The Relationship Between Emotional Autonomy, Functions of Identity and Career Adaptability in Psychological Counselor Candidates: The Mediating Role of Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy

Year 2022, , 343 - 361, 01.07.2022

Funda Nur Akıncı Ali Eryılmaz

https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1138874

Abstract

In this study, the mediating role of career decision-making self-efficacy in the relationship between career adaptability and emotional autonomy and functions of identity psychological counselor candidates who are students of psychological counseling and guidance undergraduate program at the university was examined. The sample of the research consists of 384 psychological counselor candidates studying at state universities. In the study, "Career Adaptability Scale", "Emotional Autonomy Scale", "Functions of Identity Scale", "Career Decision Making Self-Efficacy Scale" were used and data was collected using a personal information form created by the researcher. The theoretically constructed model was analyzed by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and bootstrapping technique. According to SEM results, career adaptability is affected directly by emotional autonomy and functions of identity and at same time it is influenced through career decision-making self-efficacy as a mediating variable. The established model was validated by both direct and mediating effects between variables. The results and limitations of the study were discussed within the framework of the past studies.

Keywords

Career Adaptability, Emotional Autonomy, Functions of Identity, Career Decision Making Self-Efficacy, Structural Equation Model

Psikolojik Danışman Adaylarında Duygusal Özerklik ve Kimlik İşlevleri ile Kariyer Uyum Yetenekleri Arasındaki İlişki: Kariyer Kararı Verme Öz-Yetkinliğinin Aracı Rolü

Abstract

Bu araştırmada üniversitede psikolojik danışmanlık ve rehberlik lisans programı öğrencileri olan psikolojik danışman adaylarının kariyer uyum yetenekleri ile duygusal özerklik ve kimlik işlevleri arasındaki ilişkide kariyer kararı verme yetkinliğinin aracılık rolü incelenmiştir. Araştırma örneklemini İstanbul’da devlet üniversitelerinde öğrenim gören, 384 psikolojik danışman adayı oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama araçları olarak Türkçe uyarlamaları, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları yapılmış olan “Kariyer Uyum Yetenekleri Ölçeği”, “Duygusal Özerklik Ölçeği”, “Kimlik İşlevleri Ölçeği”, “Kariyer Kararı Verme Yetkinlikleri Ölçeği” ve araştırmacının hazırladığı kişisel bilgi formu kullanılmıştır. Çalışma için oluşturulan model, Kariyer Yapılandırma Kuramı (KYK) temel alınarak oluşturulmuştur. Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (YEM) ve bootstrapping tekniği ile analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan analizlerin sonuçlarına göre duygusal özerklik ve kimlik işlevleri hem doğrudan hem de kariyer kararı verme öz-yetkinliği değişkeni aracılığıyla etkilemektedir. Kurulan model, değişkenler arasında hem doğrudan hem de aracılık etkisiyle doğrulanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçları ve sınırlılıkları ile ilgili literatür çerçevesinde tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

Kariyer Uyum Yetenekleri, Duygusal Özerklik, Kimlik İşlevleri, Kariyer Kararı Verme Yetkinlikleri, Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli

References

• Adams, G. R., & Marshall, S. K. (1996). A developmental social psychology of identity: Understanding the person-in-context. Journal of adolescence, 19(5), 429-442. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1996.0041
• Akkermans, J., & Tims, M. (2017). Crafting your career: How career competencies relate to career success via job crafting. Applied Psychology, 66, 168-195. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12082
• Akkermans, J., Paradniké, K., Van der Heijden, B. I., & De Vos, A. (2018). The best of both worlds: The role of career adaptability and career competencies in students’ well-being and performance. Frontiers in psychology, 1678. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01678
• Aydın, G. (2000). Autonomy development at adolescence. [Unpublished master thesis]. Middle East Technical University.
• Bandura. A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
• Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
• Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00024
• Berzonsky, M. D. (1986). Discovery versus constructivist interpretations of identity formation: Consideration of additional implications. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 6(2), 111-117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431686062001
• Beyers, W., Goossens, L., Vansant, I., & Moors, E. (2003). A structural model of autonomy in middle and late adolescence: Connectedness, separation, detachment, and agency. Journal of youth and adolescence, 32(5), 351-365. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024922031510
• Bimrose, J., & Hearne, L. (2012). Resilience and career adaptability: Qualitative studies of adult career counseling. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(3), 338-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.08.002
• Bloom, B. S. (1980). The New Direction in Educational Research: Alterable Variables. The Phi Delta Kappan, 61(6), 382-385. https://doi.org/10.2307/2295092
• Bolat, N., & Odacı, H. (2017). High school final year students’ career decision-making self-efficacy, attachment styles and gender role orientations. Current Psychology, 36(2), 252-259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9409-3
• Bonebright, C. A., Clay, D. L., & Ankenmann, R. D. (2000). The relationship of workaholism with work–life conflict, life satisfaction, and purpose in life. Journal of counseling psychology, 47(4), 469. https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2000-02442-007
• Creed, P. A., Fallon, T., & Hood, M. (2009). The relationship between career adaptability, person and situation variables, and career concerns in young adults. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.12.004
• Crites, J. O. (1961). A model for the measurement of vocational maturity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 8(255-259). https://doi.org/10.1037/h0048519
• Crocetti, E., Sica, L. S., Schwartz, S. J., Serafini, T., & Meeus, W. (2013). Identity styles, dimensions, statuses, and functions: Making connections among identity conceptualizations. European Review of Applied Psychology, 63(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2012.09.001
• Crocetti, E. (2018). Identity dynamics in adolescence: Processes, antecedents, and consequences. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15(1), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2017.1405578
• Çoban, A. E. (2013). Türkiye’de ergenlerin duygusal özerkliklerinin bazı demografik değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. Eğitim ve bilim, 38(169). http://213.14.10.181/index.php/EB/article/view/2350
• Demir, I. (2011). Functions of Identity Scale: Turkish Validity and Reliability. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 11(2), 579-586. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ927366
• Deniz, M., Çok, F., & Duyan, V. (2013). Duygusal Özerklik Ölçeği’nin ergenler için uyarlanması ve psikometrik özellikleri. Eğitim ve Bilim, 38(167). http://eb.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/1914
• Duffy, R. D. (2010). Sense of control and career adaptability among undergraduate students. Journal of Career Assessment, 18(4), 420-430. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072710374587
• Duffy, R. D., Douglass, R. P., & Autin, K. L. (2015). Career adaptability and academic satisfaction: Examining work volition and self efficacy as mediators. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 90, 46-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.07.007
• Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
• Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society (2nd Ed.). New York: Norton
• Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
• Eryılmaz, A., & Bek, H. (2019). Danışanların beklentilerine göre etkili psikolojik danışmanların 15 özelliği. Kalem Eğitim ve İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 273-294.http://doi.org/ 10.23863/kalem.2018.106
• Eryılmaz, A., & Kara, A. (2017). Kariyer Uyumluluğunun Bireysel Yönü: Kişilik Özellikleri ve Duygulanım Açısından İncelenmesi. Journal of Mood Disorders, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20170525041443
• Eryılmaz, A., & Kara, A. (2018). A career adaptability model for pre-service teachers. Erzincan University Journal of Education Faculty, 20(2), 352-365. https://doi.org/ 10.17556/erziefd.322596
• Eryılmaz, A., & Kara, A. (2020). Investigation of the effectiveness of a career adaptability program for prospective counsellors. Current Psychology, 39(4), 1260-1268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9827-5
• Eryılmaz, A., & Mutlu, T. (2017). Yaşam boyu gelişim yaklaşımı perspektifinden kariyer gelişimi ve ruh sağlığı. [Career Development and Mental Health from the Perspective of Life-Span Development Approach] Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 9(2), 227-249. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.281802
• Freud, A. (1958). Adolescence. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 13, 255–278.
• Greenberger, E. (1994). Defining psychosocial maturity in adolescence. Advences in Child Behavioral Analysis Therapy, 3, 1-37. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1984-22820-001
• Greenberger, E. & Sorenson, A. (1974). Toward a concept of psychosocial maturity. Journal of Youth and Adolesence, 3, 329-358. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02214746
• Guan, Y., Deng, H., & Zhou, X. (2020). Understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on career development: Insights from cultural psychology. Journal of vocational behavior, 119, 103438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103438
• Hirschi, A. (2009). Career adaptability development in adolescence: Multiple predictors and effect on sense of power and life satisfaction. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.01.002
• Hou, C., Wu, L., & Liu, Z. (2014). Effect of proactive personality and decision-making self-efficacy on career adaptability among Chinese graduates. Social Behavior and Personality, 42(6), 903-912. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2014.42.6.903
• Jeffrey Hill, E., Grzywacz, J. G., Allen, S., Blanchard, V. L., Matz-Costa, C., Shulkin, S., & Pitt-Catsouphes, M. (2008). Defining and conceptualizing workplace flexibility. Community, Work and Family, 11(2), 149-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668800802024678
• Johnston, C. S. (2018). A systematic review of the career adaptability literature and future outlook. Journal of Career Assessment, 26(1), 3-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072716679921
• Kanten, S. (2012). Kariyer uyum yetenekleri ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. [Career Adaptability Scale: A study of Validity and Reliability] Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (16), 191-205. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/sbe/issue/23175/247533
• Katz, I., Cohen, R., Green-Cohen, M., & Morsiano-davidpur, S. (2018). Parental support for adolescents' autonomy while making a first career decision. Learning and Individual Differences, 65, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2018.05.006
• Kenny, M. E., & Bledsoe, M. (2005). Contributions of the relational context to career adaptability among urban adolescents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(2), 257-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.10.002
• Kepir Savoly, D. D. (2017). Okuldan işe geçiş becerileri geliştirme programının kariyer uyumu ve kariyer iyimserliğine etkisi. [Unpublished Doctorate thesis]. Hacettepe University.
• Kirazcı, F., & Kavas, A. B. (2021). Çalışma İradesinde Kariyer Kararı Öz-Yetkinliğinin ve Kariyer Karar Verme Belirsizliğine Toleransın Rolü. [The Role of Career Decision Self-Efficacy and Career Decision Ambiguity in Work Volition].Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(4), 1071-1088. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1039502
• Koen, J., Klehe, U. C., & Van Vianen, A. E. (2012). Training career adaptability to facilitate a successful school-to-work transition. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(3), 395-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.10.003
• Kroger, J., & Marcia, J. E. (2011). The identity statuses: Origins, meanings, and interpretations. In Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 31-53). Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9_2
• Negru-Subtirica, O., Pop, E. I., & Crocetti, E. (2015). Developmental trajectories and reciprocal associations between career adaptability and vocational identity: A three-wave longitudinal study with adolescents. Journal of vocational behavior, 88, 131-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.03.004
• Maggiori, C., Johnston, C. S., Krings, F., Massoudi, K., & Rossier, J. (2013). The role of career adaptability and work conditions on general and professional well-being. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(3), 437-449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.07.001
• Maharaj, I., & Schlechter, A. F. (2007). Meaning in life and meaning of work: Relationships with organisational citizenship behaviour, commitment and job satisfaction. Management Dynamics: Journal of the Southern African Institute for Management Scientists, 16(3), 24-41. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC69726
• Marcia, J. E. (1993). The ego identity status approach to ego identity. In Ego identity (pp. 3-21). Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8330-7_1
• Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American psychologist, 41(9), 954. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.41.9.954
• Öztemel, K. (2012). Kariyer kararsızlığı ile mesleki karar verme öz yetkinlik ve kontrol odağı arasındaki ilişkiler. [Relationships between Career Indecision Career Decision Making Self Efficacy and Locus of Control]. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(2), 459-477. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/gefad/issue/6735/90549
• Öztemel, K., & Yıldız-Akyol, E. (2021). The predictive role of happiness, social support, and future time orientation in career adaptability. Journal of Career Development, 48(3), 199-212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845319840437
• Perera, H. N., & McIlveen, P. (2017). Profiles of career adaptivity and their relations with adaptability, adapting, and adaptation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 98, 70-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.10.001
• Savickas, M. L. (1997). Career adaptability: An integrative construct for life‐span, life‐space theory. The career development quarterly, 45(3), 247-259. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.1997.tb00469.x
• Savickas, M. (2002). Career construction: A developmental theory of vocational behavior. In D. Brown and Associates (Eds.), Career choice and development (4th ed., pp. 149- 205). San Fransciso, CA: Jossey-Bass.
• Savickas, M. L. (2005). The theory and practice of career construction. Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work, 1, 42-70.
• Savickas, M. L. (2007). Internationalisation of Counseling Psychology: Constructing Cross‐National Consensus and Collaboration. Applied Psychology, 56(1), 182-188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00284.x
• Savickas, M. L., Nota, L., Rossier, J., Dauwalder, J. P., Duarte, M. E., Guichard, J., ... & Van Vianen, A. E. (2009). Life designing: A paradigm for career construction in the 21st century. Journal of vocational behavior, 75(3), 239-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.04.004
• Savickas, M. L. (2013). Career construction theory and practice. Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work, 2, 144-180.
• Savickas, M. L., & Porfeli, E. J. (2012). Career Adapt-Abilities Scale: Construction, reliability, and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. Journal of vocational behavior, 80(3), 661-673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.011
• Savickas, M. L., Porfeli, E. J., Lara Hilton, T., & Savickas, S. (2018). The Student Career Construction Inventory. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 106, 138-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.01.009
• Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8(2), 23-74.
• Serafini, T. E., & Adams, G. R. (2002). Functions of identity: Scale construction and validation. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 2(4), 361-389. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532706XID0204_05
• Serafini, T. E., Maitland, S. B., & Adams, G. R. (2006). The functions of identity scale: Revisions, validation and model testing. In Poster presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence, San Francisco, California.
• Steinberg, L., & Silverberg, S. (1986). The vicissitudes of autonomy in early adolescence. Child Development, 57, 841–851. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130361
• Rudolph, C. W., Lavigne, K. N., & Zacher, H. (2017). Career adaptability: A meta-analysis of relationships with measures of adaptivity, adapting responses, and adaptation results. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 98, 17-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.09.002
• Rusu, A., Măirean, C., Hojbotă, A. M., Gherasim, L. R., & Gavriloaiei, S. I. (2015). Relationships of career adaptabilities with explicit and implicit self-concepts. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 89, 92-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.05.003
• Sessa, F. M., & Steinberg, L. (1991). Family structure and the development of autonomy during adolescence. The Journal of early adolescence, 11(1), 38-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431691111003
• Sica, L. S., Crocetti, E., Ragozini, G., Aleni Sestito, L., & Serafini, T. (2016). Future-oriented or present-focused? The role of social support and identity styles on ‘futuring’in Italian late adolescents and emerging adults. Journal of Youth Studies, 19(2), 183-203. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2015.1059925
• Spurk, D., Hirschi, A., Wang, M., Valero, D., & Kauffeld, S. (2020). Latent profile analysis: A review and “how to” guide of its application within vocational behavior research. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 120, 103445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103445
• Sullivan, S. E., & Baruch, Y. (2009). Advances in career theory and research: A critical review and agenda for future exploration. Journal of Management, 35, 1542-1571. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309350082
• Taylor, K. M., & Betz, N. E. (1983). Applications of self-efficacy theory to the understanding and treatment of career indecision. Journal of vocational behavior, 22(1), 63-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(83)90006-4
• Ulaş, Ö., & Yıldırım, İ. (2016). The Development of Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale. Turkish Psychological Counselling and Guidance Association, 6(45), 77-90. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tpdrd/issue/42745/515932
• Wrzesniewski, A., Mccauley, C. R., Rozin, P., & Shwartz, B. (1997). Jobs, careers and callings: People’s relations to their work. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 21-33. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1997.2162
• Yıldırım, H., Meral, K., & Kurtuluş, E. Ergen-Ebevenyn Kariyer Uyumu İle Duygusal Özerklik Arasındaki İlişki: Benlik Saygısının Aracı Rolü. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (11), 280-297. https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.931260
• Zhang, Y. C., Zhou, N., Cao, H., Liang, Y., Yu, S., Li, J., ... & Fang, X. (2019). Career-specific parenting practices and career decision-making self-efficacy among Chinese adolescents: The interactive effects of parenting practices and the mediating role of autonomy. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 363. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00363
• Zika, S., & Chamberlain, K. (1992). On the relation between meaning in life and psychological well‐being. British journal of psychology, 83(1), 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1992.tb02429.x