Evli Bireylerde Covid 19 Stresinin Evlilikte Problem Çözme ve Stresle Çift Olarak Baş Etme Açısından İncelenmesi

Year 2022, , 687 - 704, 31.12.2022

İdil Eren Kurt , İsmail Sanberk

https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.122510810

Abstract

Bu çalışma, evli bireylerin COVID-19 nedeniyle ortaya çıkan yeni yaşam biçiminden etkilenme düzeyleri ile evlilikte stresle çift olarak baş etme ve problem çözme değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma grubunu Türkiye'de yaşayan 487 evli birey (%77 kadın, %23 erkek) oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin analizinde hiyerarşik çoklu regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına bakıldığında regresyon modelinin anlamlı olduğu ve COVID-19 pandemi etkisinin %46'sının evlilikte problem çözme ve stresle çift olarak baş etme ile açıklandığı bulunmuştur. Her iki yordayıcı değişkenin COVID-19 Etki Endeksi üzerindeki etkisi orta düzeydedir. Bu bulgu, çifte stresle ortak başa çıkma ve problem çözme becerisinin kazandırılması halinde çiftin zorlayıcı yaşam olayları karşısında daha fazla dayanıklılık gösterebileceğini ortaya koymaktadır. Covid 19 gibi stresli yaşam olaylarının ikili veya üçlü ilişkiler üzerindeki etkisini kişilik gibi içsel değişkenlerle açıklamak, ilişkilerin doğası hakkında daha az bilgi sağlar. Çift ilişkisinde partnerlerden birinin stresle başa çıkma ve problem çözme tarzı, karşısındaki açısından bir stres kaynağı olabilir. Bu nedenle çift ilişkisini inceleyen çalışmalarda sosyal bağlamı yansıtan çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Keywords

Covid 19 pandemisi, stresle çift olarak baş etme, problem çözme, evli bireyler

COVID-19 Stress in Married Individuals in Terms of Dyadic Coping and Problem-Solving in Marriage

Abstract

This study aims to examine the relationship between the levels of married individuals being affected by the new life form that has emerged due to COVID-19 and the variables of dyadic coping with stress and problem-solving in marriage. The study group consists of 487 married individuals (77% women, 23% men) living in Turkey. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used in data analysis. It is found that regression model was significant and 46% of the COVID-19 pandemic effect was explained by problem-solving in marriage and dyadic coping with stress. The effect of both predictor variables on the COVID-19 Impact Index was moderate. This finding reveals that the couple can show greater resilience in the face of challenging life events if the ability to jointly cope with stress and problem solving is acquired. Explaining the impact of stressful life events such as Covid 19 on dyadic or triadic relationships with internal variables such as personality provides less information about the nature of relationships. In a couple relationship, the way one of the partners copes with stress and solves problems can be a source of stress for the other. For this reason, there is a need for studies that reflect the social context in studies examining the couple relationship.

Keywords

Covid 19 pandemic, dyadic coping, problem solving, married individuals

References

• Amerikan Psychological Association. (2020, June 12). Four ways to strengthen couples’ relationships now. http://www.apa.org/topics/covid-19/strengthen-couples-relationships
• Baugh, C. W., Avery, A. W., & Sheets-Haworth, K. L. (1982). Marital Problem-Solving Scale: A measure to assess relationship conflict negotiation ability. Family Therapy, 9(1), 43-51.
• Berg, C. A., & Upchurch, R. (2007). A developmental-contextual model of couples coping with chronic illness across the adult life span. Psychological Bulletin, 133(6), 920-954. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.6.920
• Bodenmann G. (2016). Lehrbuch klinische paar- und familienpsychologie, (2nd ed.). Hogrefe.
• Bodenmann, G. (1995). A systemic-transactional view of stress and coping in couples. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 54(1), 34–49.
• Bodenmann, G. (1997). Can divorce be prevented by enhancing the coping skills of couples?. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 27(3-4), 177-194.
• Bodenmann, G. (2002). Beziehungskrisen: Erkennen, verstehen und bewältigen. Huber.
• Bodenmann, G. (2005). Dyadic coping and its significance for marital functioning. In T. Revenson, K. Kayser & G.Bodenmann (Eds.), Couples coping with stress: Emerging perspectives on dyadic coping (pp.33-50). American Psychological Association.
• Bodenmann, G. (2008). Dyadisches Coping Inventar (DCI). Testmanual. (Dyadic Coping Inventory (DCI). Test manual). Huber & Hogrefe.
• Bodenmann, G., & Perrez, M. (1991). Dyadisches coping-eine systemische betrachtungsweise der belastungsbewältigung in partnerschaften. Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 3(3), 4-25.
• Bodenmann, G., Charvoz, L., Cina, A., & Widmer, K. (2001). Prevention of marital distress by enhancing the coping skills of couples: 1-year follow-up-study. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 60(1), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1024//1421-0185.60.1.3
• Bodenmann, G., Meuwly, N., Germann, J., Nussbeck, F. W., Heinrichs, M., & Bradbury, T. N. (2015). Effects of stress on the social support provided by men and women in intimate relationships. Psychological Science, 26(10), 1584-1594. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615594616
• Bodenmann, G., Perrez, M., Cina, A., & Widmer, K. (2002). The effectiveness of a coping-focused prevention approach: A two-year longitudinal study. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 61(4), 195-202. https://doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.61.4.195
• Bodenmann, G., Pihet, S., & Kayser, K. (2006). The relationship between dyadic coping and marital quality: a 2-year longitudinal study. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(3), 485–493. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.20.3.485
• Bodenmann, G., Pihet, S., Shantinath, S. D., Cina, A., & Widmer, K. (2006). Improving dyadic coping in couples with a stress-oriented approach: A 2-year longitudinal study. Behavior Modification, 30(5), 571-597. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445504269902
• Bortz, J., & Döring, N. (2006). Forschungsmethoden und evaluation für human und sozialwissenschaftler. (Research methods and evaluation for social scientists). Springer.
• Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
• Christensen, A., & Shenk, J. L. (1991). Communication, conflict, and psychological distance in nondistressed, clinic, and divorcing couples. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(3), 458-463. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.59.3.458
• Cohan, C. L. (2010). Family transitions following natural and terrorist disaster: Hurricane Hugo and the September 11 terrorist attack. In T. W. Miller (Eds.). Handbook of stressful transitions across the lifespan (pp. 149-164). Springer.
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Coyne, J. C. and Smith, D. A. (1991). Couples coping with a myocardial infarction: a contextual perspective on wives' distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3), 404-412. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.404
• D’Zurilla, T. J., & Nezu, A. M. (2010). Problem-solving therapy. Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies (3rd ed., pp. 197-225). Guilford Press.
• Dakof, G. A., & Taylor, S. E. (1990). Victims' perceptions of social support: What is helpful from whom?. Journal of personality and social psychology, 58(1), 80-89. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.80
• DeLongis, A., Holtzman, S., Puterman, E., & Lam, M. (2010). Dyadic coping: Support from the spouse in times of stress. In J. Davila & K. Sullivan (Eds.), Social support processes in intimate relationships (pp. 153–174). New York, NY: Oxford Press. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00361.x
• Deniz, M. E., Erus, S. M., & Batum, D. (2020). Examining marital satisfaction in terms of interpersonal mindfulness and perceived problem solving skills in marriage. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 12(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.15345/iojes.2020.02.005
• Donato, S., Parise, M., Pagani, A. F., Lanz, M., Regalia, C., Rosnati, R., & Lafrate, R. (2021). Together against COVID-19 concerns: the role of the dyadic coping process for partners’ psychological well-being during the pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.578395
• Driver J., Tabares, A., Shapiro, A.F.& Gottman J. M. (2012) Couple interaction in happy and unhappy marriages: Gottman laboratory studies. In F. Walsh (Eds.) Normal family processes: growing diversity and complexity (pp. 57–77). Guilford Press.
• Durana, C. (1994). The use of bonding and emotional expressiveness in the PAIRS training: A psychoeducational approach for couples. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 5(2), 65-81.
• D'zurilla, T. J., & Goldfried, M. R. (1971). Problem solving and behavior modification. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 78(1), 107-126. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031360
• Eren Kurt, İ., & Akbaş, T. (2019). Stresle Çift Olarak Baş Etme Envanteri’nin Türkçe’ye Uyarlanması. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 13(19), 636-655. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.547217
• Falconier, M. K., Nussbeck, F., Bodenmann, G., Schneider, H., & Bradbury, T. (2015). Stress from daily hassles in couples: Its effects on intradyadic stress, relationship satisfaction, and physical and psychological well‐being. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 41(2), 221-235. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12073
• Firestone, R. W., & Catlett, J. (1999). Fear of intimacy. American Psychological Association.
• Folkman, S. (2009). Commentary on the special section “theory-based approaches to stress and coping”: Questions, answers, issues, and next steps in stress and coping research. European Psychologist, 14(1), 72–77. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.14.1.72
• Fraenkel, P., & Cho, W. L. (2020). Reaching up, down, in, and around: Couple and family coping during the coronavirus pandemic. Family Process, 59(3), 847-864. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12570
• Gagliardi, S., Bodenmann, G., Heinrichs, N., Bertoni, A. M., Iafrate, R. & Donato, S. (2013). Unterschiede in der partnerschaftsqualität und im dyadischen coping bei verschiedenen bindungsbezogenen paartypen. PPmP - Psychotherapie· Psychosomatik· Medizinische Psychologie, 63(05), 185-192. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1333291
• Goldberg, A. E., McCormick, N., & Virginia, H. (2021). Parenting in a Pandemic: Work–Family Arrangements, Well‐Being, and Intimate Relationships Among Adoptive Parents. Family Relations, 70(1), 7-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12528
• Gordon, L. H., & Durana, C. (1999). The PAIRS program. In R. Berger & M. T. Hannah (Eds.), Preventive approaches in couples therapy (pp. 217–236). Brunner/Mazel.
• Gottman, J. M. (1993). The roles of conflict engagement, escalation, and avoidance in marital interaction: a longitudinal view of five types of couples. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(1), 6-15. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.61.1.6
• Gottman, J. M. (1994): What predicts divorce? The relationship between marital processes and marital outcomes. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Guerrero, L. K., Anderson, P. A. and Afifi, W. A. (2011). Close encounters: Communication in relationships. Sage.
• Hahlweg, K., Feinstein, E., & Müller, U. (1988). Analyse familiärer und partnerschaftlicher Kommunikation. In M. Cierpka (Eds.). Familiendiagnostik (pp. 153-169). Springer.
• Halford, W. K., Sanders, M. R., & Behrens, B. C. (2001). Can skills training prevent relationship problems in at-risk couples? Four-year effects of a behavioral relationship education program. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(4), 750-768. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.15.4.750
• Hashemi, L., & Homayuni, H. (2017). Emotional divorce: Child’s well-being. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 58(8), 631-644. https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2016.1160483
• Hille, Z., Oezdemir, U. C., Beier, K. M., & Hatzler, L. (2021). The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on sexual activity and sexual practices of singles and partnered participants of a German speaking study population. Sexologies, 30(1), 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sexol.2020.12.010
• Hünler, O. S. (2002). The effects of religiousness on marital satisfaction and the mediator role of perceived marital problem solving abilities between religiousness and marital satisfaction relationship [Master dissertation, Middle East Technical University]. METU Open Science/Access and Institutional Repository System. https://hdl.handle.net/11511/12491
• Hünler, O. S., & Gençöz, T. (2005). The effect of religiousness on marital satisfaction: Testing the mediator role of marital problem solving between religiousness and marital satisfaction relationship. Contemporary Family Therapy, 27(1), 123-136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-004-1974-1
• Johnson, A. D., Martin, A., Partika, A., Phillips, D. A., Castle, S., & Tulsa SEED Study Team*. (2021). Chaos during the COVID‐19 outbreak: Predictors of household chaos among low‐income families during a pandemic. Family Relations, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12597
• Karney, B. R. & Bradbury, T. (1995). The longitudinal course of marital quality and stability: A review of theory, method and research. Psychological Bulletin, 118, 3-34. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.118.1.3
• Kayser, K., Watson, L. E., & Andrade, J. T. (2007). Cancer as a" we-disease": Examining the process of coping from a relational perspective. Families, Systems, & Health, 25(4), 404-418. https://doi.org/10.1037/1091-7527.25.4.404
• Kowalczyk, A. (2000). Systemische paartherapie. In P. Kaiser (Eds.). Partnerschaft und paartherapie. (pp. 339-364). Hogrefe.
• Lazarus, R. S. and Folkman, S. (1985). If it changes it must be a process: study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(1), 150-170. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.547217
• Ledermann, T., Bodenmann, G., & Cina, A. (2007). The efficacy of the couples coping enhancement training (CCET) in improving relationship quality. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26(8), 940-959. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2007.26.8.940
• Ledermann, T., Bodenmann, G., Gagliardi, S., Charvoz, L., Verardi, S., Rossier, J., et al. (2010). Psychometrics of the dyadic coping inventory in three language groups. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 69, 201–212. https://doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000024
• Leonard, M. T., Giraud, C., & Abraham, C. (2022). Coupling with COVID: The Role of Dyadic Coping in Relationship Satisfaction and Psychological Distress during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Family Issues, 43(8), 2234–2252. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X211030028
• Levenson, R. W., Carstensen, L. L., & Gottman, J. M. (1993). Long-term marriage: Age, gender, and satisfaction. Psychology and Aging, 8(2), 301-313. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.8.2.301
• Luetke, M., Hensel, D., Herbenick, D., & Rosenberg, M. (2020). Romantic relationship conflict due to the COVID-19 pandemic and changes in intimate and sexual behaviors in a nationally representative sample of American adults. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 46(8), 747-762. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2020.1810185
• Lyons, R. F., Mickelson, K. D., Sullivan, M. J., & Coyne, J. C. (1998). Coping as a communal process. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15(5), 579-605. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407598155001
• Maiti, T., Singh, S., Innamuri, R., & Hasija, A. D. (2020). Marital distress during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown: A brief narrative. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 8(2), 426-433. https://doi.org/10.25215/0802.257
• Markman, H. J., Floyd, F. J., Stanley, S. M., & Storaasli, R. D. (1988). Prevention of marital distress: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(2), 210-217. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.2.210
• Markman, H. J., Renick, M. J., Floyd, F. J., Stanley, S. M., & Clements, M. (1993). Preventing marital distress through communication and conflict management training: A 4-and 5-year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(1), 70-77. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.61.1.70
• Merz, C. A., Meuwly, N., Randall, A. K., & Bodenmann, G. (2014). Engaging in dyadic coping: Buffering the impact of everyday stress on prospective relationship satisfaction. Family Science, 5(1), 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/19424620.2014.927385
• Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. Guilford Press.
• Monmouth University Polling Institute. (2020, May 21). Relationships weather the pandemic. https://www.monmouth.edu/polling-institute/reports/monmouthpoll_us_052120/
• Neff, L. A. and Karney, B. R. (2017). Acknowledging the elephant in the room: How stressful environmental contexts shape relationship dynamics. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 107-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.05.013
• Oelkers-Ax R., Ax, T., & Zwack, M. (2020). Familien unter druck in zeiten von Corona: Befunde und lösungsansätze. Familiendynamik, 45(4), 270-278. https://doi.org/10.21706/fd-45-4-270 Pietromonaco, P. R., & Overall, N. C. (2021). Applying relationship science to evaluate how the COVID-19 pandemic may impact couples’ relationships. American Psychologist, 76(3), 438-450. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000714
• Pihet, S., Bodenmann, G., Cina, A., Widmer, K., & Shantinath, S. (2007). Can prevention of marital distress improve well‐being? A 1-year longitudinal study. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 14(2), 79-88. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.522
• Prado, L. M. ve Markman, H. J. (1999). Unearthing the seeds of marital distress: What we have learned from married and remarried couples. In M. Cox & J. Brooks Gun (Eds.), Conflict and cohesion in families: Causes and consequences. (2nd ed., pp. 84-105). Earlbaum.
• Prime, H., Wade, M., & Browne, D. T. (2020). Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist, 75(5), 631–643. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000660
• Randall, A. and Bodenmann, G. (2009). The role of stress on close relationships and marital satisfaction. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(2), 105-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2008.10.004
• Randall, A. and Bodenmann, G. (2017). Stress and its associations with rellationship satisfaction. Current Opinion Psychology, 13, 96-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.05.010
• Randall, A. K., Leon, G., Basili, E., Martos, T., Boiger, M., Baldi, M., Hocker, L., Kline, K., Masturzi, A., Aryeetey, R., Bar-Kalifa, E., Boon, S. D., Botella, L., Burke, T., Carnelley, K. B., Carr, A., Dash, A.,
• Fitriana, M., Gaines, S. O., … Chiarolanza, C. (2021). Coping with global uncertainty: Perceptions of COVID-19 psychological distress, relationship quality, and dyadic coping for romantic partners across 27 countries. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 39(1), 3-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X211030028
• Regan, T. W., Lambert, S. D., Kelly, B., Falconier, M., Kissane, D., & Levesque, J. V. (2015). Couples coping with cancer: exploration of theoretical frameworks from dyadic studies. Psycho‐Oncology, 24(12), 1605-1617. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3854
• Revenson, T. A. (1994). Social support and marital coping with chronic illness. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 16(2), 122-130. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/16.2.122
• Rothmüller, B. (2020). Intimität und soziale beziehungen in der zeit physischer distanzierung ausgewählte zwischenergebnisse zur COVID-19-Pandemie. Verfügbar unter.
• Rusu, P. P., Nussbeck, F. W., Leuchtmann, L., & Bodenmann, G. (2020). Stress, dyadic coping, and relationship satisfaction: A longitudinal study disentangling timely stable from yearly fluctuations. PloS One, 15(4), e0231133. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231133
• Schindler, L., Hahlweg, K., & Revenstorf, D. (2017). Partnerschaftsprobleme. so gelingt ihre beziehung – handbuch für paare. Springer.
• Sullivan, K. T., Pasch, L. A., Johnson, M. D., & Bradbury, T. N. (2010). Social support, problem solving, and the longitudinal course of newlywed marriage. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(4), 631-644. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017578
• Wilkinson, R. G., & Marmot, M. (Eds.). (2003). Social determinants of health: The solid facts. World Health Organization.
• Zhang, J., Lu, H., Zeng, H., Zhang, S., Du, Q., Jiang, T., & Du, B. (2020). The differential psychological distress of populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 49-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.031