Önce biz! Covid-19 sürecinde aşı milliyetçiliği

Yıl 2022, , 244 - 258, 05.08.2022

İbrahim Hüseyin Cansever

https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1003346

Öz

Covid-19 pandemisi, etkisini her alanda önemli şekilde hissettirmiş ve dünyayı durma noktasına getirmiştir. Dünyanın normal düzenine dönmesi, süreç başlangıcından itibaren aşı ile mümkün görülmüş ve aşı çalışmaları yaklaşık bir yıllık sürede hızlı şekilde sonuç vermiştir. Ancak aşılara olan yaklaşım kamu malı olmak yerine piyasa malı şeklinde gerçekleşmiş ve aşı milliyetçiliği alevlenmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı, aşı milliyetçiliği olarak bilinen kavramı açıklamak, Covid-19 pandemisi sırasında nasıl ortaya çıktığını ve hangi sonuçları doğurduğunu ortaya koymaktır. Ayrıca, aşı milliyetçiliğine karşı Covid-19 aşılarının adil ve eşit erişimi garanti altına almaya çalışan COVAX girişimi hakkında bilgiler sunulmaktadır. Amaca yönelik olarak ilgili kavram hakkında yapılan çalışmalar doküman incelemesi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Aşı milliyetçiliğinin doğurduğu sonuçların ortaya konulması için çeşitli ülkelere ait nicel veriler ve grafikler sunulmuştur. Çalışmanın sonucunda; üst gelir grubu ülkeler ile düşük gelir grubunda yer alan ülkeler arasında aşılama oranlarında önemli derecede fark olduğu, buna karşın vaka ve ölüm sayılarının önemli seviyede devam ettiği görülmüştür. COVAX girişiminin aşı milliyetçiliğine karşı önemli bir girişim olduğu ve aşıları özellikle az gelişmiş ülkeler ulaştırma adına çalışmalar yürüttüğü görülmüştür. Bunun yanında küresel işbirliğinin Covid-19 sürecinde gerçekleşmediği, pandemi öncesinde ortaya konulan Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedeflerinin (SKH) de kâğıt üzerinde iyi niyet göstergeleri olarak kaldığı görülmüştür. Son olarak, küresel işbirliğini, aşının tahsisini ve üretimini destekleyecek uluslararası bağlayıcılığı olan hukuk kurallarının da eksikliği olduğu görülmüştür. .

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aşı, Aşı Milliyetçiliği, Covid-19, Halk Sağlığı, Toplumsal Bağışıklık

Destekleyen Kurum

Destekleyen kurum bulunmamaktadır.

Proje Numarası

-

We first! Vaccine nationalism in the Covid-19 process

Öz

The Covid-19 pandemic has made its impact felt in every field and brought the world to a standstill. The return of the world to its normal order was considered possible with the vaccine from the beginning of the process, and the vaccine studies yielded rapid results in about a year. However, the approach to vaccines was realized in the form of market goods rather than public goods, and vaccine nationalism was inflamed. The study aims to explain the concept known as vaccine nationalism, to reveal how it emerged during the Covid-19 pandemic and what consequences it had. In addition, information about the COVAX initiative established against vaccine nationalism is presented. For this purpose, the studies on the related concept were examined by the document review method. As a result of the study; It has been observed that there is a significant difference in vaccination rates between high-income countries and low-income countries. However, it was observed that the number of cases and deaths continued at a significant level. It has been seen that COVAX is an important initiative against vaccine nationalism and carries out studies for the transportation of vaccines, especially to underdeveloped countries. In addition, it has been observed that global cooperation did not take place during the Covid-19 process, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) set before the pandemic remained goodwill indicators on paper. Finally, it has been observed that there is a lack of internationally binding legal rules to support global cooperation, the allocation and production of the vaccine.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Vaccine Nationalism, Covid-19, Vaccination, Public Health, Herd Immunity

Proje Numarası

-

Kaynakça

• Cansever İH. Covid-19 Sürecinde Türkiye’de Sağlık Politikaları. Başkent Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilim Fakültesi Derg. 2021;6(Özel Sayı):86-104.
• Our World in Data. Covid Vaccinations. https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations
• Beaton E, Gadomski M, Manson D, Tan KC. Crisis Nationalism: To What Degree Is National Partiality Justifiable during a Global Pandemic? Ethical Theory Moral Pract. 2021;24(1):285-300. doi:10.1007/s10677-021-10160-0
• Galazka, AM., Lauer,, BA., Henderson, RH., Keja J. Indications and contraindications for vaccines used in the Expanded Programme on Immunization. Bull World Health Organ. 1984;62(3):357-366.
• Orhon Şimşek F. Genişletilmiş Bağ ışıklama Proğramına Her Yo nü yle Bakış. Osmangazi Tıp Derg. 2020;(Sosyal Pediatri Özel Sayısı):6-14.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. Active and Passive Immunization-Prologue. In: Kimberlin D, Brady, MT., Jackson, MA., Long S, eds. 2018 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 31. Editio. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2018:1-6.
• Doherty, M., Buchy, P., Standaert, B., Giaquinto, C., Prado- Cohrs D. Vaccine impact: Benefits for human health. Vaccine. 2016;34(52):6707-6714.
• World Health Organization. Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011–2020.; 2013.
• Özmert E. Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de aşılama takvimindeki gelişmeler. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hast Derg. 2008;(51):168-175.
• Vanderslott, S., Dadonaite B., ve Roser M. Vaccination. Published 2019. https://ourworldindata.org/vaccination#progress-made-with-vaccination
• Fidler DP. Vaccine nationalism’s politics. Science (80). 2020;369(6505):749. doi:10.1126/science.abe2275
• Serhan Y. Vaccine Nationalism Is Doomed to Fail. The Atlantic. Published 2020. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/12/vaccine-nationalism-doomed-fail/617323/
• Bollyky, T. J., Bown CP. The tragedy of vaccine nationalism: Only cooperation can end the pandemic. Foreign Aff. 2020;99(5):96-109.
• Rutschman AS. Is there a cure for vaccine nationalism? Curr Hist. 2021;120(822):9-14. doi:10.1525/CURH.2021.120.822.9
• Jaworsky, B.N., Qiaoan R. The politics of blaming: The narrative battle between China and the US over COVID-19. J Chinese Polit Sci. 2021;(26):295-315. doi:10.1007/s11366-020-09690-8
• Daoudi S. Vaccine nationalism in the context of Covid-19: An obstacle to the containment of the pandemic. 2020;(September). www.policycenter.ma
• Nigam S. Ensuring Vaccine Equity, Erasing Vaccine Nationalism: Upholding the Human Rights and Justice Framework.; 2021.
• Gruszczynski L, Wu C. Between the High Ideals and Reality: Managing COVID-19 Vaccine Nationalism. Eur J Risk Regul. 2021;(December 2020):1-9. doi:10.1017/err.2021.9
• Ravi S. Can the World Collaborate Amid Vaccine Nationalism? In: Saran, S., John PL, ed. A Viral World: Can We Respond?. 2021:62-72.
• Rutschman AS. The COVID-19 Vaccine Race: Intellectual Property, Collaboration(s), Nationalism and Misinformation. Washingt Univ J Law Policy. 2021;(64):167-202.
• Wang Z. From Crisis to Nationalism?: The Conditioned Effects of the COVID-19 Crisis on Neo-nationalism in Europe. Chinese Polit Sci Rev. 2021;6(1):20-39. doi:10.1007/s41111-020-00169-8
• Weintraub,R., Bitton, A., Rosenberg ML. The danger of vaccine nationalism. Published 2020. https://hbr.org/2020/05/the-danger-of-vaccine-nationalism
• Fidler DP. Negotiating Equitable Access to Influenza Vaccines: Global Health Diplomacy and the Controversies Surrounding Avian Influenza H5N1 and Pandemic Influenza H1N1. PLoS Med. 2010;7(5):1-4.
• Rutschman AS. The Reemergence of Vaccine Nationalism.; 2020. doi:dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3642858
• Abbas MZ. Practical Implications of “Vaccine Nationalism”: A Short-Sighted and Risky Approach in Response to COVID-19.; 2020.
• Ghebreyesus TA. Vaccine Nationalism Harms Everyone and Protects No One. Published 2021. https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/02/02/vaccine-nationalism-harms-everyone-and-protects-no-one/
• Hafner M, Yerushalmi E, Fays C, Dufresne E, Van Stolk C. COVID-19 and the cost of vaccine nationalism. COVID-19 cost vaccine Natl. Published online 2020. doi:10.7249/rra769-1
• Chutel, L., Santora M. As Virus Variants Spread, No One Is Safe Until Everyone Is Safe. Published 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/world/africa/coronavirus-south-africa-variant.html
• Gupta, R., Morain SR. Ethical allocation of future COVID-19 vaccines. J Med Ethics. 2021;(47):137-141.
• Katz, I.T., Weintraub, R., Bekker, L.G., Brandt AM. From Vaccine Nationalism to Vaccine Equity - Finding a Path Forward. N Engl J Med. 2021;8(384)(14):1281-1283.
• Chohan UW. Coronavirus & Vaccine Nationalism. SSRN Electron J. Published online 2021. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3767610
• Colijn K. Coronatıonalisme. Published 2020. https://spectator.clingendael.org/nl/publicatie/coronationalisme
• Juergensmeyer M. Covid nationalism. Published 2020. https://www.eir.info/2020/09/06/covid-nationalism/
• World Health Organization. WHO SAGE Values Framework for the Allocation and Prioritization of COVID-19 Vaccination.; 2020. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-sage-values-framework-for-the-allocation-and-prioritization-of-covid-19-vaccination
• Guterres A. Only together can we end this pandemic and recover. Published 2021. https://www.un.org/pt/node/132849
• Jha P, Jamison DT, Watkins DA, Bell J. A global compact to counter vaccine nationalism. Lancet. 2021;397(10289):2046-2047. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01105-3
• McAdams D, McDade KK, Ogbuoji O, Johnson M, Dixit S, Yamey G. Incentivising wealthy nations to participate in the COVID-19 Vaccine Global Access Facility (COVAX): A game theory perspective. BMJ Glob Heal. 2020;5(11):1-7. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003627
• Fischman-Afori,O., Marcowitz-Bitton, M., Morris EM. A Global Pandemic Remedy to Vaccine Nationalism.; 2021. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3829419
• Ravelo JL. Is COVAX Part of the Problem or the Solution?. Published 2021. https://www.devex.com/news/is-covax-part-of-the-problem-or-the-solution-99334
• Marcus MD. Ensuring everyone in the world gets a COVID vaccine. Published 2021. https://globalhealth.duke.edu/news/ensuring-everyone-world-gets-covid-vaccine
• OXFAM. Campaigners Warn That 9 out of 10 People in Poor Countries Are Set to Miss out on COVID-19 Vaccine next Year.; 2020. https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/campaigners-warn-9-out-10-people-poor-countries-are-set-miss-out-covid-19-vaccine
• OECD. Treatments and A Vaccıne For Covıd-19: The Need For Coordinating Policies on R&D, Manufacturing and Access. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=133_133372-v717pcul4c&title=Treatments-and-a-vaccine-for-COVID-19-the-need-for-coordinating-policies-on-RD-manufacturing-and-access&_ga=2.92751133.1602619372.1631004099-994873855.1630050914
• Chatterjee N, Mahmood Z, Marcussen E. Politics of Vaccine Nationalism in India: Global and Domestic Implications. Forum Dev Stud. 2021;48(2):357-369. doi:10.1080/08039410.2021.1918238
• International Chamber of Commerce. Study shows vaccine nationalism could cost rich countries US$4.5 trillion. Published 2021. https://iccwbo.org/media-wall/news-speeches/study-shows-vaccine-nationalism-could-cost-rich-countries-us4-5-trillion/
• Gollier C. The welfare cost of vaccine misallocation, delays and nationalism. J Benefit-Cost Anal. 2021;12(2):199-206. doi:10.1017/bca.2021.4
• Fidler DP. International law and equitable access to vaccines and antivirals in the context of 2009-H1N1 influenza. In: Relman, D.L., Choffnes, E.F., Mack A, ed. The Domestic and International Impacts of the 2009-H1N1 Influenza A Pandemic: Global Challenges, Global Solutions. The National Academies Press; 2010.
• Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights. Statement on Universal and Equitable Access to Vaccines for COVID-19.; 2020.
• Broberg M. A Critical Appraisal of the World Health Organization’s International Health Regulations (2005) in Times of Pandemic: It is Time for Revision. Eur J Risk Regul. 2020;11(2):202-209.
• Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. Uluslararası Sağlık Tüzüğü. 2. Basım.; 2005.
• COVAX. COVAX: The Vaccines Pillar of the Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator Structure and Principles.; 2020. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/covax-the-vaccines-pillar-of-the-access-to-covid-19-tools-(act)-accelerator
• Berkley S. COVAX explained. Published 2020. https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/covax-explained
• World Health Organization. COVAX. https://www.who.int/initiatives/act-accelerator/covax
• COVAX. COVAX Facility Explainer: Participation Arrangements for Self-Financing Economies. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/covax-facility-explainer
• COVAX. List of Participating Economies. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/list-of-participating-economies
• Hassoun N. Against vaccine nationalism. J Med Ethics. Published online 2021:1-2. doi:10.1136/medethics-2020-107193
• Walker D. Opinion: An equitable vaccine rollout must prioritize the vulnerable around the world. 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/04/06/an-equitable-vaccine-rollout-must-prioritize-most-vulnerable-around-world/
• Eaton L. Covid-19: WHO warns against “vaccine nationalism” or face further virus mutations. BMJ. 2021;372:n292. doi:10.1136/bmj.n292
• Lagman JDN. Vaccine nationalism: a predicament in ending the COVID-19 pandemic. J Public Health (Oxf). 2021;43(2):e375-e376. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdab088
• Nhamo G, Chikodzi D, Kunene HP, Mashula N. COVID-19 vaccines and treatments nationalism: Challenges for low-income countries and the attainment of the SDGs. Glob Public Health. 2021;16(3):319-339. doi:10.1080/17441692.2020.1860249
• Brown S. Canada’s COVID-19 vaccine fix. Can Foreign Policy J. 2021;0(0):1-9. doi:10.1080/11926422.2021.1936099
• United Nations. Global Indicator Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and Targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global Indicator Framework after 2020 review_Eng.pdf
• Gostin LO. Global Health Law. Harward University Press; 2014.