The Effect of Decision-Making Skills Psycho-Training Programme Related Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Decision Making Styles
Year 2018,
, 109 - 130, 29.12.2018
Mustafa Ercengiz
,
Ali Haydar Şar
Abstract
This study examines the effect of decision-making skills psycho-
training programme improved based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on
individuals’ decision-making styles. In the study, 2*3 split pilot design was
used. Decision Making Style Scale and Personal Information Form were applied as
data collection tools. To determine whether there is any significant difference
between measurements and groups, two-factor variance analysis technique was
utilized for iterative measurements on one factor. The findings indicate that
the effect of Intervention*Time is significant on dependent decision-making
style and avoidant decision making. However, Intervantion*Time does not have a
significant effect on instant decision-making, intuitive decision-making and
rational decision-making styles. Bonferonni compatible multiple comparison
tests and variance analysis were used to determine the reason for the
difference on Dependent and Avoidant Decision-Making Styles. According to the
findings, the psycho-training programme significantly decrease individuals’
dependent decision-making styles and the decrease has continued throughout the
monitoring test. Bonferonni compatible test and variance analysis on Avoidant
Decision-making point out that the psycho-training programme significantly
decrease individuals’ avoidant decision-making styles and the decrease has
continued throughout the monitoring test. The findings were discussed and some
implications were presented for future studies and other researchers.
References
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Single-Arm Trial of The Second Version of An Acceptance & Commitment Therapy Smartphone Application For Smoking. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 170, 37-42.Bricker, J. B., Mull, K. E., Kientz, J. A., Vilardaga, R., Mercer, L. D., Akioka, K. J. and Heffner, J. L. (2014). Randomized, Controlled Pilot Trial of A Smartphone App For Smoking Cessation Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 143, 87-94.Brown, N. W. (2004). Psychoeducational Groups Process and Practice. New York: Brunner-RoutledgeBrown, R. A., Lejuez, C. W., Kahler, C. W. and Strong, D. R. (2002). Distress Tolerance and Duration of Past Smoking Cessation Attempts. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 180–185.Bulduk, S. (2003). Psikolojide Deneysel Araştırma Yöntemleri. İstanbul: Çantay Kitabevi.Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2013). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.Clemen, R. T. and Reilly, T. (2001). Making Hard Decisions With Decision Tools. New York: Duxbury Thomson Learning.Crosby, J. M. and Twohig, M. P. (2016). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy For Problematic Internet Pornography Use: A Randomized Trial. Behavior Therapy, 47(3), 355-366.Çakır, M. A. (2004). Mesleki Karar Envanterinin Geliştirilmesi, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(2), 1-14.Delucia-Waack, J. L. (2006). Leading Psychoeducational Groups For Children and Adolescents. United Kingdom: Sage Publications.Dilmaç, B. ve Bozgeyikli, H. (2009). Öğretmen Adaylarının Öznel İyi Olma ve Karar Verme Stillerinin İncelenmesi. Erzincan Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 171-187.Erkan, S., Özbay, Y., Cihangir Çankaya, Z. ve Terzi, Ş. (2012). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Yaşadıkları Problemler ve Psikolojik Yardım Arama Gönüllülükleri. Eğitim ve Bilim, 37(164), 94-107.Exline, J. J., Kaplan, K.J. I. and Grubbs, J. B. (2012). Anger, Exit and Assertion: Do People See Protest Toward God As Morally Acceptable? Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4(4), 264-277. DOİ.Org/10.1037/A0027667Feldner, M. T., Zvolensky, M. J., Eifert, G. H. and Spira A. P. (2003). Emotional Avoidance: An Experimental Test of İndividual Differences and Response Suppression Using Biological Challenge. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 41(4), 403-411. DOİ.Org/10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00020-7. Forman, E.M, Herbert, J.D.(2009). New directions in cognitive behavior therapy: Acceptance-based therapies. In: O’Donohue W, Fisher JE, editors. General principles and empirically supported techniques of cognitive behavior therapy. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2009. pp. 102–114.Fuligni, A. J. and Eccles, J. S. (1993). Perceived Parent-Child Relationships and Early Adolescents’ Orientation Toward Peers. Developmental Psychology, 29, 622-632.Gifford, E. V., Kohlenberg, B. S., Hayes, S. C., Pierson, H. M., Piasecki, M. P., Antonuccio, D. O. and Palm, K. M. (2011). Does Acceptance and Relationship Focused Behavior Therapy Contribute To Bupropion Outcomes? A Randomized Controlled Trial of Functional Analytic Psychotherapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy For Smoking Cessation. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 700-715.Harris., R.(2009). Act’yi Kolay Öğrenmek, (Çev. Hasan Turan Karatepe, 2016). İstanbul: Literal Yayıncılık. Hayes, S. C. (2004). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Relational Frame Theory and The Third Wave of Behavior Therapy. Behavior Therapy, 35, 639-665.Hayes, S. C. and Strosahl, K. D. (2004). A Practical Guide To Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. New York: Springer-Verlag.Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D. and Roche, B. (2001). Relational Frame Theory: A Post-Skinnerian Account of Human Language and Cognition. New York: Plenum Press.Hayes, S. C., Follette, V. M. and Linehan, M. M. (2004). Mindfulness and Acceptance: Expanding The Cognitive-Behavioral Tradition. New York: Guilford Press.Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J., Bond, F., Masuda, A. and Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: Model, Processes, and Outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1-25Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D. and Wilson, K. G. (2003). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An Experiential Approach To Behavior Change. New York: Guilford Press.Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., Bunting, K., Twohig, M. and Wilson, K. G. (2004). What İs Acceptance and Commitment Therapy? In S. C. Hayes and K. D. Strosahl (Eds.), A Practical Guide To Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (3-29). New York: Springer-Verlag.Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M. and Strosahl, K. (1996). Emotional Avoidance and Behavioral Disorders: A Functional Dimensional Approach To Diagnosis and Treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1152–1168.Herbert, J. D. and Forman, E. M. (2011). The Evolution of Cognitive Behavior Therapy: The Rise of Psychological Acceptance and Mindfulness. Hovardaoğlu, S. (2000). Davranış Bilimleri İçin Araştırma Teknikleri. Ankara: Ve-Ga. Juarascio, A., Shaw, J., Forman, E. M., Timko, C. A., Herbert, J. D., Butryn, M. L. and Lowe, M. (2013). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy For Eating Disorders: Clinical Applications of A Group Treatment. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 2, 85-94.Kalyencioğlu, D. ve Kutlu, Y. (2010). Ergenlerin Aile İşlevi Algılarına Göre Uyum Düzeyleri. İ.U.F.N. Hem. Dergisi, 18(2), 56-62.Karaman, K. M. ve Kurtoğlu, M. (2009). Öğretmen Adaylarının İnternet Bağımlılığı Hakkındaki Görüşleri. XI. Akademik Bilişim Konferansı, Şanlıurfa.Kashdan, T. B., Barrios, V., Forsyth, J. P. and Steger, M. F. (2006). Use and Avoidance As A Generalized Psychological Vulnerability: Comparison of Coping and Emotional Regulation Strategies. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 9, 1301-1320.Kräplin, A., Dshemuchadse, M., Behrendt, S., Scherbaum, S., Goschke, T. and Bühringer, G. (2014). Dysfunctional Decision-Makingin Pathological Gambling: PatternSpecificity and The Role of İmpulsivity. Psychiatry Research, (215), 675–682.Kuzgun, Y. (2006). Meslek Gelişimi ve Danışmanlığı. (2.Basım). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.Leddy, M. A., Anderson, B. L. and Schulkin, J. (2013). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Decision Science. New Ideas in Psychology, Advance Onlıne Publıcation. DOİ.Org/10.1016/J.Newideapsych.2015.01.001.Lim, J. Y., Kim, M. A., Kim, S. Y., Kim, E. J., Lee, J. E. and Ko, Y. K. (2010). The Effects of A Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy On Career Attitude Maturity, Decision Making Style, and Self Esteem of Nursing Students in Korea. Nurse Today Education,30(8), 731–736Manasse, S. M., Espel, H. M., Schumacher, L. M., Kerrigan, S. G., Zhang F,. Forman, E. M. and Juarascio, A. S. (2016). Does İmpulsivity Predict Outcome in Treatment For Binge Eating Disorder? A Multimodal İnvestigation. Appetite, 105(1), 172-179.Maxwell, J. A. (1992). Understanding and Validity in Qualitative Research. Harvard Educational Review, 62(3), 279-300.Miller, D.C. and Byrnes, J. P. (2001). Adolescents Decision Making in Social Situations: A Self-Regulation Perspective, Applied Developmental Psychology, 22, 237-256.Morrison, K. L., Madden, G. J., Odum, A. L., Friedel, J. E. and Twohig, M. P. (2014). Altering Impulsive Decision Making With An Acceptance Based Procedure. Behavior Therapy, 45(5), 630-639.Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S. and Barratt, E. S. (1995). Factor Structure of The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. J Clin Psychol, 51, 768-774.Payne, W. J., Bettman R. J. and Johnson J. E. (1993). The Adaptive Decision Maker. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Perlman, A. (2016). Informed Mindfulness and The Art of Decision Making, Elsevier, .DOİ.Org/10.1016/J.Explore.2016.12. 14Plumb, J. C., Stewart, I., Dahl, J. and Lundgren, T. (2009). In Search of Meaning: Values in Modern Clinical Behavior Analysis. The Behavior Analyst, 32, 85-103.Sarı, E. (2006). Türk Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Aceleci, Araştırıcı ve Genel Kararsızlık Kendilik Saygısı Düzeylerine Etkileri. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 3(2), 897-926.Schultz, D. P. and Schultz, S. E. (2004). Modern Psikoloji Tarihi (Çev. Y. Aslay). İstanbul: Kaknüs.Schvaneveldt, J. D., Adams, G. R. (1983). Adolescent and The Decision-Making Process. Theory Into Practice, 22(2), 98-104.Scott, S. G. and Bruce, R. A. (1995). Decision Making Style: The Development and Sssessment of A New Measure. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55(5), 818-831.Spicer, P. D. and Smıth, S. E. (2005). An Examination of The General Decision Makingstyle. www.Sciencedirect.com.tr adlı adresten 10.12.2016 tarihinde Onlıne Erişim. DOİ.Org/10.2307/1884852.Strauss, S. S. and Clarke, B. A. (1992). Decision-Making Patterns in Adolescent Mothers. Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 24(1), 69–74.Taşdelen, A. (2002). Öğretmen Adaylarının Farklı Psiko-Sosyal Değişkenlere Göre Karar Verme Stilleri. Yayımlanmamış DoktoraTezi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü: İzmir.Taşdelen-Karkçay, A. (2004). Karar Verme Stilleri Ölçeğinin Öğretmen Adayları İçin Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16, 118-124.Thomson, R., Lebiere, C., Anderson, J. R. and Staszewski, J. (2014). A General İnstance-Based Learning Framework For Studying İntuitive Decision-Making in A Cognitive Architecture. Journal of Applied Research in MemoryandCognition,4(3),180190.DOİ.Org/10.1016/J.Jarmac.2014.06.002Twohig, M. P. and Crosby, J. M. (2010). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy As A Treatment For Problematic Internet Pornography Viewing. Behavior Therapy, 41(3), 285–295.Yıkılmaz, M. (2001). Eğitim Fakülteleri Yöneticilerinin Yönetimsel Karar Verme/Sorun Çözme Yeterliliği. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Gazi Üniversitesi, Eğitim Yönetimi ve Denetimi Bilim Dalı, Ankara. Yüceloğlu–Keskin, D. Ö., Bayram, L., Günay-Derebaşı, D., Bostancı, Ö. ve Kabadayı, M. (2016). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Kullandıkları Karar Verme Stratejilerinin Bazı Demografik Değişkenlere Göre İncelenmesi. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, (1)2, 1-12.
Kabul ve Kararlılık Terapisi Yönelimli Karar Verme Becerisi Psikoeğitim Programının Karar Verme Stilleri Üzerindeki Etkisi
Year 2018,
, 109 - 130, 29.12.2018
Mustafa Ercengiz
,
Ali Haydar Şar
Abstract
Araştırmada Kabul ve Kararlılık Terapisi temelli
geliştirilen karar verme becerisi psikoeğitim programının karar verme stilleri
üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Araştırmada 2x3’lük split plot desen
kullanılmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak Karar Verme Stilleri Ölçeği ve
Kişisel Bilgi Formu uygulanmıştır. Ölçümlerden edinilen verilerin analizinde,
tek faktör üzerinde tekrarlı ölçümler için iki faktörlü varyans analizi tekniği
kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda; Müdahale * zaman etkisinin Bağımlı ve
Kaçınmacı Karar Verme Stilinde anlamlı olduğu; Anlık, Sezgisel ve Rasyonel
Karar Verme Stillerinde anlamlı olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Bağımlı ve Kaçınmacı
Karar Verme Stillerinde oluşan farklılaşmanın kaynağının belirlenmesi için
Bonferonni testi ve varyans analizi kullanılmıştır. Edinilen bulgulara gore;
psikoeğitim programının bireylerin Bağımlı Karar Verme Stillerinde anlamlı
düşüşler oluşturduğu ve bu düşüşün izleme testinde de devam ettiği
belirlenmiştir. Kaçınmacı Karar Verme Stili için uygulanan Bonferonni testi ve
varyans analizi sonucunda ise psikoeğitim programının bireylerin Kaçınmacı
Karar Verme Stilinde anlamlı düşüşler oluşturduğu ve bu düşüşlerin izleme
sürecinde de devam ettiği belirlenmiştir.
References
- Alfonso, J. P., Caracuel, A., Delgado-Pastor, L. C. and Verdejo-García, A. (2011). Combined Goal Management Training and Mindfulness Meditation İmprove Executive Functions and Decision-Making Performance in Abstinent Polysubstance Abusers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence,117(1), 78-81.Arık, A. (1998). Psikolojide Bilimsel Yöntem, İstanbul: Çantay Kitabevi. Bavol’ár, J. and Orosová, O. (2015). Decision-Making Styles and Their Associations With Decision-Making Competencies and Mental Health. Judgment and Decision Making, 10(1), 115–122.Black, D. S., Sussman, S., Johnson, C. A. and Milam, J. (2012). Testing The İndirect Effect of Trait Mindfulness On Adolescent Cigarette Smoking Through Negative Affect and Perceived Stress Mediators. Journal of Substance Use, 17, 417-429. DOI: 10.3109 / 14659891.2011.587092.Bricker, J. B., Copeland, W., Mull, K. E., Zeng, E. Y., Watson, N. L., Akioka, K. J. and Heffner, J. L. (2017). Single-Arm Trial of The Second Version of An Acceptance & Commitment Therapy Smartphone Application For Smoking. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 170, 37-42.Bricker, J. B., Mull, K. E., Kientz, J. A., Vilardaga, R., Mercer, L. D., Akioka, K. J. and Heffner, J. L. (2014). Randomized, Controlled Pilot Trial of A Smartphone App For Smoking Cessation Using Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 143, 87-94.Brown, N. W. (2004). Psychoeducational Groups Process and Practice. New York: Brunner-RoutledgeBrown, R. A., Lejuez, C. W., Kahler, C. W. and Strong, D. R. (2002). Distress Tolerance and Duration of Past Smoking Cessation Attempts. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 180–185.Bulduk, S. (2003). Psikolojide Deneysel Araştırma Yöntemleri. İstanbul: Çantay Kitabevi.Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2013). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.Clemen, R. T. and Reilly, T. (2001). Making Hard Decisions With Decision Tools. New York: Duxbury Thomson Learning.Crosby, J. M. and Twohig, M. P. (2016). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy For Problematic Internet Pornography Use: A Randomized Trial. Behavior Therapy, 47(3), 355-366.Çakır, M. A. (2004). Mesleki Karar Envanterinin Geliştirilmesi, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(2), 1-14.Delucia-Waack, J. L. (2006). Leading Psychoeducational Groups For Children and Adolescents. United Kingdom: Sage Publications.Dilmaç, B. ve Bozgeyikli, H. (2009). Öğretmen Adaylarının Öznel İyi Olma ve Karar Verme Stillerinin İncelenmesi. Erzincan Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 171-187.Erkan, S., Özbay, Y., Cihangir Çankaya, Z. ve Terzi, Ş. (2012). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Yaşadıkları Problemler ve Psikolojik Yardım Arama Gönüllülükleri. Eğitim ve Bilim, 37(164), 94-107.Exline, J. J., Kaplan, K.J. I. and Grubbs, J. B. (2012). Anger, Exit and Assertion: Do People See Protest Toward God As Morally Acceptable? Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 4(4), 264-277. DOİ.Org/10.1037/A0027667Feldner, M. T., Zvolensky, M. J., Eifert, G. H. and Spira A. P. (2003). Emotional Avoidance: An Experimental Test of İndividual Differences and Response Suppression Using Biological Challenge. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 41(4), 403-411. DOİ.Org/10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00020-7. Forman, E.M, Herbert, J.D.(2009). New directions in cognitive behavior therapy: Acceptance-based therapies. In: O’Donohue W, Fisher JE, editors. General principles and empirically supported techniques of cognitive behavior therapy. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2009. pp. 102–114.Fuligni, A. J. and Eccles, J. S. (1993). Perceived Parent-Child Relationships and Early Adolescents’ Orientation Toward Peers. Developmental Psychology, 29, 622-632.Gifford, E. V., Kohlenberg, B. S., Hayes, S. C., Pierson, H. M., Piasecki, M. P., Antonuccio, D. O. and Palm, K. M. (2011). Does Acceptance and Relationship Focused Behavior Therapy Contribute To Bupropion Outcomes? A Randomized Controlled Trial of Functional Analytic Psychotherapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy For Smoking Cessation. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 700-715.Harris., R.(2009). Act’yi Kolay Öğrenmek, (Çev. Hasan Turan Karatepe, 2016). İstanbul: Literal Yayıncılık. Hayes, S. C. (2004). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Relational Frame Theory and The Third Wave of Behavior Therapy. Behavior Therapy, 35, 639-665.Hayes, S. C. and Strosahl, K. D. (2004). A Practical Guide To Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. New York: Springer-Verlag.Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D. and Roche, B. (2001). Relational Frame Theory: A Post-Skinnerian Account of Human Language and Cognition. New York: Plenum Press.Hayes, S. C., Follette, V. M. and Linehan, M. M. (2004). Mindfulness and Acceptance: Expanding The Cognitive-Behavioral Tradition. New York: Guilford Press.Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J., Bond, F., Masuda, A. and Lillis, J. (2006). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: Model, Processes, and Outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1-25Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D. and Wilson, K. G. (2003). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: An Experiential Approach To Behavior Change. New York: Guilford Press.Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., Bunting, K., Twohig, M. and Wilson, K. G. (2004). What İs Acceptance and Commitment Therapy? In S. C. Hayes and K. D. Strosahl (Eds.), A Practical Guide To Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (3-29). New York: Springer-Verlag.Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M. and Strosahl, K. (1996). Emotional Avoidance and Behavioral Disorders: A Functional Dimensional Approach To Diagnosis and Treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1152–1168.Herbert, J. D. and Forman, E. M. (2011). The Evolution of Cognitive Behavior Therapy: The Rise of Psychological Acceptance and Mindfulness. Hovardaoğlu, S. (2000). Davranış Bilimleri İçin Araştırma Teknikleri. Ankara: Ve-Ga. Juarascio, A., Shaw, J., Forman, E. M., Timko, C. A., Herbert, J. D., Butryn, M. L. and Lowe, M. (2013). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy For Eating Disorders: Clinical Applications of A Group Treatment. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 2, 85-94.Kalyencioğlu, D. ve Kutlu, Y. (2010). Ergenlerin Aile İşlevi Algılarına Göre Uyum Düzeyleri. İ.U.F.N. Hem. Dergisi, 18(2), 56-62.Karaman, K. M. ve Kurtoğlu, M. (2009). Öğretmen Adaylarının İnternet Bağımlılığı Hakkındaki Görüşleri. XI. Akademik Bilişim Konferansı, Şanlıurfa.Kashdan, T. B., Barrios, V., Forsyth, J. P. and Steger, M. F. (2006). Use and Avoidance As A Generalized Psychological Vulnerability: Comparison of Coping and Emotional Regulation Strategies. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 9, 1301-1320.Kräplin, A., Dshemuchadse, M., Behrendt, S., Scherbaum, S., Goschke, T. and Bühringer, G. (2014). Dysfunctional Decision-Makingin Pathological Gambling: PatternSpecificity and The Role of İmpulsivity. Psychiatry Research, (215), 675–682.Kuzgun, Y. (2006). Meslek Gelişimi ve Danışmanlığı. (2.Basım). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.Leddy, M. A., Anderson, B. L. and Schulkin, J. (2013). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Decision Science. New Ideas in Psychology, Advance Onlıne Publıcation. DOİ.Org/10.1016/J.Newideapsych.2015.01.001.Lim, J. Y., Kim, M. A., Kim, S. Y., Kim, E. J., Lee, J. E. and Ko, Y. K. (2010). The Effects of A Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy On Career Attitude Maturity, Decision Making Style, and Self Esteem of Nursing Students in Korea. Nurse Today Education,30(8), 731–736Manasse, S. M., Espel, H. M., Schumacher, L. M., Kerrigan, S. G., Zhang F,. Forman, E. M. and Juarascio, A. S. (2016). Does İmpulsivity Predict Outcome in Treatment For Binge Eating Disorder? A Multimodal İnvestigation. Appetite, 105(1), 172-179.Maxwell, J. A. (1992). 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