Research Article
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Year 2022, , 143 - 156, 15.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.37898/spc.2022.7.2.164

Abstract

References

  • Abdollahi, A., & Talib, M. A. (2015). Spirituality moderates hopelessness, and suicidal ideation among Iranian depressed adolescents. Death Studies, 39(10), 579–583. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2015.1013163
  • Arpaci, I., Karataş, K., & Baloğlu, M. (2020). The development and initial tests for the psychometric properties of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S). Personality and Individual Differences, 164, 110108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110108
  • Chamberlain, K., & Zika, S. (1988). Religiosity, life meaning and wellbeing: Some relationships in a sample of women. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 27(3), 411-420. doi:10.2307/1387379
  • Del Castillo, F. A. (2020). Health, spirituality and Covid-19: Themes and insights. Journal of public health, 185, 1-2. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa185
  • Diener, E., & Diener, C. (1996). Most people are happy. Psychological Science, 7(3), 181-185.
  • Durmuş, M., & Durar, E. (2021). The relationship between spiritual well-being and fear of COVID-19 among Turkish elders. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 1-14. doi: 10.1080/15528030.2021.1894627
  • Emmons, R. A., Cheung, C., & Tehrani, K. (1998). Assessing spirituality through personal goals: Implications for research on religion and subjective well-being. Social indicators research, 45(1-3), 391-422. doi: 10.1023/A:1006926720976
  • Gillum, R. F., & Ingram, D. D. (2006). Frequency of attendance at religious services, hypertension, and blood pressure: The third national health and nutrition examination survey. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68(3), 382–385. doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000221253.90559.dd
  • Gralinski, L. E., & Menachery, V. D. (2020). Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV. Viruses, 12(2), 135. doi: 10.3390/v12020135
  • Greeley, A., & Hout, M. (2006). Happiness and lifestyle among conservative Christians. The Truth about Conservative Christians,1, 150–161.
  • Greenway, A. P., Phelan, M., Turnbull, S., & Milne, L. C. (2007). Religious coping strategies and spiritual transcendence. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 10(4), 325–333. doi:10.1080/13694670600719839
  • Gülerce, H., & Maraj, H. A. (2021). Resilience and hopelessness in turkish society: Exploring the role of spirituality in the covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 2021(63), 1-15. doi: 10.26650/JECS2020-0075.
  • Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Postmes, T., & Haslam, C. (2009). Social identity, health and well-being: An emerging agenda for applied psychology. Applied Psychology, 58(1), 1–23. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00379.x
  • Ivtzan, I., Chan, C. P. L., Gardner, H. E., & Prashar, K. (2011). Linking religion and spirituality with psychological well-being: Examining self-actualisation, meaning in life, and personal growth initiative. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(3), 915–929. doi:10.1007/s10943-011-9540-2
  • Karaırmak, Ö., & Korkut-Owen, F. (2009). Tinsellik ölçeğinin psikometrik özellikleri: Açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi. X. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi, 21-23.
  • Kasapoğlu, F. (2020). Examining the relationship between fear of covid-19 and spiritual well-being. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 5(3), 341-354. doi: 10.37898/spc.2020.5.3.121
  • Keldal, G. (2015). Warwick-edinburgh mental iyi oluş ölçeği’nin türkçe formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 103-115.
  • Keyes, C. L., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: the empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of personality and social psychology, 82(6), 1007–1022. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007
  • Kim, S. S., Reed, P. G., Hayward, R. D., Kang, Y., & Koenig, H. G. (2011). Spirituality and psychological well‐being: Testing a theory of family interdependence among family caregivers and their elders. Research in Nursing and Health, 34(2), 103-115. doi: 10.1002/nur.20425.
  • Koenig, H. G. (2012). Religion, spirituality, and health: The research and clinical implications. ISRN Psychiatry, 2012, 1–33. doi:10.5402/2012/278730
  • Koenig, H. G. (2020). Maintaining health and well-being by putting faith into action during the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Religion and Health, 1-10.
  • Koenig, H. G., Cohen, H. J., George, L. K., Hays, J. C., Larson, D. B., & Blazer, D. G. (1997). Attendance at religious services, interleukin-6, and other biological parameters of immune function in older adults. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 27(3), 233-250.
  • Levin, J. S., & Chatters, L. M. (1998). Religion, health, and psychological well-being in older adults: Findings from three national surveys. Journal of aging and health, 10(4), 504-531. doi: 10.1177/089826439801000406
  • Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N., & Zhu, T. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active Weibo users. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(6), 1-9. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17062032
  • Lucchetti, G., Góes, L. G., Amaral, S. G., Ganadjian, G. T., Andrade, I., Almeida, P. O., de A., … Manso, M. E. G. (2020). Spirituality, religiosity and the mental health consequences of social isolation during Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 00, 1-8. doi:10.1177/0020764020970996
  • Lucas, R. E., & Diener, E. (2010). Personality and subjective well-being. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.). Handbook of personality: Theory and research. (pp. 45-76). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Maraj, H. A., Gülerce, H., Rana, S., & Meraj, M. (2020). Resilience and hopelessness: Exploring the mediator role of spirituality in the global situation of covid-19. Jurnal Kajian Wilayah, 11(1), 1-16. doi: 10.14203/jkw.v11i1.844
  • Milliman, J., Czaplewski, A. J., & Ferguson, J. (2003). Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes an exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 16(4), 426-447. doi: 10.1108/09534810310484172
  • Mishra, S. K., Togneri, E., Tripathi, B., & Trikamji, B. (2017). Spirituality and religiosity and its role in health and diseases. Journal of religion and health, 56(4), 1282-1301. doi: 10.1007/s10943-015-0100-z
  • Mortazavi, F., Mehrabadi, M., & KiaeeTabar, R. (2021). Pregnant women’s well-being and worry during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 21(59). doi:10.1186/s12884-021-03548-4
  • Ozturk, A. (2013). Uludağ üniversitesi eğitim fakültesi öğrencilerinin öznel iyi oluş düzeyleri ise tinsellik, iyimserlik, kaygı ve olumsuz duygu düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • Petersen, L., & Roy, A. (1985). Religiosity, anxiety, and meaning and purpose: Religion's consequences for psychological well-being. Review of Religious Research, 27(1), 49-62. doi:10.2307/3511937
  • Prazeres, F., Passos, L., Simoes, J. A., Simoes, P., Martins, C., & Teixeira, A. (2020). COVID-19-related fear and anxiety: Spiritual-religious coping in healthcare workers in portugal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 1-11. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18010220
  • Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. General psychiatry, 33(2), 1-3. doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
  • Raghavan, R., Ferlic-Stark, L., Clarke, C., Rungta, M., & Goodgame, R. (2013). The role of patient religiosity in the evaluation and treatment outcomes for chronic HCV infection. Journal of religion and health, 52(1), 79-90. doi: 10.1007/s10943-011-9455-y
  • Sahin, M. (2020). Impact of weather on Covid-19 pandemic in Turkey. Science of Total Environment, 728, 1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138810.
  • Tiliouine, H., Cummins, R. A., & Davern, M. (2009). Islamic religiosity, subjective well-being, and health. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 12(1), 55-74. doi: 10.1080/13674670802118099
  • Turska, E., & Stepien-Lampa, N. (2021). Well-being of Polish university students after the first year of the coronavirus pandemic: The role of core self-evaluations, social support and fear of COVID-19. Plos One, 16(11). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259296
  • Velavan, T. P., & Meyer, C. G. (2020). The Covid-19 epidemic. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 25(3),278-280. doi: 10.1111/tmi.13383.
  • Weston, S., & Frieman, M. B. (2020). COVID-19: knowns, unknowns, and questions. Msphere, 5(2), 1-5. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00203-20
  • Williams, D. R., & Sternthal, M. J. (2007). Spirituality, religion and health: evidence and research directions. Medical Journal of Australia, 186(S10). doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01040.x
  • Witter, R. A., Stock, W. A., Okun, M. A., & Haring, M. J. (1985). Religion and subjective wellbeing in adult hood: A quantitative synthesis. Review of Religious Research, 26(3), 332-342. doi: 10.2307/3511048
  • World Health Organization (2022, March 10). Retrieved from https://covid19.who.int/
  • Zhang, J., Lu, H., Zeng, H., Zhang, S., Du, Q., Jiang, T., & Du, B. (2020). The differential psychological distress of populations affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. Brain, Behavior and Immunity. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.031
  • Zu, Z. Y., Jiang, M. D., Xu, P. P., Chen, W., Ni, Q. Q., Lu, G. M., & Zhang, L. J. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A perspective from China. Radiology, 296(2). doi:10.1148/radiol.2020200490

The Moderator Role of Spirituality on the Relationship between Fear of COVID-19 and Psychological Well-Being

Year 2022, , 143 - 156, 15.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.37898/spc.2022.7.2.164

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the relationship between fear of the COVID-19 Pandemic and psychological well-being in Turkey, by concentrating on spirituality as a moderator role. Keeping in mind Turkey’s religious and spiritual beliefs, and with the pandemic, the relationship between spirituality, fear of COVID-19 and well-being, needs to be discussed. It is hypothesized that the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and psychological well-being will be moderated by individuals’ spirituality. The survey method was used, and online data was gathered by a snowballing sample. The total of the sampling group consisted of 473 participants. In the analysis process, Process Macro v3.5 was used for moderation analysis. The findings indicate that spirituality has a moderator role on the model, especially when the spiritality of individuals’ was at a high or medium level. The results indicate that there is a moderator role of spirituality between the relationship of fear of COVID-19 and well-being, and it was so among individuals who have medium to high spirituality. The importance of the findings are discussed.

References

  • Abdollahi, A., & Talib, M. A. (2015). Spirituality moderates hopelessness, and suicidal ideation among Iranian depressed adolescents. Death Studies, 39(10), 579–583. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2015.1013163
  • Arpaci, I., Karataş, K., & Baloğlu, M. (2020). The development and initial tests for the psychometric properties of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S). Personality and Individual Differences, 164, 110108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110108
  • Chamberlain, K., & Zika, S. (1988). Religiosity, life meaning and wellbeing: Some relationships in a sample of women. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 27(3), 411-420. doi:10.2307/1387379
  • Del Castillo, F. A. (2020). Health, spirituality and Covid-19: Themes and insights. Journal of public health, 185, 1-2. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa185
  • Diener, E., & Diener, C. (1996). Most people are happy. Psychological Science, 7(3), 181-185.
  • Durmuş, M., & Durar, E. (2021). The relationship between spiritual well-being and fear of COVID-19 among Turkish elders. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 1-14. doi: 10.1080/15528030.2021.1894627
  • Emmons, R. A., Cheung, C., & Tehrani, K. (1998). Assessing spirituality through personal goals: Implications for research on religion and subjective well-being. Social indicators research, 45(1-3), 391-422. doi: 10.1023/A:1006926720976
  • Gillum, R. F., & Ingram, D. D. (2006). Frequency of attendance at religious services, hypertension, and blood pressure: The third national health and nutrition examination survey. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68(3), 382–385. doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000221253.90559.dd
  • Gralinski, L. E., & Menachery, V. D. (2020). Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV. Viruses, 12(2), 135. doi: 10.3390/v12020135
  • Greeley, A., & Hout, M. (2006). Happiness and lifestyle among conservative Christians. The Truth about Conservative Christians,1, 150–161.
  • Greenway, A. P., Phelan, M., Turnbull, S., & Milne, L. C. (2007). Religious coping strategies and spiritual transcendence. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 10(4), 325–333. doi:10.1080/13694670600719839
  • Gülerce, H., & Maraj, H. A. (2021). Resilience and hopelessness in turkish society: Exploring the role of spirituality in the covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 2021(63), 1-15. doi: 10.26650/JECS2020-0075.
  • Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Postmes, T., & Haslam, C. (2009). Social identity, health and well-being: An emerging agenda for applied psychology. Applied Psychology, 58(1), 1–23. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00379.x
  • Ivtzan, I., Chan, C. P. L., Gardner, H. E., & Prashar, K. (2011). Linking religion and spirituality with psychological well-being: Examining self-actualisation, meaning in life, and personal growth initiative. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(3), 915–929. doi:10.1007/s10943-011-9540-2
  • Karaırmak, Ö., & Korkut-Owen, F. (2009). Tinsellik ölçeğinin psikometrik özellikleri: Açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi. X. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi, 21-23.
  • Kasapoğlu, F. (2020). Examining the relationship between fear of covid-19 and spiritual well-being. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 5(3), 341-354. doi: 10.37898/spc.2020.5.3.121
  • Keldal, G. (2015). Warwick-edinburgh mental iyi oluş ölçeği’nin türkçe formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 103-115.
  • Keyes, C. L., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: the empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of personality and social psychology, 82(6), 1007–1022. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007
  • Kim, S. S., Reed, P. G., Hayward, R. D., Kang, Y., & Koenig, H. G. (2011). Spirituality and psychological well‐being: Testing a theory of family interdependence among family caregivers and their elders. Research in Nursing and Health, 34(2), 103-115. doi: 10.1002/nur.20425.
  • Koenig, H. G. (2012). Religion, spirituality, and health: The research and clinical implications. ISRN Psychiatry, 2012, 1–33. doi:10.5402/2012/278730
  • Koenig, H. G. (2020). Maintaining health and well-being by putting faith into action during the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Religion and Health, 1-10.
  • Koenig, H. G., Cohen, H. J., George, L. K., Hays, J. C., Larson, D. B., & Blazer, D. G. (1997). Attendance at religious services, interleukin-6, and other biological parameters of immune function in older adults. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 27(3), 233-250.
  • Levin, J. S., & Chatters, L. M. (1998). Religion, health, and psychological well-being in older adults: Findings from three national surveys. Journal of aging and health, 10(4), 504-531. doi: 10.1177/089826439801000406
  • Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N., & Zhu, T. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active Weibo users. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(6), 1-9. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17062032
  • Lucchetti, G., Góes, L. G., Amaral, S. G., Ganadjian, G. T., Andrade, I., Almeida, P. O., de A., … Manso, M. E. G. (2020). Spirituality, religiosity and the mental health consequences of social isolation during Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 00, 1-8. doi:10.1177/0020764020970996
  • Lucas, R. E., & Diener, E. (2010). Personality and subjective well-being. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.). Handbook of personality: Theory and research. (pp. 45-76). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Maraj, H. A., Gülerce, H., Rana, S., & Meraj, M. (2020). Resilience and hopelessness: Exploring the mediator role of spirituality in the global situation of covid-19. Jurnal Kajian Wilayah, 11(1), 1-16. doi: 10.14203/jkw.v11i1.844
  • Milliman, J., Czaplewski, A. J., & Ferguson, J. (2003). Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes an exploratory empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 16(4), 426-447. doi: 10.1108/09534810310484172
  • Mishra, S. K., Togneri, E., Tripathi, B., & Trikamji, B. (2017). Spirituality and religiosity and its role in health and diseases. Journal of religion and health, 56(4), 1282-1301. doi: 10.1007/s10943-015-0100-z
  • Mortazavi, F., Mehrabadi, M., & KiaeeTabar, R. (2021). Pregnant women’s well-being and worry during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 21(59). doi:10.1186/s12884-021-03548-4
  • Ozturk, A. (2013). Uludağ üniversitesi eğitim fakültesi öğrencilerinin öznel iyi oluş düzeyleri ise tinsellik, iyimserlik, kaygı ve olumsuz duygu düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • Petersen, L., & Roy, A. (1985). Religiosity, anxiety, and meaning and purpose: Religion's consequences for psychological well-being. Review of Religious Research, 27(1), 49-62. doi:10.2307/3511937
  • Prazeres, F., Passos, L., Simoes, J. A., Simoes, P., Martins, C., & Teixeira, A. (2020). COVID-19-related fear and anxiety: Spiritual-religious coping in healthcare workers in portugal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 1-11. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18010220
  • Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. General psychiatry, 33(2), 1-3. doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
  • Raghavan, R., Ferlic-Stark, L., Clarke, C., Rungta, M., & Goodgame, R. (2013). The role of patient religiosity in the evaluation and treatment outcomes for chronic HCV infection. Journal of religion and health, 52(1), 79-90. doi: 10.1007/s10943-011-9455-y
  • Sahin, M. (2020). Impact of weather on Covid-19 pandemic in Turkey. Science of Total Environment, 728, 1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138810.
  • Tiliouine, H., Cummins, R. A., & Davern, M. (2009). Islamic religiosity, subjective well-being, and health. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 12(1), 55-74. doi: 10.1080/13674670802118099
  • Turska, E., & Stepien-Lampa, N. (2021). Well-being of Polish university students after the first year of the coronavirus pandemic: The role of core self-evaluations, social support and fear of COVID-19. Plos One, 16(11). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259296
  • Velavan, T. P., & Meyer, C. G. (2020). The Covid-19 epidemic. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 25(3),278-280. doi: 10.1111/tmi.13383.
  • Weston, S., & Frieman, M. B. (2020). COVID-19: knowns, unknowns, and questions. Msphere, 5(2), 1-5. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00203-20
  • Williams, D. R., & Sternthal, M. J. (2007). Spirituality, religion and health: evidence and research directions. Medical Journal of Australia, 186(S10). doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01040.x
  • Witter, R. A., Stock, W. A., Okun, M. A., & Haring, M. J. (1985). Religion and subjective wellbeing in adult hood: A quantitative synthesis. Review of Religious Research, 26(3), 332-342. doi: 10.2307/3511048
  • World Health Organization (2022, March 10). Retrieved from https://covid19.who.int/
  • Zhang, J., Lu, H., Zeng, H., Zhang, S., Du, Q., Jiang, T., & Du, B. (2020). The differential psychological distress of populations affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. Brain, Behavior and Immunity. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.031
  • Zu, Z. Y., Jiang, M. D., Xu, P. P., Chen, W., Ni, Q. Q., Lu, G. M., & Zhang, L. J. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A perspective from China. Radiology, 296(2). doi:10.1148/radiol.2020200490
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Research
Authors

Alzira G. Gireyhan This is me 0000-0002-7203-5128

Publication Date June 15, 2022
Submission Date December 11, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Gireyhan, A. G. (2022). The Moderator Role of Spirituality on the Relationship between Fear of COVID-19 and Psychological Well-Being. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 7(2), 143-156. https://doi.org/10.37898/spc.2022.7.2.164