Kanser Erken Teşhis, Tarama ve Eğitim Merkezlerine Başvuran Kadınlarda Servikal Kanser ve Pap Smear Sağlık İnanç Düzeyi

Abstract

Objective: This study was conducted to determine health belief levels of women who were living in a city center and applied to Cancer Early Diagnosis Screening and Training Center towards cervical cancer and pap smear tests and identify if the sociodemographic characteristics make a difference or not. Methods: The population of the study consisted of women who applied to Cancer Early Diagnosis Screening and Training Center located in Bingöl city center for routine screening. The study was completed with 188 women. Personal Information Form and Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Test were used to collect the data of the study. Results:According to the study results, it was determined that the women had the highest mean score in pap smear barriers subscale and the lowest mean score in the cancer sensitivity subscale among subscales of Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Test. Conclusions:Most of the women participating in the study had not heard of HPV and pap smear test before, and never had a pap smear test. In addition, having heard of HPV before and knowing and having the pap smear test increased pap smear and cervical cancer benefit perception and decreased the barrier perception. In this context, the most important factor causing barrier perception towards pap smear test and cervical cancer is the lack of knowledge of women on this issue. Therefore, informing and providing counseling about pap smear test and cervical cancer by healthcare professionals is believed to be important.

Keywords

• Servikal kanser
• Pap smear
• Erken tanı

Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Health Belief Level in Women Applying to Cancer Early Diagnosis Screening and Training Center

Abstract

Objective: This study was conducted to determine health belief levels of women who were living in a city center and applied to Cancer Early Diagnosis Screening and Training Center towards cervical cancer and pap smear tests and identify if the sociodemographic characteristics make a difference or not. Methods: The population of the study consisted of women who applied to Cancer Early Diagnosis Screening and Training Center located in Bingöl city center for routine screening. The study was completed with 188 women. Personal Information Form and Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Test were used to collect the data of the study. Results:According to the study results, it was determined that the women had the highest mean score in pap smear barriers subscale and the lowest mean score in the cancer sensitivity subscale among subscales of Health Belief Model Scale for Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Test. Conclusions:Most of the women participating in the study had not heard of HPV and pap smear test before, and never had a pap smear test. In addition, having heard of HPV before and knowing and having the pap smear test increased pap smear and cervical cancer benefit perception and decreased the barrier perception. In this context, the most important factor causing barrier perception towards pap smear test and cervical cancer is the lack of knowledge of women on this issue. Therefore, informing and providing counseling about pap smear test and cervical cancer by healthcare professionals is believed to be important.

Keywords

• Cervical cancer
• Pap smear
• Early diagnosis

References

1. References 1. Kaya M. “Cervical Cancer” with a public health approach. Ed: Akın A. Hacettepe University Women's Problems Research and Application Center. HÜKSAM Publications, Ankara. 2009; 36 (1):45-51. 2. Cancer Control in Turkey (Ed. Tuncer A.M.). T.C. Ministry of Health Cancer Control Department. Ministry Publication Number: 777. Ankara. 2009;11. 3. Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J et al. Cancer Statistics 2010. A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. Sep-Oct; 2010; 60(5):277–300. 4. Kaiser Permanente Care Management Institute. Cervical cancer screening guideline.2006,www.guideline.gov. Accessed on:01.05.2019. 5. Gökaslan H, Uyar E.Screening Servical Cancer With Pap Smear. Turkish Journal of Family Practice. 2004; 8(3):105-110. 6. Ersin F, Bahar Z. Barriers and facilitating factors perceived in Turkish women’s behaviors towards early cervical cancer detection: a qualitative approach. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14(9): 4977-4982. 7. Gümüş AB, Çam O. Relatıonshıps Between Early Diagnosıs Attıtudes in Cervıcal Cancer of Women and Levels of Self-esteem, Body Perception and Hopelessness. Nobel Medicus 2011; 7(3): 46-52. 8. Özkan S, Keskinkılıç B, Gültekin M, Karaca AS, Öztürk C, Boztaş G ve ark. ed. T.C. Ministry of Health Public Health Institution. http://www.iccpportal.org/sites/default/files/plans/Ulusal_Kanser_Kontrol_Plani_ 20 13_2018.pdf. Accessed on:01.07.2019. 9. Cervical Cancer. Estimated Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide in 2012. The GLOBOCAN 2012 database. International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://gco.iarc.fr/ . Accessed on:01.05.2019. 10. Waxman AG. Guidelines for cervical cancer screening: history and scientific rationale. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2005;48(1):77-97. 11. 11. Sawaya GF, Brown AD, Washington AE, Garber AM. Clinical practice: current approaches to cervical-cancer screening. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344(21):1603-1607. 12. Güvenç G, Akyüz A, Açıkel CH. Health belief model scale for cervical cancer and pap smear test: psychometric testing. J Adv Nurs 2011; 67(2):428-37. 13. Hacıhasanoğlu Aşılar R, Köse S,Yıldırım A. Women's Knowledge, Beliefs and Behaviors About Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Test. Turkiye Klinikleri J Nurs Sci 2015;7(2):102-11. 14. Champion VL. Instrument refinement for breast cancer screening behaviours. Nurs Res 1993;42(3):139-43. 15. Champion VL. Revised susceptibility, benefits and barriers scale for mammography screening. Res Nurs Health 1999;22(4):341-8. 16. Awosan KJ, Hassan M, Ibrahim BM. Knowledge of Cervical Cancer and Uptake of Pap Smear Test and Human Papillomavirus Vaccination among Gynecologic Clinic Attendees in Sokoto, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific Study 2018; 6(5):52-58. 17. Ak M, Canbal M, Turan S, Gürbüz N. Attitude concerning the pap smear test of women who admitted to the family medicine outpatient clinic. Konuralp Tıp Dergisi 2010;2(2):1-4. 18. Ozan H, Çetinkaya Demir B, Atik Y, Gümüş E, Özerkan K. Determination of knowledge level of patients regarding HPV and HPV vaccine in outpatient clinic of obstetrics and gynecology department. Journal of Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine. 2011;37(3):145-8. 19. Duran ET. Examination with the health belief model of women’s attitudes to cervical cancer and early diagnosis in Turkey: a qualitative study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2011;12(5):1179-84. 20. Segni MT, Demissie HF, Tadesse DM, Amdemichael R, Mamo YT, Worku A. Level of Knowledge and Associated Factor toward Cervical Cancer among Women Age (21-64) Years Visiting Health Facilities in Gulele Sub-city Addis Ababa Ethiopia. Journal of the Pancreas (Online) 2017 Jan 25; 18(1):44-48. 21. Yanıkkerem E, Karakuş Selçuk A, Esmeray N. Women’s attitude and beliefs about cervical cancer and pap smear test by using the health belief model. International Journal of Cancer and Clinical Research, 2018; 5(2):1–9. 22. İflazoğlu, F. Status of Low Income and Non-Low Income Women for Taking Pap Smear In Accordance with Health Promotion Model and Examination of Affecting Factors. Journal Of Public Health Nursing. 2019; 1(3):132-146. 23. Acar GB. Health Beliefs and Affecting Factors on the Screening of Cervical Cancer for Women in the Reproductive Period. Health Sciences Institute, Department of Nursing, Master Thesis, Ankara: T.C. Yıldırım Beyazıt University, 2014.