Genetiği değiştirilmiş organizmalar: Sağlığa zararlarını kanıtlamak neden zor? Sorunlar ve riskin ipuçları

İşıl Ergin; Ali Karababa

Genetiği değiştirilmiş organizmalar: Sağlığa zararlarını kanıtlamak neden zor? Sorunlar ve riskin ipuçları

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 113 - 122, 20.09.2011

Öz

Genetiği değiştirilmiş gıdalar modern biyoteknolojinin gıda üretimine uygulanan şeklidir. Gittikçe yaygınlaşan kullanım alanı, bu gıdaları toplum sağlığı açısından dikkat çekici bir noktaya taşımıştır. GDO (Genetiği Değiştirilmiş Organizma)’ların sağlık etkileri konusunda güvenilir olduğuna dair görüş bildirenlerin yanı sıra, insan sağlığını tehdit ettiği görüşünü dile getiren araştırmacılar da vardır. GDO ların sağlığa zararlı olup olmadığına dair saptamaları yapmak ise beslenme epidemiyolojisi alanının zorlukları, risk değerlendirme sürecindeki sorunlar, hayvan deneylerindeki sınırlılıklar ve bilginin tarafsızlığına dair kuşkular nedeniyle zorlaşmaktadır. Tüm bu bilimsel açmazlara rağmen alerjik ve toksik etkilere dair ipuçlarının artması, antibiotik direnci olasılığının bilimsel kurumlarda yarattığı endişe, besin değerlerindeki değişmenin ve gen transferi olasılığının yayınlarda yer alması; görünür hale gelen sağlık etkilerini göstermektedir. Karşılaştırılabilirliği mümkün kılacak standart tasarıma ve ileri analiz yöntemlerine ihtiyaç vardır. Uzun erimdeki etkilerini ortaya koyacak ve iyi planlanmış kohort araştırmalarının gerekliliği mutlaktır. Zararsız olduklarını bilimsel bir özgüvenle söylemek için ise erkendir. Risklerin henüz net olarak ortaya konamaması, olmadığı anlamına gelmemektedir. Risklerin neler olduğunu kesin olarak ortaya koyacak araçlarımız henüz yeterli değildir. Sürece ihtiyat ilkesi doğrultusunda yaklaşmak gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Genetiği değiştirilmiş gıdalar, beslenme epidemiyolojisi, risk

Genetically modified organisms: Why is it difficult to prove health hazards? Problems and clues about risk

Genetically modified foods are in the area where biotechnology is applied to foods. Their common use has driven them to a substantially important position in relation to community health. There are researchers who comment that they are safe in relation to/regarding health effects as well as others who consider them as threatening for human health. However, it is difficult to determine the health risks because of difficulties in nutritional epidemiology area, problems in risk evaluation, the limitations in animal experiments and suspicions about the objective nature of the information.Against all these scientific dilemmas, the increasing clues about allergic and toxic effects, the concerns in scientific societies about the possibility of antibiotic resistance, the development of changes in nutritional quality and of gene transfer in literature have clearly revealed the health consequences. The detection of health risks for GMOs has important limitations. There is need for advanced methods of analysis and standard designs that will make comparisons possible. There is an absolute necessity for well designed cohort studies that will determine long term effects. It is/ may be too early to say with scientific confidence that genetically modified foods are safe. The inability to clearly identify the risks does not mean that the risks do not exist. Current methods are not sufficient to reveal the risks clearly. At this stage, an approach in the context of the precautionary principle is necessary.

Key Words: Genetically modified organisms, nutritional epidemiology, risk

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

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