Eski Sovyet Coğrafyasında Norm Mücadelesi ve Yumuşak Güç Dengesi: Avrasya Ekonomik Birliği ve Avrupa Birliği Arasındaki Rekabet

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 2, 323 - 347, 08.11.2022

Murat Güneylioğlu

Öz

Bu makale, Avrupa Birliği (AB) ve Rusya liderliğindeki Avrasya Ekonomik Birliği (AEB) arasındaki güç rekabeti esasına dayanan norm mücadelesini incelemektedir. Son yıllarda AEB’nin bölgesel çekiciliği artarken; AB’nin cazibesi kendi iç sorunları, daha fazla genişlemenin önündeki engeller, renkli devrimlerin başarısızlığı, bölgede otoriterliğin ve milliyetçiliğin yükselişi gibi nedenlerle azalmaktadır. Bu durum, Rusya’nın kendi koşulları ve liderliği altında alternatif bir bölgesel yönetişim mekanizması oluşturarak bölgesel etki alanını sağlamlaştırması yolunda önemli avantajlar sağlamıştır. Makale, AB ve AEB’nin örgütsel yapılarını ve normatif gündemlerini karşılaştırmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, Rusya’nın projesinin bölge ülkelerinin artan ulusal egemenlik talepleri ve bölgesel ekonomik işbirliği ihtiyacı arasındaki çelişkiyi nasıl uzlaştırdığı analiz edilmektedir. Çalışma, AB’nin bölgede bıraktığı yumuşak güç boşluğunun; egemenlik ve güçlü liderlik gibi “geleneksel Avrasya değerleri” olarak tanımlanan unsurlara dayalı normatif bir çerçeve geliştiren Rusya tarafından doldurulmakta olduğunu savunmaktadır. Makale, bu tür değerler ve AEB’nin belirli bölge ülkeleri nazarında artan cazibesi arasındaki bağlantıları karşılaştırmalı bir perspektiften incelemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Norm mücadelesi, Yumuşak güç, Avrasya Ekonomik Birliği, Avrupa Birliği, Bölgesel entegrasyon

The Norm Contestation and the Balance of Soft Power in the PostSoviet Region: The Eurasian Economic Union versus the European Union

Öz

This paper examines the power political norm contestation between the European Union (EU) and the Russian-led Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). In recent years, the EAEU has increased its regional attractiveness, while the EU’s appeal has declined due to its internal problems, the impediments to further enlargement, the failure of color revolutions, and the rise of authoritarianism and nationalism in the region. This situation has provided Russia with significant advantages in consolidating its regional sphere of influence through promoting an alternative regional governance mechanism under its own terms and leadership. The paper compares the organizational structures and normative agendas of the EU and the EAEU. In this regard, it analyzes how Russia’s project reconciles regional countries’ increasing demand for national sovereignty with their need for regional economic cooperation. The paper argues that the soft power vacuum left by the EU in the region is being filled by Russia which has not behaved solely as a “spoiler” but developed a normative framework based on sovereignty, strong leadership, and other so-called “traditional Eurasian values.” The paper examines the links between those values and the EAEU’s rising attractiveness for some regional countries from a comparative perspective.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Norm contestation, Soft power, Eurasian Economic Union, European Union, Regional integration, Norm mücadelesi, Yumuşak güç, Avrasya Ekonomik Birliği, Avrupa Birliği, Bölgesel entegrasyon

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