Governance And Policy Responses to Covid-19 In Aviation: An IGO and NGO Perspective

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 2, 217 - 237, 27.11.2023

Volkan Yavaş Ferhan Kuyucak Şengür Armağan Macit

https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2023.32.1283916

Öz

Throughout the history of the aviation industry, solutions have been developed to advance the process in its environment by developing it technologically, legally, and administratively. However, the industry has had to struggle and adapt touncertainties, changes, and negativities in its external environment. Although these rarely have positive effects on the sector, they mostly have negative effects. While pandemics are one of them, Covid-19 will undoubtedly remain one of the most symbolic. The aviation industry is struggling with all of its stakeholders to keep the industry alive, both on its own and together. While various academic studies have been carried out in terms of airlines, airports, and passengers, a limited number of studies have been conducted from the perspective of authorities, institutions, and organizations. This study investigated internal and external measures, including governance of the Covid-19 process. Therefore, studies of Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have been compiled. These studies, which were proposed during the Covid-19 process, were evaluated, and solutions were offered for the sustainability and future of aviation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19, Air Transportation, NGO, IGO, Pandemic

Havacılıkta Covid-19’a Karşı Yönetişim ve Politika Yaklaşımları: Uluslararası Otoriteler ve Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları Perspektifi

Öz

Havacılık sektörü tarihi boyunca teknolojik, yasal ve idari olarak gelişerek çevresindeki süreci ilerletmek için çözümler üretmiştir. Diğer yandan da dış çevresindeki belirsizliklere, değişimlere ve olumsuzluklara karşı mücadele etmek ve uyum sağlamak zorunda kalmıştır. Bunların nadiren sektöre olumlu yansımaları olsa da çoğunlukla olumsuz etkileri olduğu bilinmektedir. 2020 yılı itibariyle tüm dünyanın gündemine tekrar dahil olan salgın hastalıklar da bunlardan biridir. Yakın geçmişte çeşitli düzeylerde salgın hastalıklar riski olsa da tüm dünyanın ortak kaygısı haline gelen Koronavirüs (Covid-19) şüphesiz en sembolik olanlardan biri olarak kalacaktır. Havacılık sektörü tüm paydaşlarıyla hem bireysel hem de örgütlenerek sektörü ayakta tutmak için mücadele ettiği bir dönemle yüzleşmek zorunda kalmıştır. Bu konuyla ilgili olarak havayolları, havalimanları ve yolcular açısından çeşitli akademik çalışmaların da yapıldığı bilinmektedir. Ancak otoriteler, kurum ve kuruluşlar perspektifinden sınırlı sayıda çalışma ortaya konmuştur. Bu çalışma ile de akademideki bu eksikliği gidermek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, Covid-19 sürecinin yönetişimi de dâhil olmak üzere iç ve dış tedbirler incelenmiştir. Bu anlamda Uluslararası Otoriteler ve Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarının Covid-19 sürecinde yapmış olduğu çalışmalar derlenmiştir. Covid-19 sürecinde ortaya konan bu çalışmalar değerlendirilerek havacılığın sürdürülebilirliği ve geleceği için çözüm önerileri sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19, Hava Taşımacılığı, Uluslararası Otoriteler, Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları, Pandemi

Kaynakça

• Abate, M., Christidis, P., & Purwanto, A. J. (2020). Government support to airlines in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of air transport management, 89, 101931. google scholar
• ACI (2020), ACI World issues guidance on global communicable disease transmission, https://aci. aero/2020/01/24/transmission-of-communicable-diseases/ google scholar
• ACI (2020), Airport Operational Practice - Examples for Managing COVID-19, https://store.aci.aero/product/ airport-operational-practice-examples-for-managing-covid-19/ google scholar
• ACI (2020), The impact of COVID-19 on the airport business, https://store.aci.aero/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/ COVID19-4th-Economic-Impact-Advisory-Bulletin.pdf google scholar
• Albers, S., & Rundshagen, V. (2020). European airlines‘ strategic responses to the COVID-19 pandemic (January-May, 2020). Journal of air transport management, 87, 101863. google scholar
• Aşcı, H. B., Koçak, R. D., Dalmış, A. B., & Göçmen, F. D. (2022). Managing Ebola and covid-19 crises for aviation industry: did industry learn how to learn?. Revista de Investigaciones Universidad del Quindfo, 34(1), 6-20. google scholar
• AviationPros (2020), ACI World Publishes Year-end COVID-19 Economic Impact Analysis, https://www. aviationpros.com/aircraft/business-general-aviation/press-release/21165679/airports-council-international-aciworld-aci-world-publishes-yearend-covid19-economic-impact-analysis google scholar
• Budd, L., Bell, M., & Warren, A. (2011). Global health governance in the UK: airport regulation and the mobile body. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Early View, Published online, 10(1), 11. google scholar
• Davies W. (2020), “Airlines and Airports Across the World Are Working to Limit the Spread of Deadly Coronavirus. Here’s What to Know”, https://time.com/5769509/airlines-airports-china-coronavirus-screenings/ 27.11.2020 google scholar
• Deveci, M., Çiftçi, M. E., Akyurt, İ. Z., & Gonzalez, E. D. S. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the Turkish civil aviation industry. Sustainable Operations and Computers, 3, 93-102. google scholar
• Dube, K., Nhamo, G., & Chikodzi, D. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic and prospects for recovery of the global aviation industry. Journal of Air Transport Management, 92, 102022. google scholar
• Dube, K. (2022). Emerging from the COVID-19 pandemic: aviation recovery, challenges and opportunities. Aerospace, 10(1), 19. google scholar
• EASA (2020), Aviation Industry Charter for COVID-19, https://www.easa.europa.eu/aviation-industry-charter-covid-19 google scholar
• EASA (2020), Coronavirus - Advice for airlines and their crews, https://www.easa.europa.eu/document-library/ general-publications/coronavirus-advice-airlines-and-their-crews google scholar
• EASA (2020), COVID-19 Travel Information, https://www.easa.europa.eu/covid-19-travel-information google scholar
• EASA (2020), EASA issues safety directive to combat spread of COVID-19 via airline travel, https://www.easa. google scholar
• europa.eu/newsroom-and-events/news/easa-issues-safety-directive-combat-spread-covid-19-airline-travel google scholar
• EASA (2020), EASA issues SIB with recommendations in response to Coronavirus ‘2019-nCoV’outbreak, https://www.easa.europa.eu/newsroom-and-events/news/easa-issues-sib-recommendations-response-coronavirus-2019-ncovoutbreak google scholar
• EASA (2020), EASA published Guidelines for Use of Cargo Tracking Devices in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic, https://www.easa.europa.eu/newsroom-and-events/news/easa-published-guidelines-use-cargo-tracking-devices-relation-covid-19 google scholar
• EASA (2020), Health Measures - Europe and Beyond, https://www.easa.europa.eu/community/topics/health-measures-europe-and-beyond google scholar
• EASA (2020), Provision of ground handling services at aerodromes following COVID-19 outbreak, https:// www.easa.europa.eu/newsroom-and-events/news/provision-ground-handling-services-aerodromes-following-covid-19-outbreak#group-easa-downloads google scholar
• EASA (2020), Travellers should not be treated as high-risk for COVID-19 - ECDC/EASA guidelines say, https://www.easa.europa.eu/newsroom-and-events/press-releases/travellers-should-not-be-treated-high-risk-covid-19-ecdceasa google scholar
• EASA (2020), Updated COVID-19 Safety Information Bulletin with clarification on recommendations relating to fans for recirculation of air, https://www.easa.europa.eu/newsroom-and-events/news/updated-covid-19-safety-information-bulletin-clarification-recommendations google scholar
• EASA (2020), Webinars on Support Programmes: Panel 3/4 - Building trust and importance of confidentiality, https://www.easa.europa.eu/newsroom-and-events/events/webinars-support-programmes-panel-34-building-trust-and-importance google scholar
• EASA (2021), Contamination of Air Data Systems During Aircraft Parking and / or Storage due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, https://www.easa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/dfu/sib-2020-14.pdf google scholar
• EASA (2022), COVID-19 Aviation Health Safety Protocol Operational guidelines for the management of air passengers and aviation personnel in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic, https://www.easa.europa.eu/en/ downloads/114674/en google scholar
• International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 2022. Effects of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) on civil aviation: economic Impact Analysis. Montr eal, Canada. https://www.icao.int/sustainability/Documents/ COVID-19/ICAO%20COVID%202022%2003%2008%20Economic%20Impact%20Toru%20Hasegawa. pdf (Accessed 18 January 2022). google scholar
• FAA (2020), 2019 Novel Coronavirus: Interim Health Guidance from the Federal Aviation Administration and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for Air Carriers and Crews, https://www.faa.gov/sites/ faa.gov/files/other_visit/aviation_industry/airline_operators/airline_cert/CDC%20FAA%20airline%20 guidance.pdf google scholar
• FAA (2020), Considerations for State, Local, and Territorial COVID-19 Restrictions That Impact Air Transportation, https://www.faa.gov/newsroom/considerations-state-local-and-territorial-covid-19-restrictions-impact-air-transportation google scholar
• Fortune (2020), The coronavirus is officially claiming its first corporate casualties, https://fortune. com/2020/03/05/coronavirus-flybe-bankruptcy-aviation-luminous-cruising/ google scholar
• Gostin, L. O., Moon, S., & Meier, B. M. (2020). Reimagining global health governance in the age of COVID-19. American Journal of Public Health, 110(11), 1615-1619. google scholar
• Gössling, S. (2020). Risks, resilience, and pathways to sustainable aviation: A COVID-19 perspective. Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101933. google scholar
• Huang, I. Y. F. (2020). Fighting COVID-19 through government initiatives and collaborative governance: the Taiwan experience. Public Administration Review, 80(4), 665-670. google scholar
• IATA (2020), Cabin Air & Low Risk of On Board Transmission, https://www.iata.org/en/youandiata/travelers/ health/low-risk-transmission/ google scholar
• IATA (2020), COVID-19 Government Public Health Mitigation Measures, https://www.iata.org/en/programs/ COVID-19-resources-guidelines/covid-gov-mitigation/ google scholar
• IATA (2020), COVID-19 Travel Regulations Map* (powered by Timatic), https://www.iatatravelcentre.com/ world.php google scholar
• IATA (2020), Deep Losses Continue Into 2021, https://www.iata.org/en/pressroom/pr/2020-11-24-01/ google scholar
• IATA (2020), European Air Transport COVID-19 Impacts and Recovery to be Worse than other Regions, https:// www.iata.org/en/pressroom/pr/2020-12-10-01/ google scholar
• IATA (2020), IATA Outlines Layered Approach for Industry Re-Start, https://www.iata.org/en/pressroom/ pr/2020-05-19-01/ google scholar
• IATA (2020), Precautions to Take when Flying, https://www.iata.org/en/youandiata/travelers/health/precautions-to-take-flying-by-air-in-covid-times/ google scholar
• IATA (2020), Restarting aviation following COVID-19 Medical evidence for various strategies being discussed as at 27 April 2020, https://www.iata.org/contentassets/f1163430bba94512a583eb6d6b24aa56/covid-medical-evidence-for-strategies-200421.pdf google scholar
• IATA (2020), Restoring Aviation During COVID-19, https://www.iata.org/contentassets/ google scholar
• f1163430bba94512a583eb6d6b24aa56/covid-medical-evidence-for-strategies-200806.pdf google scholar
• IATA (2020), Statement on Coronavirus Outbreak in Wuhan (China), https://www.iata.org/en/pressroom/ pr/2020-01-25-01/ google scholar
• IATA (2020), The Time to Prepare for COVID-19 Vaccine Transport is Now, https://www.iata.org/en/pressroom/ pr/2020-09-09-01/ google scholar
• ICAO (2020), Aviation and COVID-19, https://www.icao.int/Security/COVID-19/Pages/default.aspx google scholar
• ICAO (2020), Effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Civil Aviation: Economic Impact Analysis, https:// www.icao.int/sustainability/Documents/COVID-19/ICAO_Coronavirus_Econ_Impact.pdf google scholar
• ICAO (2020), EUROPEAN STAKEHOLDER MITIGATION MEASURES / OUTLOOK, https://www.icao. int/EURNAT/Documents/EURNAT-Stakeholders-COVID19-MitigationMeasures.pdf, 13.11.2020 google scholar
• ICAO (2020), Global Covid-19 Airport Status, https://www.icao.int/safety/Pages/COVID-19-Airport-Status. aspx google scholar
• ICAO (2020), ICAO Council endorses new updates to COVID-19 global aviation recovery guidelines, https:// www.icao.int/Newsroom/Pages/ICAO-Council-endorses-new-updates-to-COVID19-global-aviation-recovery-guidelines.aspx google scholar
• ICAO (2020), ICAO COVID-19 MITIGATION MEASURES, https://www.icao.int/EURNAT/Documents/ ICAO-COVID-19-MitigationActions.pdf, 06.11.2020 google scholar
• ICAO (2020), ICAO Global Aviation Security Symposium 2020 (AVSEC2020), https://www.icao.int/Meetings/ AVSEC2020/Pages/default.aspx google scholar
• ICAO (2020), Implementation Package (iPack), https://www.icao.int/secretariat/TechnicalCooperation/Pages/ iPACK.aspx google scholar
• ICAO (2020), New ACI-ICAO qualification programme to enhance aviation safety, COVID-19 response worldwide, https://www.icao.int/Newsroom/Pages/New-ACI-ICAO-qualification-programme-to-enhance-aviation-safety-COVID19-response-worldwide.aspx google scholar
• ICAO (2020), New manual issued on COVID-19 testing and cross-border risk management, https://www.icao. int/Newsroom/Pages/New-manual-issued-on-COVID19-testing-and-cross-border-risk-management.aspx google scholar
• ICAO (2020), Proposed High-level Conference on COVID-19 (HLCC 2021), https://www.icao.int/Security/ COVID-19/EBandSL/Proposed%20High-level%20Conference%20on%20COVID-19-EN.pdf google scholar
• ICAO (2021), The Postal History Of Icao: Icao and the World Health Organization, https://applications.icao.int/ postalhistory/icao_and_the_world_health_organization.htm google scholar
• ICAO (2022), Operational Impact on Air Transport, https://data.icao.int/COVID-19/ google scholar
• Kilic, D., Polat, G., & Sengur, F. (2021). Havayolu İşletmelerinin COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecindeki Yönetsel Tepkileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 17(2), 353-377. google scholar
• Kim, M., & Sohn, J. (2022). Passenger, airline, and policy responses to the COVID-19COVID-19 crisis: The case of South Korea. Journal of air transport management, 98, 102144. google scholar
• Knudsen, F. B. (2002). Defining sustainability in the aviation sector. development, 25, 83. google scholar
• Kulczynski, M., Tomaszewski, M., Luniewski, M., & Olender, A. (2017). Air transport and the spread of infectious diseases. World Scientific News, 76, 123-135. google scholar
• Kuyucak, F. and Vasigh, B. (2021) “Civil Aviation”, in Encyclopedia of Globalization, Eds: Anheier, H. K., Juergensmeyer, M., & Faessel, V. (2012).. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. google scholar
• Linden, E. (2021). Pandemics and environmental shocks: What aviation managers should learn from COVID-19 for long-term planning. Journal of Air Transport Management, 90, 101944. google scholar
• Macilree, J., & Duval, D. T. (2020). Aeropolitics in a post-COVID-19 world. Journal of Air Transport Management, 88, 101864. google scholar
• Macit, A., & Macit, D. (2020). Türk Sivil Havacılık Sektöründe Covıd-19 Pandemisinin Yönetimi. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(4), 100-116. google scholar
• Marsden, G., & Docherty, I. (2021). Mega-disruptions and policy change: Lessons from the mobility sector in response to the Covid-19 pandemic in the UK. Transport Policy. google scholar
• Mehta P. (2020), https://scienceforecastoa.com/Articles/SJAAS-V2-E1-1013.pdf google scholar
• Moon, M. J. (2020). Fighting COVID-19 with agility, transparency, and participation: wicked policy problems and new governance challenges. Public administration review, 80(4), 651-656. google scholar
• Pegasus (2020), Coronavirus Precautions taken by Pegasus, https://www.flypgs.com/en/press-room/press-releases/coronavirus-precautions-taken-by-pegasus google scholar
• Runov (2014). http://www.lldc2conference.org/custom-content/uploads/2014/11/[e-mail] google scholar
• Serrano, F., & Kazda, A. (2020). The future of airport post COVID-19. Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101900. google scholar
• Sotomayor-Castillo, C., Radford, K., Li, C., Nahidi, S., & Shaban, R. Z. (2021). Air travel in a COVID-19 world: Commercial airline passengers’ health concerns and attitudes towards infection prevention and disease control measures. Infection, disease & health, 26(2), 110-117. google scholar
• Steffek, J. (2013). Explaining cooperation between IGOs and NGOs-push factors, pull factors, and the policy cycle. Review of international studies, 39(4), 993-1013. google scholar
• Suau-Sanchez, P., Voltes-Dorta, A., & Cuguero-Escofet, N. (2020). An early assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on air transport: Just another crisis or the end of aviation as we know it?. Journal of Transport Geography, 86, 102749. google scholar
• Subramanya, K., & Kermanshachi, S. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on Transportation Industry: Comparative Analysis of Road, Air, and Rail Transportation Modes. In International Conference on Transportation and Development 2021 (pp. 230-242). google scholar
• Sun, X., Wandelt, S., ve Zhang, A. (2020). How did COVID-19 impact air transportation? A first peek through the lens of complex networks. Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101928. google scholar
• Sun, X., Wandelt, S., & Zhang, A. (2022a). Aviation under COVID-19 pandemic: Status quo and how to proceed further?. Available at SSRN 4031476. google scholar
• Sun, X., Wandelt, S., & Zhang, A. (2022b). STARTUPS: Founding airlines during COVID-19-A hopeless endeavor or an ample opportunity for a better aviation system?. Transport Policy, 118, 10-19. google scholar
• Tatem, A. J., Huang, Z., Das, A., Qi, Q., Roth, J., & Qiu, Y. (2012). Air travel and vector-borne disease movement. Parasitology, 139(14), 1816-1830. google scholar
• Toczauer C. (2020), “‘Zero departure’ at Wuhan Airport amid coronavirus pandemic”, https://aircargoworld. com/news/zero-departure-at-wuhan-airport-amid-coronavirus-pandemic/ 27.11.2020 google scholar
• Wandelt, S., Sun, X., & Zhang, A. (2023). On the contagion leakage via incoming flights during China’s aviation policies in the fight against COVID-19. Journal of Air Transport Management, 108, 102377. google scholar
• Warren, A., Bell, M., & Budd, L. (2010). Airports, localities and disease: representations of global travel during the H1N1 pandemic. Health & place, 16(4), 727-735. google scholar
• Watterson, A. (2020). COVID-19 in the UK and occupational health and safety: predictable not inevitable failures by government, and trade union and nongovernmental organization responses. NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy, 30(2), 86-94. google scholar
• Worldometer (2021), Coronavirus Cases, https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ google scholar
• Zhang, J. (2020). Transport policymaking that accounts for COVID-19 and future public health threats: A PASS approach. Transport policy, 99, 405-418. google scholar