gravity model. There are two main results of the study. First, the effects of international migration on exports, imports and foreign trade are positive in the models for both OECD countries and developing countries. Second, the positive impact of international migration on imports is greater than the impact on exports in Turkey. This result indicates that the preference effect is more dominant than the network effect in Turkey. There is also a need for policies to encourage more qualified immigrants to come to Turkey. 

Proje Numarası

18.KARİYER.31 numaralı

Kaynakça

  • Antonucci, D., & Manzocchi, S. (2005). Does Turkey have a special trade relation with the EU? A gravity model approach, Luiss lab on European Economics, LLEE Working Document, No. 35.
  • Arellano, M. (2003). Panel data Econometrics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Asteriou, D., & Hall, S.G. (2007). Applied Econometrics: a modern approach (revised edition). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bacarreza, G. J. C., & Ehrlich, L. (2006). The ımpact of migration on foreign trade: A developing country approach. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, No:1090.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data (Third Edition). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. Batra, A. (2004). India’s global trade potential: The gravity model approach. ICRIER Working Paper, No. 151.
  • Breusch, T., & Pagan, A. (1980), The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in Econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253. Doi: 10.2307/2297111
  • Bruder, J. (2004). Are trade and migration substitutes or complements? The case of Germany, 1970-1998. Working Paper, University of Rostock, Germany.
  • Burger, M. J., Oort, F. G., & Linders, J. M. (2009). On the specification of the gravity model of trade: Zeros, Excess Zeros and Zero-Inflated estimation. Erasmus Research Institute of Management, No: 003.
  • Buzdağlı, Ö. ve Kızıltan, A. (2011). Göç-ticaret ilişkisi: Türkiye’nin Tüketim malı ihracatı üzerine bir uygulama. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25(3-4), 65-75.
  • Çelebi Boz, F. ve Durmaz, A. (2016). Göçmenlerin uluslararası ticaret üzerine etkisi: Mena Bölgesi’ndeki Türk göçmenler üzerine bir uygulama. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 17, 259-272.
  • Domingo, G. S., & Silvente, F. R. (2013). Re-examining the migration–trade link using province data: An application of the generalized propensity score, Economic Modelling, 32, 247-261. Doi: 10.1016/j. econmod.2013.02.002
  • Dunlevy, J. A., & Hutchinson, W. K. (1999). The ımpact of ımmigration on American ımport trade in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The Journal of Economic History, 59(4), 1043-1062.
  • Ebmer, R. W. ve Zimmermann, K. F. (1998). East-West trade and migration: The Austro-German case. IZA Discussion Paper, No:2.
  • Emirhan, P. N. (2014). Uluslararası emek göçü ve dış ticaret arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye için bir uygulama, Ege Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 14(4), 611-620.
  • Erlat, H. (2018). Panel Data: A Selective Survey, Ankara: Department of Economics, Middle East Technical University.
  • Faustino, H. C., & Leitao, N. C. (2008). Immigration and trade in Portugal: A static and dynamic panel data analysis. Technical University of Lisbon, Working Paper, WP 31/2008/DE/Socius.12/2008/DE/Socius.
  • Felbermayr, G. J., & Toubal, F. (2012). Revisiting the trade-migration nexus: Evidence from new OECD data. World Development, 40(5), 928-937. Doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.11.016
  • Genç, M., Gheasi, M., Nijkamp, P., & Poot, J. (2011). The impact of immigration on international trade: a metaanalysis. IZA (The Institute for the Study of Labor) Discussion Paper, No. 6145.
  • Ghatak, S., Silaghi, M. I. P., & Daly, V. (2009). Trade and migration flows between some CEE countries and the UK. The Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 18(1), 61-78. Doi: 10.1080/09638190902757426
  • Girma, S., & Yu, Z. (2000). Immigration and trade creation: What can the evidence from Britain tell us? Preperad for the Murphy Institute Conference on The Political Economy of Migration, Tulane University, New Orleans, USA.
  • Girma, S., & Yu, Z. (2002). The Link between immigration and trade: Evidence from the United Kingdom. Weltwirtschaftliches, 138(1), 115-130.
  • Golovko, A. (2014). Avrasya Ülkelerinin Dış Ticaretlerinin Çekim Modeli Çerçevesinde Analizi. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Greene, W. H. (2012). Econometric analysis (7th Edition). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall International Inc. Hausman, J. (1978). Specification tests in Econometrics. Econometrica, 46, 1251-1271.
  • Head, K., & Ries, J. (1998). Immigration and trade creation: Econometric evidence from Canada. The Canadian Jaurnal of Economics, 31(1), 47-62.
  • Iranzo, S., & Peri, G. (2009). Migration and trade: Theory with an application to the Eastern-Western European integration. Journal of International Economics, 79, 1-19.
  • Kandemir, O. (2010). İktisadi Büyüme Sürecinde Göç Olgusu: Türkiye Örneği. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Sakarya Üniversitesi, Sakarya. Karagöz, K. (2011). Göç-ticaret ilişkisi: Panel çekim modeli. Sosyoekonomi Dergisi, 15(15), 55-68.
  • Kennedy, P. (2005). Ekonometri kılavuzu (Beşinci Baskı), (M. Sarımeşelive Ş. Açıkgöz, Çev.), Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Levine, R., & Schmukler, S. L. (2007). Migration, spillovers, and trade diversion: The impact of internationalization on domestic stock market activity. Journal of Banking &Finance, 31, 1595-1612. Doi: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2006.11.001
  • Lewer, J., & Berg, H. V. (2008). A gravity model of ımmigration. Economics Letters, 99(1), 164-167. Doi: 10.1016/j.econlet.2007.06.019
  • Lin, X., & Yang, X. (2017). From human capital externality to entrepreneurial aspiration: Revisiting the migration-trade linkage. Journal of World Business, 52, 360-371. Doi: 10.1016/j.jwb.2016.11.001
  • Linnemann, H. (1966). An econometric study of ınternational trade flows. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company.
  • Lung, S. M. (2008). The Impact of International Migration on International Trade: An Empirical Study of Australian Migrant Intake from Asian Countries. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
  • Massey, D. S. (1988). Economic devolopment and ınternational migration in comparative perspective. Population and Development Review, 14(3), 383-413.
  • Ortega, F., & Peri, G. (2014). Openness and income: The roles of trade and migration, Journal of International Economics, 92, 231-251. Doi: 10.1016/j.jinteco.2013.11.008
  • Paas, T. (2002). European Integration and EU Eastward enlargement process in ınternational trade: Using a gravity approach for exploring bilateral trade flows. The 42nd Congress of the European Regional Science Association, Dortmund, Germany.
  • Paas, T. (2003). Regional Integration and International Trade in the Context of EU Eastward Enlargement, HWWA Discussion Paper, No: 218.
  • Pöyhönen, P. (1963). A tentative model for the volume of trade between countries. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 90, 93-100.
  • Sgrignoli, P., Metulini, R., Schiavo, S., & Riccaboni, M. (2015). The relation between global migration and trade networks. Physia A, 417, 245-260.
  • Tinbergen, J. (1962). Shaping The World Economy: Suggestion for an International Economic Policy, New York: A Twentieth Century Fund Study.
  • White, R. (2008). Exploring a US ımmigrant-ıntra-ındustry trade link. Eastern Economic Journal, 34, 252-262.
  • White, R. (2009). Immigration, tradeand product differentiation. Economic Issues, 14(1), 43-63.
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2002). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gökhan Demirtaş 0000-0002-6757-5613

Şule Yüksel Çakırca 0000-0002-6439-8471

Proje Numarası 18.KARİYER.31 numaralı
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ekim 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Aralık 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Demirtaş, G., & Çakırca, Ş. Y. (2019). Uluslararası Göçün Dış Ticaret Üzerine Etkisi: Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Analiz. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 28(2), 141-163. https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2019.28.2.0055