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İtalya’nın Bitmeyen Siyasal Krizlerinde M5S, Lega ve PD Dönemi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1, 89 - 108, 31.03.2021

Öz

İtalya’da İkinci Cumhuriyet olarak adlandırılan ve siyasal hayata etki eden çeşitli yasal değişikliklerin hayata geçtiği 1993 sonrası süreçte çok sayıda hükümet ve koalisyon kurulup dağıldı. Geçen 25 yılda ülkeyi, değişim ve yenilenme arzusunu kendinde toplamaya çalışan siyasal aktörlerin mücadelesi şekillendirdi. Bu çalışmada İtalya’da 1990’ların ortasından itibaren yaşanan değişimlerin arka planıyla 2010’larda yaşanan bu gelişmelere odaklanılacaktır. İtalyan demokrasisinde yükselen yeni aktörlerin popülizm ve liberal demokrasi krizi bağlamında değerlendirileceği yazı, M5S (Movimento 5 Stelle - 5 Yıldız Hareketi) ile Lega’nın yarattığı etkileri öne çıkarmaktadır. Bununla birlikte İtalya’da sosyal demokrasinin dönüşümü ve toparlanma çabası da ele alınacaktır. Çalışmanın argümanı, İtalya örneğinde demokratik tartışmanın devam ediyor oluşunun demokrasiyi otoriterleşme eğiliminden koruduğudur. Öte yandan bitmeyen krizler ve dalgalanmalar merkez siyasetin korunmasını da gittikçe güçleştirmektedir. M5S ve Lega, Berlusconi sonrası İtalyan siyasetinin yeni merkezi olurken onların yükselişi, merkez-sağ ve solun düşüşüne sahne olmuştur. Popülist söylemin farklı boyutlarını ortaya koysalar da halktaki eski siyasetçilere karşı tepkiyi birleştiren bu iki parti, İtalyan siyasetinin son dönemlerini etkisi altına almıştır. İtalyan siyaseti iç ve dış sorunların ve gelişmelerin etkisinde sürekli dalgalanmakta; istikrarlı bir hükümet oluşturmakta zorlanmaktadır. Tarihsel bir mirası olan, kurumsal ve hukuki dalgalanmaları sürekli yaşayan Avrupa’nın önemli ülkesi İtalya’daki siyasi krizler, ulusal ve uluslararası siyasal krizlerin somutlaşmış halidir. 

Kaynakça

  • Abse, T. (2001). From PCI to DS: How european integration accelerated the 'social democratization' of the Italian left. Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, 3 (1), 61-74.
  • Albertazzi, D. & Mueller. (2013). Populism and liberal democracy: Populists in government in Austria, Italy, Poland and Switzerland. Government and Opposition, 48 (3), 343-371.
  • Albertazzi, D., Giovannini, A. & Seddone, A. (2018). ‘No regionalism please, We are Leghisti!’ The Transformation of the Italian Lega Nord under the leadership of Matteo Salvini, Regional and Federal Studies, 28(5), 645-671.
  • Baldini, G. (2015). Christian Democracy: The Italian Party, In E. Jones ve G. Pasquino (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Italian politics, (pp. 173-183), London: Oxford University Press.
  • Belucci, P. (2015). Communists. In E. Jones ve G. Pasquino (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Italian politics, (pp. 184-196), London: Oxford University Press.
  • Berselli, E. (2001). The Crisis and transformation of Italian politics. Daedalus, 130 (3), 1-24.
  • Bordignon, F. & Ceccarini, L. (2015). The Five-star movement: A hybrid actor in the net of state institutions. Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 20 (4), 454-473.
  • Brunazzo, M. & Gilbert, M. (2017). Insurgents against Brussels: Euroscepticism and the right-wing populist turn of the Lega Nord since 2013. Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 22 (5), 624-641.
  • Bull, M. & Rhodes, M. (1997). Between crisis and transition: Italian politics in the 1990s, West European Politics, 20 (1), 1-13.
  • Bull, M. J. & James L. N. (2005). Italian politics: Adjustment under duress. London: Polity.
  • Caiani, M. (2019). The Populist parties and their electoral success: Different causes behind different populisms? The case of the Five-star movement and the League, Contemporary Italian Politics, 11 (3), 236-250.
  • Canovan, M. (1999). Trust the people! Populism and the two faces of democracy. Political Studies, 47 (1), 2-16.
  • Chiaramonte, A. (2018). The general elections of 21 april 1996. In Roberto D’alimonte ve David Nelken (Eds), Italian politics: The Center-left in power, London: Routledge.
  • Chiaramonte, A., De Sio L. & Emanuele, V. (2020). Salvini’s success and the collapse of the Five-star movement: The European elections of 2019. Contemporary Italian Politics, 12 (2), 140-154.
  • Conti, N. (2015). Socialist, Republicans and Radicals. In Erik Jones ve Gianfranco Pasquino (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Italian politics, (pp. 197-210), London: Oxford University Press.
  • Cotta, M. (2020). The Anti-establishment parties at the helm: From great hopes to failure and a limited resurrection”, Contemporary Italian Politics, 12(2), 126-139.
  • Di Maggio, M. & Perrone, M. (2019). The Political culture of the movimento Cinque Stelle, from foundation to the reins of government, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 24 (3), 468-482.
  • Diamanti, I. (2018). The Lega Nord: From federalism to secession. In Erik Jones ve Gianfranco Pasquino (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Italian politics, (pp. 65-83), London: Routledge.
  • Emanuele, V. ve Chiaramonte, A. (2020). Going out of the ordinary, The de-ınstitutionalization of the ıtalian party system ın comparative perspective, Contemporary Italian Politics, 12 (1), 4-22.
  • Fabbrini, S. (2020). Political change without institutional transformation: What can we learn from the Italian crisis of the 1990s?, International Political Science Review, 21 (2), 173–196.
  • Fabbrini, S. (2013). Political and institutional constraints on structural reforms: Interpreting the Italian experience, Modern Italy, 18 (4), 423-436.
  • Fennema, M. (2005). Populist parties of the right. In J. Rydgren (Ed.), Movements of exclusion: radical right-wing populism, (pp. 1-24), New York: Nova Science Publishers.
  • Floridia, A. (2018). Electoral systems and concepts of democracy: Electoral reform as a permanent policy issue in the Italian political system, Contemporary Italian Politics, 10 (2), 112-131.
  • Giannetti, D., Pinto, L. & Plescia, C. (2020). The first conte government: ‘Government of change’ or business as usual?, Contemporary Italian Politics, 12 (2), 182-199.
  • Giugliano, F. (2020). Between bragging and reality: Italy’s confusing place in a changing world order, Contemporary Italian Politics, 12 (2), 214-226.
  • Gilbert, M. (1995). The Italian Revolution. The End of Politics, Italian Style?, Oxford: Westview Press.
  • Hellmann, S. (2018). The Italian Left After 1996 Elections. In Roberto D’alimonte ve David Nelke (Eds), Italian Politics: The Center-Left in Power, London: Routledge.
  • Ieraci, G. (2019). Re-shaping the political space: continuity and alignment of parties in the Italian parliament. Contemporary Italian Politics, 11 (2), 158-176.
  • Ignazi, P. (2017). Sartori’s party system typology and the Italian case: The Unanticipated outcome of a polarised pluralism without anti-system parties. Contemporary Italian Politics, 9 (3), 262-276.
  • Lanzone, L. ve Woods, D. (2015). Riding the populist web: Contextualizing the Five-star movement (M5S) in Italy. Politics and Governance, 3 (2), 54-64.
  • Lanzone, M. E. (2014). The ‘post-modern’ populism in Italy: The case of the five star movement, In. Dwayne Woods, Barbara Wejnert (Eds.), The Many Faces of Populism: Current Perspectives, (pp. 53-78), London: Emerald Publishing.
  • LaPalombara, J. (1989). Democracy, Italian Style. Yale University Press.
  • Mudde, C. (2004). The populist zeitgeist, Government And Opposition, 39(4), 541-563. Musella, F. (2014). How personal parties change: Party organisation and (in)discipline in Italy (1994–2013), Contemporary Italian Politics, 6 (3), 222-237.
  • Newell, J. (2010). The politics of Italy: Governance in a normal country. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Newth, G. (2018). The movimento Autonomista Bergamasco and the Lega Nord: continuities and discontinuities, Modern Italy, 23 (3), 235–252.
  • Partridge, H. (1998). Italian politics today. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Pasarelli, G. (2015). Populism and the Lega Nord. In Erik Jones ve Gianfranco Pasquino (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Italian politics, (pp. 224-239), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Passarelli, G. (2013). Extreme right parties in Western Europe: The case of the Italian Northern League. Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 18(1), 53-71.
  • Regalia, M. (2015). Electoral system. In Erik Jones ve Gianfranco Pasquino (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Italian politics, (pp. 132-144), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Salvati, E. (2016). Matteo Renzi: A new leadership style for the Italian Democratic Party and Italian politics. Modern Italy, 21 (1), 7–18.
  • Sartori, G. (2005). Parties and party systems: A framework for analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge Unversity Press.
  • Silveri, U. G. (2015). Italy’s unfinished transition: Between domestic dynamics and ınternational change. Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 20 (2), 189-201.
  • Silveri, U. G. (2019). The Italian question: Systemic crisis, global change and new protagonists (1992–2018). Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 24 (3),393-401.
  • Spotts, F. ve Wieser, T. (1986). Italy: A difficult democracy - A survey of Italian politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Stavrakakis, Y. (2014). The return of ‘the people’: Populism and anti-populism in the shadow of the European crisis. Constellations, 21 (4), 505-517.
  • Tarrow, S. (1977). The Italian party system between crisis and transition. American Journal of Political Science, 21 (2), 193-224.
  • Tronconi, F. (2018). The Italian Five Star movement during the crisis: Towards normalisation?, South European Society and Politics, 23 (1), 163-180.
  • Wodak, R., Mral B. & KhosraviNik, M. (Eds.) (2013). Right-wing populism in Europe: Politics and discourse, London: Bloomsbury Publishing.

M5S, Lega, PD, and Italy’s Never Ending Political Crises

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1, 89 - 108, 31.03.2021

Öz

In Italy, many governments and coalitions have formed and dissolved in the post-1993 era, called the Second Republic. During this period, various legal changes have affected political life. In the past 25 years, political agents have struggled to make good on the wishes for change, and society’s renewal has reshaped the country. This study focuses on these developments since the mid-1990s to understand the recent shifts in Italy. The article emphasizes the effects of Lega and the M5S, the newest political agents rising in Italian democracy, and examines them in the context of the crisis of populism and liberal democracy. The study argues that the continuing democratic debate in Italy protects democracy from the tendency to turn authoritarian. Conversely, the never-ending crises and fluctuations make the stability of central politics more and more challenging. This tension in democracy extends beyond Italy to the whole of European politics.

Kaynakça

  • Abse, T. (2001). From PCI to DS: How european integration accelerated the 'social democratization' of the Italian left. Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, 3 (1), 61-74.
  • Albertazzi, D. & Mueller. (2013). Populism and liberal democracy: Populists in government in Austria, Italy, Poland and Switzerland. Government and Opposition, 48 (3), 343-371.
  • Albertazzi, D., Giovannini, A. & Seddone, A. (2018). ‘No regionalism please, We are Leghisti!’ The Transformation of the Italian Lega Nord under the leadership of Matteo Salvini, Regional and Federal Studies, 28(5), 645-671.
  • Baldini, G. (2015). Christian Democracy: The Italian Party, In E. Jones ve G. Pasquino (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Italian politics, (pp. 173-183), London: Oxford University Press.
  • Belucci, P. (2015). Communists. In E. Jones ve G. Pasquino (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Italian politics, (pp. 184-196), London: Oxford University Press.
  • Berselli, E. (2001). The Crisis and transformation of Italian politics. Daedalus, 130 (3), 1-24.
  • Bordignon, F. & Ceccarini, L. (2015). The Five-star movement: A hybrid actor in the net of state institutions. Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 20 (4), 454-473.
  • Brunazzo, M. & Gilbert, M. (2017). Insurgents against Brussels: Euroscepticism and the right-wing populist turn of the Lega Nord since 2013. Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 22 (5), 624-641.
  • Bull, M. & Rhodes, M. (1997). Between crisis and transition: Italian politics in the 1990s, West European Politics, 20 (1), 1-13.
  • Bull, M. J. & James L. N. (2005). Italian politics: Adjustment under duress. London: Polity.
  • Caiani, M. (2019). The Populist parties and their electoral success: Different causes behind different populisms? The case of the Five-star movement and the League, Contemporary Italian Politics, 11 (3), 236-250.
  • Canovan, M. (1999). Trust the people! Populism and the two faces of democracy. Political Studies, 47 (1), 2-16.
  • Chiaramonte, A. (2018). The general elections of 21 april 1996. In Roberto D’alimonte ve David Nelken (Eds), Italian politics: The Center-left in power, London: Routledge.
  • Chiaramonte, A., De Sio L. & Emanuele, V. (2020). Salvini’s success and the collapse of the Five-star movement: The European elections of 2019. Contemporary Italian Politics, 12 (2), 140-154.
  • Conti, N. (2015). Socialist, Republicans and Radicals. In Erik Jones ve Gianfranco Pasquino (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Italian politics, (pp. 197-210), London: Oxford University Press.
  • Cotta, M. (2020). The Anti-establishment parties at the helm: From great hopes to failure and a limited resurrection”, Contemporary Italian Politics, 12(2), 126-139.
  • Di Maggio, M. & Perrone, M. (2019). The Political culture of the movimento Cinque Stelle, from foundation to the reins of government, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 24 (3), 468-482.
  • Diamanti, I. (2018). The Lega Nord: From federalism to secession. In Erik Jones ve Gianfranco Pasquino (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Italian politics, (pp. 65-83), London: Routledge.
  • Emanuele, V. ve Chiaramonte, A. (2020). Going out of the ordinary, The de-ınstitutionalization of the ıtalian party system ın comparative perspective, Contemporary Italian Politics, 12 (1), 4-22.
  • Fabbrini, S. (2020). Political change without institutional transformation: What can we learn from the Italian crisis of the 1990s?, International Political Science Review, 21 (2), 173–196.
  • Fabbrini, S. (2013). Political and institutional constraints on structural reforms: Interpreting the Italian experience, Modern Italy, 18 (4), 423-436.
  • Fennema, M. (2005). Populist parties of the right. In J. Rydgren (Ed.), Movements of exclusion: radical right-wing populism, (pp. 1-24), New York: Nova Science Publishers.
  • Floridia, A. (2018). Electoral systems and concepts of democracy: Electoral reform as a permanent policy issue in the Italian political system, Contemporary Italian Politics, 10 (2), 112-131.
  • Giannetti, D., Pinto, L. & Plescia, C. (2020). The first conte government: ‘Government of change’ or business as usual?, Contemporary Italian Politics, 12 (2), 182-199.
  • Giugliano, F. (2020). Between bragging and reality: Italy’s confusing place in a changing world order, Contemporary Italian Politics, 12 (2), 214-226.
  • Gilbert, M. (1995). The Italian Revolution. The End of Politics, Italian Style?, Oxford: Westview Press.
  • Hellmann, S. (2018). The Italian Left After 1996 Elections. In Roberto D’alimonte ve David Nelke (Eds), Italian Politics: The Center-Left in Power, London: Routledge.
  • Ieraci, G. (2019). Re-shaping the political space: continuity and alignment of parties in the Italian parliament. Contemporary Italian Politics, 11 (2), 158-176.
  • Ignazi, P. (2017). Sartori’s party system typology and the Italian case: The Unanticipated outcome of a polarised pluralism without anti-system parties. Contemporary Italian Politics, 9 (3), 262-276.
  • Lanzone, L. ve Woods, D. (2015). Riding the populist web: Contextualizing the Five-star movement (M5S) in Italy. Politics and Governance, 3 (2), 54-64.
  • Lanzone, M. E. (2014). The ‘post-modern’ populism in Italy: The case of the five star movement, In. Dwayne Woods, Barbara Wejnert (Eds.), The Many Faces of Populism: Current Perspectives, (pp. 53-78), London: Emerald Publishing.
  • LaPalombara, J. (1989). Democracy, Italian Style. Yale University Press.
  • Mudde, C. (2004). The populist zeitgeist, Government And Opposition, 39(4), 541-563. Musella, F. (2014). How personal parties change: Party organisation and (in)discipline in Italy (1994–2013), Contemporary Italian Politics, 6 (3), 222-237.
  • Newell, J. (2010). The politics of Italy: Governance in a normal country. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Newth, G. (2018). The movimento Autonomista Bergamasco and the Lega Nord: continuities and discontinuities, Modern Italy, 23 (3), 235–252.
  • Partridge, H. (1998). Italian politics today. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Pasarelli, G. (2015). Populism and the Lega Nord. In Erik Jones ve Gianfranco Pasquino (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Italian politics, (pp. 224-239), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Passarelli, G. (2013). Extreme right parties in Western Europe: The case of the Italian Northern League. Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 18(1), 53-71.
  • Regalia, M. (2015). Electoral system. In Erik Jones ve Gianfranco Pasquino (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Italian politics, (pp. 132-144), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Salvati, E. (2016). Matteo Renzi: A new leadership style for the Italian Democratic Party and Italian politics. Modern Italy, 21 (1), 7–18.
  • Sartori, G. (2005). Parties and party systems: A framework for analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge Unversity Press.
  • Silveri, U. G. (2015). Italy’s unfinished transition: Between domestic dynamics and ınternational change. Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 20 (2), 189-201.
  • Silveri, U. G. (2019). The Italian question: Systemic crisis, global change and new protagonists (1992–2018). Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 24 (3),393-401.
  • Spotts, F. ve Wieser, T. (1986). Italy: A difficult democracy - A survey of Italian politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Stavrakakis, Y. (2014). The return of ‘the people’: Populism and anti-populism in the shadow of the European crisis. Constellations, 21 (4), 505-517.
  • Tarrow, S. (1977). The Italian party system between crisis and transition. American Journal of Political Science, 21 (2), 193-224.
  • Tronconi, F. (2018). The Italian Five Star movement during the crisis: Towards normalisation?, South European Society and Politics, 23 (1), 163-180.
  • Wodak, R., Mral B. & KhosraviNik, M. (Eds.) (2013). Right-wing populism in Europe: Politics and discourse, London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yavuz Yıldırım 0000-0002-1031-1537

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldırım, Y. (2021). İtalya’nın Bitmeyen Siyasal Krizlerinde M5S, Lega ve PD Dönemi. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 30(1), 89-108.