Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Relationship of working arrangements and getting COVID-19 in the outpatients: “in the same storm but different boats”

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2, 196 - 208, 16.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1447375

Öz

Objective: It was aimed to examine the relationship between a getting COVID-19 and socioeconomic variables, employment status, and working arrangements including remote working and alternate working status.

Methods: The study was conducted between 1-8 June 2021 on 1090 people. It was conducted face-to-face interviews with patients who applied to tertiary outpatients in Ankara/Türkiye. A convenient sampling method was used for determining people. Except for emergency services, all outpatient clinics were included in the study. The self-reported information was used to determine the history of getting COVID-19.

Results: The regression model including all participants shows that getting COVID-19 risk higher in workers (OR: 1.719 95% CI:1.142-2.587) according to non-workers and 30-39 age group according to 18-30 (OR: 1.669 95% CI: 1.032-2.701). Bivariate analysis, including current workers, there was a statistically significant difference between income groups in terms of getting COVID-19 (p<0.05). The prevalence of COVID-19 is higher in people who attend workplace throughout the pandemic (31.3%) than in people who work remotely for a period of time (21.8%)(p<0.05); additionally, it is higher in people who have never worked alternately (33.5%) than in people who work alternately for a period of time (22.2%) during the pandemic (p<0.05). Regression model only including currently workers shows that getting COVID-19 risk higher in those who had never worked alternately during the pandemic period (OR: 1.749 95% CI: 1.091-2.804).

Conclusion: Working arrangements are among the nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) effective in combating the pandemic. More lives could be saved in future epidemics by implementing work arrangements to include more workers.

Etik Beyan

Ethical approval for the study was obtained by Gazi University Ethics Commission with Research Code No. 2021-689.

Destekleyen Kurum

None

Teşekkür

None

Kaynakça

  • Paremoer L, Nandi S, Serag H, Baum F. Covid-19 pandemic and the social determinants of health. BMJ. 2021;372
  • Burström B, Tao W. Social determinants of health and inequalities in COVID-19. Eur J Public Health. Aug 1 2020; 30(4):617-618.
  • WHO. Social determinants of health [online]. Available at: https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health Accessed: January 2, 2023.
  • Di Girolamo C, Bartolini L, Caranci N, Moro ML. Socioeconomic inequalities in overall and COVID-19 mortality during the first outbreak peak in Emilia-Romagna Region (Northern Italy). Epidemiol Prev. Sep-Dec 2020;44(5-6 Suppl 2):288-296.
  • Wachtler B, Michalski N, Nowossadeck E, et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection - First re-sults from an analysis of surveillance data from Germany. J Health Monit. 2020;5(Suppl 7):18-29.
  • WHO. COVID-19 and the social determinants of health and health equity: evidence brief. October 2021. [online]. Availa-ble at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240038387 Accessed: January 2, 2023.
  • Blair A, Parnia A, Shahidi FV, Siddiqi A. Social inequalities in protective behaviour uptake at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic: results from a national survey. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2021;112(5):818-830.
  • Goldman N, Pebley AR, Lee K, Andrasfay T, Pratt B. Racial and ethnic differentials in COVID-19-related job exposures by occupational standing in the US. PLoS One. 2021;16(9):e0256085.
  • Barbieri T, Basso G, Scicchitano S. Italian workers at risk during the COVID-19 epidemic. Italian Economic Journal. 2022;8(1):175-195.
  • Lee J, Kim M. Estimation of the number of working population at high-risk of COVID-19 infection in Korea. Epidemiol Health. 2020;42:e2020051.
  • Baker MG, Peckham TK, Seixas NS. Estimating the burden of United States workers exposed to infection or disease: A key factor in containing risk of COVID-19 infection. PLoS One. 2020;15(4):e0232452.
  • Wu S, Neill R, De Foo C, et al. Aggressive containment, suppression, and mitigation of covid-19: lessons learnt from eight countries. BMJ. 2021;375:e067508.
  • Adams-Prassl A, Boneva T, Golin M, Rauh C. Inequality in the impact of the coronavirus shock: Evidence from Real Time Surveys [online]. Available at: https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/13183/inequality-in-the-impact-of-the-coronavirus-shock-evidence-from-real-time-surveys Accessed: January 2, 2023.
  • Girum T, Lentiro K, Geremew M, Migora B, Shewamare S. Global strategies and effectiveness for COVID-19 prevention through contact tracing, screening, quarantine, and isolation: a systematic review. Tropical medicine and health. 2020; 48:1-15.
  • Meltem A, Küçükoğlu MT. COVID-19 ve iş yaşamına etkileri: Evden çalışma. Journal Of International Management Educa-tional and Economics Perspectives. 2020;8(1):71-81.
  • WHO. Advice for the public: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) [online]. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public. Accessed: January 16, 2023.
  • Mustafa A, Yavuzdoğan S. Avrupa Birliği’ne üye ülkelerde esnek personel rejimi ve Türkiye uygulamalarının kısmi bir ana-lizi. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi. 2016;(28):29-56.
  • OECD. OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19) Teleworking in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Trends and Prospects. [online]. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/teleworking-in-the-covid-19-pandemic-trends-and-prospects-72a416b6/ Accessed: January 16, 2023.
  • Eurostat. Working from home across EU regions in 2020. [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20210923-1 Accessed: January 16, 2023.
  • Bonde JPE, Begtrup LM, Jensen JH, et al. Occupational risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide register-based study of the Danish workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020-2021. Occup Environ Med. Apr 2023;80(4):202-208.
  • Reuter M, Rigó M, Formazin M, et al. Occupation and SARS-CoV-2 infection risk among 108 960 workers during the first pandemic wave in Germany. Scand J Work Environ Health. Sep 1 2022;48(6):446-456.
  • Wachtler B, Michalski N, Nowossadeck E, et al. Socioeconomic inequalities and COVID-19 - A review of the current inter-national literature. J Health Monit. Oct 9 2020;5(Suppl 7):3-17.
  • ILO. State practice to address COVID-19 infection as a work-related injury [online]. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/tr/publications/state-practice-address-covid-19-infection-work-related-injury. Accessed June 10, 2024.
  • Mansour S, Al Kindi A, Al-Said A, Al-Said A, Atkinson P. Sociodemographic determinants of COVID-19 incidence rates in Oman: Geospatial modelling using multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR). Sustainable cities and society. 2021; 65:102627.
  • Rozenfeld Y, Beam J, Maier H, et al. A model of disparities: risk factors associated with COVID-19 infection. International journal for equity in health. 2020;19(1):1-10.
  • Vahidy FS, Nicolas JC, Meeks JR, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: analysis of a COVID-19 ob-servational registry for a diverse US metropolitan population. BMJ Open. 2020;10(8):e039849.
  • Ilhan MN, Tüzün H, Kılıç R, Yıldırım N. Nonpharmaceutical interventions in Türkiye and worldwide during COVID-19 pan-demic. Turk J Med Sci. 2021;51(Si-1):3207-3214.
  • Consolazio D, Murtas R, Tunesi S, Gervasi F, Benassi D, Russo AG. Assessing the Impact of Individual Characteristics and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Provinces of Milan and Lodi. Int J Health Serv. 2021;51(3):311-324.
  • López-Gay A, Spijker J, Cole HV, et al. Sociodemographic determinants of intraurban variations in COVID-19 incidence: the case of Barcelona. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2022;76(1):1-7.
  • Abedi V, Olulana O, Avula V, et al. Racial, economic, and health inequality and COVID-19 infection in the United States. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2021;8(3):732-742.
  • Rind E, Kimpel K, Preiser C, et al. Adjusting working conditions and evaluating the risk of infection during the COVID-19 pandemic in different workplace settings in Germany: a study protocol for an explorative modular mixed methods ap-proach. BMJ Open. 2020;10(11):e043908.
  • Fadel M, Salomon J, Descatha A. COVID-19 Job Exposure Matrix: From the Mat-O-Covid Design to Its Execution. J Occup Environ Med. 2021;63(3):e168.
  • Descatha A, Sembajwe G, Gilbert F, Mat OCIG, Fadel M. Mat-O-Covid: Validation of a SARS-CoV-2 Job Exposure Matrix (JEM) Using Data from a National Compensation System for Occupational COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9)
  • Çöl, M. İtalya’da sağlık sistemi ve COVID-19 pandemisi yanıtı. Toplum ve Hekim, 2021; 36(5), 388-400.
  • Mut, A. N. COVID-19 pandemisinde Ingiltere sağlık sistemi. Toplum ve Hekim 2021; 36(5), 350-365.
  • Guerin, R. J., Barile, J. P., Groenewold, M. R., Free, H. L., & Okun, A. H. COVID-19 workplace mitigation strategies and em-ployee leave policies implemented during the height of the pandemic, United States, fall 2020 and 2021. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2023; 20(4), 2894.
  • DİSKAR. İkinci yılında pandeminin işçilere etkileri raporu yayımlandı! Türkiye çapında alan araştırması sonuçları. [online]. Available at: https://arastirma.disk.org.tr/?p=8372 Accessed: January 23, 2023.
  • Kalaycı D, Sandal A, Yüksel M, Yıldız AN. Perspective of workers’ union representatives on COVID-19 measures in Turkish workplaces in the first year of the pandemic. Balkan Med J. 2023;40(2):124-130.
  • Kirtaş HA, Altundağ H. İtfaiye teşkilatlarında covid-19 salgını tedbirleri. Resilience. 2021;5(2):187-205.
  • Derya İ, Akbalik S. Kamu hastanelerinde temizlik işçilerinin çalışma koşulları ve Covid-19 PANDEMI SÜRECINDEKI DEN-EYIMLERI: İstanbul örneği. Çalışma ve Toplum. 2022;5(75):2839-2873.
  • Yilmaz ME, Ulusoy H. COVID-19 pandemisinde hekim ve hemşirelerin iş güvenliğine yönelik değerlendirmeleri: bir üniver-site hastanesi örneği. Uluslararası Sağlık Yönetimi ve Stratejileri Araştırma Dergisi. 2022;8(3):301-314.
  • Möhner M, Wolik A. Differences in COVID-19 Risk Between Occupational Groups and Employment Sectors in Germany. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2020;117(38):641-642.
  • OHRM. Alternative Work Schedules. [online]. Available at: https://www.commerce.gov/hr/practitioners/leave-policies/alternative-work-schedules Accessed: January 16, 2023.
  • Barlas, G., Öztürk, H., Pehlivantürk, G., Aydin, S. Turkey’s response to COVID-19 pandemic: strategy and key actions. Turk-ish Journal of Medical Sciences, 2021; 51(7), 3150-3156.
  • Güner, H. R., Hasanoğlu, I., Aktaş, F. Evaluating the efficiency of public policy measures against COVID-19. Turkish journal of medical sciences, 2021; 51(7), 3229-3237.
  • Lin YF, Duan Q, Zhou Y, et al. Spread and impact of COVID-19 in China: A Systematic review and synthesis of predictions from transmission-dynamic models. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:321.
  • İsmet K, Saraç M. Socio-economic, demographic and health determinants of the coronavirus pandemic: Analysis of data from OECD countries. Turkish Journal of Public Health. 2020;18(COVID-19 Special):1-13.
  • Tüzün H. Effects Of Restriction Measures On Morbidity And Mortality Implemented During COVID-19 Pandemic In Türki-ye: A Research Through National Data Including One Year. International Journal of Health Services Research and Policy. 2022;7(2):146-156.
  • Bundgaard H, Bundgaard JS, Raaschou-Pedersen DET, et al. Effectiveness of adding a mask recommendation to other pub-lic health measures to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in Danish mask wearers : A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Intern Med. Mar 2021;174(3):335-343.
  • Fisher KA, Olson SM, Tenforde MW, et al. Telework before illness onset among symptomatic adults aged≥ 18 years with and without COVID-19 in 11 outpatient health care facilities—United States, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2020;69(44):1648.
  • Kawashima T, Nomura S, Tanoue Y, et al. The relationship between fever rate and telework implementation as a social distancing measure against the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. Public Health. 2021;192:12-14.
  • Alper M, Tüzün H, Ilhan MN, Saygun M. Covıd-19 Pandemisinde Hizmete Devam Eden Kargo Sektörü Çalışanlarında İşçi Sağlığı ve İş Güvenliği Algısı ve Tutumları. Çalışma ve Toplum. 2023;2(77).
  • DİSKAR. “Tam kapanma” yok, on milyonlar çalışmaya devam ediyor! [online]. Available at: https://arastirma.disk.org.tr/?p=5712 Accessed: January 30, 2023.
  • WHO. Global, Türkiye. [online]. Available at: https://covid19.who.int/region/euro/country/tr Accessed: January 16, 2023.
Yıl 2024, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2, 196 - 208, 16.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1447375

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Paremoer L, Nandi S, Serag H, Baum F. Covid-19 pandemic and the social determinants of health. BMJ. 2021;372
  • Burström B, Tao W. Social determinants of health and inequalities in COVID-19. Eur J Public Health. Aug 1 2020; 30(4):617-618.
  • WHO. Social determinants of health [online]. Available at: https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health Accessed: January 2, 2023.
  • Di Girolamo C, Bartolini L, Caranci N, Moro ML. Socioeconomic inequalities in overall and COVID-19 mortality during the first outbreak peak in Emilia-Romagna Region (Northern Italy). Epidemiol Prev. Sep-Dec 2020;44(5-6 Suppl 2):288-296.
  • Wachtler B, Michalski N, Nowossadeck E, et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection - First re-sults from an analysis of surveillance data from Germany. J Health Monit. 2020;5(Suppl 7):18-29.
  • WHO. COVID-19 and the social determinants of health and health equity: evidence brief. October 2021. [online]. Availa-ble at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240038387 Accessed: January 2, 2023.
  • Blair A, Parnia A, Shahidi FV, Siddiqi A. Social inequalities in protective behaviour uptake at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic: results from a national survey. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2021;112(5):818-830.
  • Goldman N, Pebley AR, Lee K, Andrasfay T, Pratt B. Racial and ethnic differentials in COVID-19-related job exposures by occupational standing in the US. PLoS One. 2021;16(9):e0256085.
  • Barbieri T, Basso G, Scicchitano S. Italian workers at risk during the COVID-19 epidemic. Italian Economic Journal. 2022;8(1):175-195.
  • Lee J, Kim M. Estimation of the number of working population at high-risk of COVID-19 infection in Korea. Epidemiol Health. 2020;42:e2020051.
  • Baker MG, Peckham TK, Seixas NS. Estimating the burden of United States workers exposed to infection or disease: A key factor in containing risk of COVID-19 infection. PLoS One. 2020;15(4):e0232452.
  • Wu S, Neill R, De Foo C, et al. Aggressive containment, suppression, and mitigation of covid-19: lessons learnt from eight countries. BMJ. 2021;375:e067508.
  • Adams-Prassl A, Boneva T, Golin M, Rauh C. Inequality in the impact of the coronavirus shock: Evidence from Real Time Surveys [online]. Available at: https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/13183/inequality-in-the-impact-of-the-coronavirus-shock-evidence-from-real-time-surveys Accessed: January 2, 2023.
  • Girum T, Lentiro K, Geremew M, Migora B, Shewamare S. Global strategies and effectiveness for COVID-19 prevention through contact tracing, screening, quarantine, and isolation: a systematic review. Tropical medicine and health. 2020; 48:1-15.
  • Meltem A, Küçükoğlu MT. COVID-19 ve iş yaşamına etkileri: Evden çalışma. Journal Of International Management Educa-tional and Economics Perspectives. 2020;8(1):71-81.
  • WHO. Advice for the public: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) [online]. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public. Accessed: January 16, 2023.
  • Mustafa A, Yavuzdoğan S. Avrupa Birliği’ne üye ülkelerde esnek personel rejimi ve Türkiye uygulamalarının kısmi bir ana-lizi. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi. 2016;(28):29-56.
  • OECD. OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19) Teleworking in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Trends and Prospects. [online]. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/teleworking-in-the-covid-19-pandemic-trends-and-prospects-72a416b6/ Accessed: January 16, 2023.
  • Eurostat. Working from home across EU regions in 2020. [online]. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20210923-1 Accessed: January 16, 2023.
  • Bonde JPE, Begtrup LM, Jensen JH, et al. Occupational risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide register-based study of the Danish workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020-2021. Occup Environ Med. Apr 2023;80(4):202-208.
  • Reuter M, Rigó M, Formazin M, et al. Occupation and SARS-CoV-2 infection risk among 108 960 workers during the first pandemic wave in Germany. Scand J Work Environ Health. Sep 1 2022;48(6):446-456.
  • Wachtler B, Michalski N, Nowossadeck E, et al. Socioeconomic inequalities and COVID-19 - A review of the current inter-national literature. J Health Monit. Oct 9 2020;5(Suppl 7):3-17.
  • ILO. State practice to address COVID-19 infection as a work-related injury [online]. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/tr/publications/state-practice-address-covid-19-infection-work-related-injury. Accessed June 10, 2024.
  • Mansour S, Al Kindi A, Al-Said A, Al-Said A, Atkinson P. Sociodemographic determinants of COVID-19 incidence rates in Oman: Geospatial modelling using multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR). Sustainable cities and society. 2021; 65:102627.
  • Rozenfeld Y, Beam J, Maier H, et al. A model of disparities: risk factors associated with COVID-19 infection. International journal for equity in health. 2020;19(1):1-10.
  • Vahidy FS, Nicolas JC, Meeks JR, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: analysis of a COVID-19 ob-servational registry for a diverse US metropolitan population. BMJ Open. 2020;10(8):e039849.
  • Ilhan MN, Tüzün H, Kılıç R, Yıldırım N. Nonpharmaceutical interventions in Türkiye and worldwide during COVID-19 pan-demic. Turk J Med Sci. 2021;51(Si-1):3207-3214.
  • Consolazio D, Murtas R, Tunesi S, Gervasi F, Benassi D, Russo AG. Assessing the Impact of Individual Characteristics and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Provinces of Milan and Lodi. Int J Health Serv. 2021;51(3):311-324.
  • López-Gay A, Spijker J, Cole HV, et al. Sociodemographic determinants of intraurban variations in COVID-19 incidence: the case of Barcelona. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2022;76(1):1-7.
  • Abedi V, Olulana O, Avula V, et al. Racial, economic, and health inequality and COVID-19 infection in the United States. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2021;8(3):732-742.
  • Rind E, Kimpel K, Preiser C, et al. Adjusting working conditions and evaluating the risk of infection during the COVID-19 pandemic in different workplace settings in Germany: a study protocol for an explorative modular mixed methods ap-proach. BMJ Open. 2020;10(11):e043908.
  • Fadel M, Salomon J, Descatha A. COVID-19 Job Exposure Matrix: From the Mat-O-Covid Design to Its Execution. J Occup Environ Med. 2021;63(3):e168.
  • Descatha A, Sembajwe G, Gilbert F, Mat OCIG, Fadel M. Mat-O-Covid: Validation of a SARS-CoV-2 Job Exposure Matrix (JEM) Using Data from a National Compensation System for Occupational COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9)
  • Çöl, M. İtalya’da sağlık sistemi ve COVID-19 pandemisi yanıtı. Toplum ve Hekim, 2021; 36(5), 388-400.
  • Mut, A. N. COVID-19 pandemisinde Ingiltere sağlık sistemi. Toplum ve Hekim 2021; 36(5), 350-365.
  • Guerin, R. J., Barile, J. P., Groenewold, M. R., Free, H. L., & Okun, A. H. COVID-19 workplace mitigation strategies and em-ployee leave policies implemented during the height of the pandemic, United States, fall 2020 and 2021. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2023; 20(4), 2894.
  • DİSKAR. İkinci yılında pandeminin işçilere etkileri raporu yayımlandı! Türkiye çapında alan araştırması sonuçları. [online]. Available at: https://arastirma.disk.org.tr/?p=8372 Accessed: January 23, 2023.
  • Kalaycı D, Sandal A, Yüksel M, Yıldız AN. Perspective of workers’ union representatives on COVID-19 measures in Turkish workplaces in the first year of the pandemic. Balkan Med J. 2023;40(2):124-130.
  • Kirtaş HA, Altundağ H. İtfaiye teşkilatlarında covid-19 salgını tedbirleri. Resilience. 2021;5(2):187-205.
  • Derya İ, Akbalik S. Kamu hastanelerinde temizlik işçilerinin çalışma koşulları ve Covid-19 PANDEMI SÜRECINDEKI DEN-EYIMLERI: İstanbul örneği. Çalışma ve Toplum. 2022;5(75):2839-2873.
  • Yilmaz ME, Ulusoy H. COVID-19 pandemisinde hekim ve hemşirelerin iş güvenliğine yönelik değerlendirmeleri: bir üniver-site hastanesi örneği. Uluslararası Sağlık Yönetimi ve Stratejileri Araştırma Dergisi. 2022;8(3):301-314.
  • Möhner M, Wolik A. Differences in COVID-19 Risk Between Occupational Groups and Employment Sectors in Germany. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2020;117(38):641-642.
  • OHRM. Alternative Work Schedules. [online]. Available at: https://www.commerce.gov/hr/practitioners/leave-policies/alternative-work-schedules Accessed: January 16, 2023.
  • Barlas, G., Öztürk, H., Pehlivantürk, G., Aydin, S. Turkey’s response to COVID-19 pandemic: strategy and key actions. Turk-ish Journal of Medical Sciences, 2021; 51(7), 3150-3156.
  • Güner, H. R., Hasanoğlu, I., Aktaş, F. Evaluating the efficiency of public policy measures against COVID-19. Turkish journal of medical sciences, 2021; 51(7), 3229-3237.
  • Lin YF, Duan Q, Zhou Y, et al. Spread and impact of COVID-19 in China: A Systematic review and synthesis of predictions from transmission-dynamic models. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:321.
  • İsmet K, Saraç M. Socio-economic, demographic and health determinants of the coronavirus pandemic: Analysis of data from OECD countries. Turkish Journal of Public Health. 2020;18(COVID-19 Special):1-13.
  • Tüzün H. Effects Of Restriction Measures On Morbidity And Mortality Implemented During COVID-19 Pandemic In Türki-ye: A Research Through National Data Including One Year. International Journal of Health Services Research and Policy. 2022;7(2):146-156.
  • Bundgaard H, Bundgaard JS, Raaschou-Pedersen DET, et al. Effectiveness of adding a mask recommendation to other pub-lic health measures to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in Danish mask wearers : A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Intern Med. Mar 2021;174(3):335-343.
  • Fisher KA, Olson SM, Tenforde MW, et al. Telework before illness onset among symptomatic adults aged≥ 18 years with and without COVID-19 in 11 outpatient health care facilities—United States, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2020;69(44):1648.
  • Kawashima T, Nomura S, Tanoue Y, et al. The relationship between fever rate and telework implementation as a social distancing measure against the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. Public Health. 2021;192:12-14.
  • Alper M, Tüzün H, Ilhan MN, Saygun M. Covıd-19 Pandemisinde Hizmete Devam Eden Kargo Sektörü Çalışanlarında İşçi Sağlığı ve İş Güvenliği Algısı ve Tutumları. Çalışma ve Toplum. 2023;2(77).
  • DİSKAR. “Tam kapanma” yok, on milyonlar çalışmaya devam ediyor! [online]. Available at: https://arastirma.disk.org.tr/?p=5712 Accessed: January 30, 2023.
  • WHO. Global, Türkiye. [online]. Available at: https://covid19.who.int/region/euro/country/tr Accessed: January 16, 2023.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Sistemleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Hakan Tüzün 0000-0002-6376-8979

Merve Atik Şahin 0000-0002-8017-0549

Cansu Özbaş 0000-0001-7349-8063

F. Nur Baran Aksakal 0000-0002-8624-3307

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 16 Ağustos 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Ağustos 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Mart 2024
Kabul Tarihi 18 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Tüzün, H., Atik Şahin, M., Özbaş, C., Baran Aksakal, F. N. (2024). Relationship of working arrangements and getting COVID-19 in the outpatients: “in the same storm but different boats”. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 22(2), 196-208. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1447375
AMA Tüzün H, Atik Şahin M, Özbaş C, Baran Aksakal FN. Relationship of working arrangements and getting COVID-19 in the outpatients: “in the same storm but different boats”. TJPH. Ağustos 2024;22(2):196-208. doi:10.20518/tjph.1447375
Chicago Tüzün, Hakan, Merve Atik Şahin, Cansu Özbaş, ve F. Nur Baran Aksakal. “Relationship of Working Arrangements and Getting COVID-19 in the Outpatients: ‘in the Same Storm But Different boats’”. Turkish Journal of Public Health 22, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2024): 196-208. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1447375.
EndNote Tüzün H, Atik Şahin M, Özbaş C, Baran Aksakal FN (01 Ağustos 2024) Relationship of working arrangements and getting COVID-19 in the outpatients: “in the same storm but different boats”. Turkish Journal of Public Health 22 2 196–208.
IEEE H. Tüzün, M. Atik Şahin, C. Özbaş, ve F. N. Baran Aksakal, “Relationship of working arrangements and getting COVID-19 in the outpatients: ‘in the same storm but different boats’”, TJPH, c. 22, sy. 2, ss. 196–208, 2024, doi: 10.20518/tjph.1447375.
ISNAD Tüzün, Hakan vd. “Relationship of Working Arrangements and Getting COVID-19 in the Outpatients: ‘in the Same Storm But Different boats’”. Turkish Journal of Public Health 22/2 (Ağustos 2024), 196-208. https://doi.org/10.20518/tjph.1447375.
JAMA Tüzün H, Atik Şahin M, Özbaş C, Baran Aksakal FN. Relationship of working arrangements and getting COVID-19 in the outpatients: “in the same storm but different boats”. TJPH. 2024;22:196–208.
MLA Tüzün, Hakan vd. “Relationship of Working Arrangements and Getting COVID-19 in the Outpatients: ‘in the Same Storm But Different boats’”. Turkish Journal of Public Health, c. 22, sy. 2, 2024, ss. 196-08, doi:10.20518/tjph.1447375.
Vancouver Tüzün H, Atik Şahin M, Özbaş C, Baran Aksakal FN. Relationship of working arrangements and getting COVID-19 in the outpatients: “in the same storm but different boats”. TJPH. 2024;22(2):196-208.

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