ANALYSIS OF FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE RUBBER SEED OIL - BASED BIODIESEL PRODUCTION USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS AND KENDALL’S COEFFICIENT OF CONCORDANCE TECHNIQUES
Abstract
The inability of oils and hydroelectric sources to meet the ever growing demand experienced in global energy in recent years has generated a lot of concern. The continuous increase in the demand for energy and the dwindling tendency of petroleum resources has steered endless search for alternative renewable and sustainable fuel. This study adopts a novel combination of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance (KCC) to analyze some factors that affect rubber seed oil-based biodiesel production which has been found to be a good substitute and most advantageous over petrol diesel because of its environmental friendliness. The KCC was used to analyze the data matrix generated by thirteen Judges who were requested to rank the thirty-one variables identified from relevant literature to influence biodiesel production in descending order of importance upon which basis an index of concordance in ranking among the judges was computed as W = 0.84. PCA was used to analyze the outcomes of the questionnaires crafted with thirty-one of the well-ordered variables, purposively selected, using statistiXL software. The results obtained by KCC provide basic insight into how consistence the Judges were in ranking the variables while the results by PCA shows that significant parsimony was achieved in factor reduction from thirty one variables to mere seven factors which represent the principal factors that influence rubber seed oil-based biodiesel production.
Keywords
Rubber seed oil,Biodiesel,Principal component analysis,Parsimony
References
- 1. Martchamadol, J.; and Kumar, S. Thailand's energy security indicators. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2012, 16, 6103–6122.
- 2. Abas, N.; Kalair, A.; Khan, N. Review of fossil fuels and future energy technologies. Futures, 69, 2015, 31–49.
- 3. Hasheminejad, M.; Tabatabaei, M.; Mansourpanah, Y.; and Javani, A. Upstream and Downstream Strategies to Economize Biodiesel Production. Bioresource Technology, 2011, 102, 461-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.09.094
- 4. Ayhan, D. Progress and Recent Trends in Biodiesel Fuels: A Demirbas. Energy Conversion and Management, 50, 2009, 14-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2008.09.001.
- 5. Felizardo, P.; Machado, J.; and Vergneiro, D. Study on the Glycerolysis Reaction of High Free Fatty Acid Oils for Use as Biodiesel Feedstock. Fuel Processing Technology, 2011, 92, 1225-1229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.01.020.
- 6. Balat, M.; and Balat, H. Progress in Biodiesel Processing. Applied Energy, 2010, 87, 1815-1835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.01.012
- 7. Siriwardhana, M.; Opathella, G.K.C.; Jha, M.K. Bio-diesel: Initiatives, potential and prospects in Thailand: A review. Energy Policy, 2009, 37, 554–559.
- 8. Takase, M.; Zhao, T.; Zhang, M.; Chen, Y.; Liu, H.; Yang, L.; Wu, X. An expatiate review of neem, jatropha, rubber and karanja as multipurpose non-edible biodiesel resources and comparison of their fuel, engine and emission properties. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 43, 495–520.
- 9. Mukherjee, I.; and Sovacool, B.K. Palm oil-based biofuels and sustainability in Southeast Asia: A review of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2014, 37, 1–12.
- 10. Ulfah, M.; Mulyazmi, Burmawi, E.; Praputri, E.; Sundari and Firdaus. Biodiesel production methods of rubber seed oil: a review. 3rd ICChESA 2017, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2018, 334, 012006 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/334/1/012006. Pp. 1-7.
