19. YÜZYILIN SIRADIŞI SANAT HAREKETİ: PRE-RAPHAELITE KARDEŞLİĞİ VE SEMBOLİZMİ

Öz

İngiltere’de 1848 yılında Kraliyet Akademisi öğrencisi üç genç; William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais ve Dante Gabriel Rossetti, akademinin idealist eğitim sistemine karşı gelerek Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (Pre-Raphaelite Kardeşliği) adında bir grup kurmuşlardır. Pre-Raphaelite Kardeşliği, etkin bir şekilde 1848-1854 yılları arasında faaliyet göstermiştir. Kardeşlik, akademinin geleneksel kurallarına başkaldırı olarak sanatın bir tür ahlaki amaca hizmet etmesi gerektiğini savunmuştur. İngiliz resim tarihinde eserleri için seçtikleri konular ve bu konuları izleyiciye aktarma konusunda kullandıkları semboller nedeniyle 19. yüzyılın sanat dünyasına yeni bir soluk getiren Pre-Raphaelite Kardeşliği,  resimlerindeki sembolizm ve bu sembolizmin kaynakları ile ön plana çıkmıştır. Bu nedenle çalışmada, İngiltere’de 19. yüzyılda politik ve sosyal yaşamın sanatta yorumlanmasında katkısı olduğu düşünülen Pre-Raphaelite Kardeşliği’nin, eserlerindeki tasvirleri sembol olarak kullanırken neyi, nasıl anlattıkları ve hedefleri irdelenmiştir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Resim Sanatı,Sembolizm,İngiliz Resim Sanatı,Viktorya Dönemi,Endüstri Devrimi

EXTRAORDINARY ART MOVEMENT OF 19th CENTURY: PRE-RAPHAELİTE BROTHERHOOD AND THEIR SYMBOLISM

Öz

In England, in 1848, three young Royal Academy students; William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, founded a group called Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, acting against academy’s idealistic system. Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was effectively operated between 1848-1854. Pre-Raphaelites as an unsurprising movement against the traditional rules of academic art argued that art should serve to moral purpose. In the history of British Painting, by the accomplishment of the subjects chosen for their works and to transfer these issues to viewer by means of symbols that brought a new breath into the world of 19th century art world, came to the forefront by symbolism in their paintings and the sources of their symbolism. For this reason, study explores what they are describing, how they describe it and their goals while using the depictions in their works as a symbol in the paintings of Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, which was thought to have contributed to the interpretation of political and social life in art in 19th century.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Painting Art,Symbolism,British Painting Art,Victorian Era,Industrial Revolution

Kaynakça

1. Brooks, C. (1984), Signs for the Times. Symbolic Realism in the Mid-Victorian World, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2. Cheney, L. G. (Ed.) (1992), Pre-Raphaelitisim and Medievalism in the Arts, Wales: Edwin Melles Press.
3. Denis, R.C. ve Colin, T. (2000), Art and the Academy in the Nineteenth Century, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
4. Dickens, C. (15 Haziran 1850), Old Lamps for New Ones, Household Words (12), 12-14.
5. Gere, J. A. (1995), Pre-Raphaelite Drawings in the British Museum, London: British Museum Publications.
6. Grieve, A. (1984), Style and content in Pre-Raphaelite Drawings 1848-50, The Pre-Raphaelite Papers, ed. Leslie Parris, London: Tate Gallery Publishing, 23-43.
7. Homans, M. (1998), Royal Representations: Queen Victoria and British Culture, 1837-1876, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
8. Griffin, B. (2012), The Politics of Gender in Victorian Britain: Masculinity, Political Culture and the Struggle for Women’s Rights, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

9. Hilton, T. (2010), The Pre-Raphaelites, London: Thames & Hudson.
10. Hunt, W. H. (1905), Pre-Raphaelitism and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood I, New York: E. P. Dutton&Company.
11. Landow, G. P. (1980), Victorian Types, Victorian Shadows: Biblical Typology in Victorian Literature, Art, and Thought, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
12. Prettejohn, E. (2000), The Art of the Pre-Raphaelites, London: Tate Publishing.
13. Ruskin, J. (1848), Modern Painters I, London: Smith, Elder and Co.
14. Spalding, F. (1978), Magnificent Dreams, Burne-Jones and the Late Victorians, New York: E.P. Dutton.
15. Stevenson, J. (1993), Social Aspects of the Industrial Revolution, The Industrial Revolution and British Society, ed. Patrick O’Brien ve Roland Quinault, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 229-253.
16. Tobin, T. J. (1996), The Critical Reception of Pre-Raphaelite Painting and Poetry: 1850-1900, Manchester: Heckman.
17. Tobin, T. J. (2000), John Ruskin’s Defence of Pre-Raphaelitism in the London Times, The Pre-Raphaelite Society, Volume VIII, Number 1, 19-29.
18. Wood, C. (1997), The Pre-Raphaelites, London: Seven Dials.
19. Alıntılanan Resimlerin Bulunduğu İnternet Kaynakları:
20. http://www.npg.org.uk/collections
21. https://www.mutualart.com/Artwork/
22. http://www.victorianweb.org/painting/millais/paintings/5.html
23. http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/millais-mariana-t07553
24. http://manchesterartgallery.org/collections/search/collection/?id=1896.29
25. http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/hunt-the-awakening-conscience-t02075
26. http://manchesterartgallery.org/collections/search/collection/?id=1912.53
27. http://www.bmagic.org.uk/objects/1887P953
28. http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/rossetti-ecce
29. http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/millais-christ-in-the-house-of-his-parents-the-carpenters-shop-n03584
30. www.grabadosantiguos-coleccionfurio.com/obras0112.php