Examination of Psychological Counselor Candidates’ Views of Using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in Individual Psychological Counseling: A Q Methodology Approach

Abstract

Individual Psychological Counseling Practicum is an applied course in which Guidance and Psychological Counseling undergraduate senior students have an opportunity to have a practical experience with an actual client in Turkey. In the course, the theoretical approaches chosen by the counselors and their views on this approach may affect their attitudes towards the practicum process and their experiences. Therefore, the current study aims to determine the opinions of guidance and psychological counseling senior students who took the course Individual Psychological Counseling Practicum about using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in individual psychological counseling with the Q-methodology approach. For this purpose, 33 senior undergraduate students participated in the current study, taking the Individual Psychological Counseling Practicum-2 course in Atatürk University. The research utilized Q-statements crafted by the researcher along with a Q-sort comprising 18 sentences ranging from -3 to +3, facilitating forced placement, as the data collection instrument. Results showed that the opinions of the counselor candidates about the use of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy were gathered in a single dimension, which indicates a positive attitude.

Keywords

• Q-methodology
• individual counseling
• cognitive behavioral therapy
• psychological counselor

References

1. Ateş, N., & Arcan, K. (2018). Panik bozuklukta bilişsel davranışçı terapi: bir olgu sunumu (Cognitive behavioral therapy in panic disorder: a case study). AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 5(3), 61-78. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.468240
2. Beck, J. S., & Beck, A. T. (2011). Cognitive behavior therapy. Guilford Publication.
3. Bengisoy, A., Özdemir, M. B., Erkıvanç, F., Şahin, S., & İskifoğlu, T. Ç. (2019). Bilişsel davranışcı terapi kullanılarak yapılan araştırma makalelerinin içerik analizi 1997-2018 (The content analysis of the research articles about cognitivebehavioural therapy between 1997-2018). Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 9(54), 745-793.
4. Bilge, Y., Gül, E., & Birçek, N. I. (2020). Bir sosyal fobi vakasında bilişsel davranışçı terapi ve sanal gerçeklik kombinasyonu (Cognitive behavioral therapy and virtual reality combination in a case of social phobia). Bilişsel Davranışçı Psikoterapi ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(2), 158-165.
5. Blom, K., Tillgren, H. T., Wiklund, T., Danlycke, E., Forssén, M., Söderström, A., Johansson, R., Hesser, H., Jernelöv, S., & Lindefors, N. (2015). Internet-vs. group-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 70, 47-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2015.05.002
6. Conte, H. R., Plutchik, R., Picard, S., & Karasu, T. B. (1991). Can personality traits predict psychotherapy outcome? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 32(1), 66-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-440X(91)90071-J
7. Corey, G. (2015). Theory and practice of group counseling. Cengage Learning.
8. Demir, F. & Kul, M. (2011). Modern bir araştırma yöntemi Q Metodu (A modern research method Q Method). Adalet Yayınevi.

9. Dinç, S., & Erden-Çınar, S. (2019). Bilişsel davranışçı yaklaşıma dayalı grupla psikolojik danışma uygulamasının üniversite öğrencilerinin gelecek kaygıları ve yetkinlik inançları üzerine etkisi (The effect of cognitive behavioural group counselling on future anxiety and competence belief of university students). E-Uluslararası Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(3), 15-28.
10. Donner, J. C. (2001). Using Q-sorts in participatory processes: An introduction to the methodology. Social Development Papers, 36, 24-49.
11. El Alaoui, S., Hedman, E., Kaldo, V., Hesser, H., Kraepelien, M., Andersson, E., Rück, C., Andersson, G., Ljótsson, B., & Lindefors, N. (2015). Effectiveness of Internet-based cognitive–behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder in clinical psychiatry. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83(5), 902-914. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039198
12. Ertekin, E., Ergun, B. M., & Sungur, M. Z. (2015). Psikiyatristler ve psikiyatri asistanlarında bilişsel-davranışçı terapi hakkında mitler ve yanlış bilinenler (Misconceptions and myhts about cognitive-behavioral therapy among psychiatrists and psychiatry residents). Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16(1), 60-64.
13. Karasu, M., & Peker, M. (2019). Q yöntemi: Tarihi, kuramı ve uygulaması (Q method: History, theory and application). Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 22(43), 28-39. https://doi.org/10.31828/tpy1301996120181122m000003
14. Kealy, D., Goodman, G., Rasmussen, B., Weideman, R., & Ogrodniczuk, J. S. (2017). Therapists’ perspectives on optimal treatment for pathological narcissism. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 8(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000164
15. Kreft, J. (2017). An exploration of trainee high-intensity therapist’s views of self-disclosure in clinical supervision using q-methodology and semi-structured interviews. [Masters dissertation, University of Chester]. University of Chester Repository.
16. Lambert, M. J., & Ogles, B. (2004). The efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy. In, MJ Lambert (Ed.) Bergin and Garfields handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (pp. 139-193). Wiley.
17. López-López, J. A., Davies, S. R., Caldwell, D. M., Churchill, R., Peters, T. J., Tallon, D., Dawson, S., Wu, Q., Li, J., & Taylor, A. (2019). The process and delivery of CBT for depression in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 49(12), 1937-1947. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171900120X
18. Memiş, L. (2020). Kentsel aktörlerin sürdürülebilirlik algıları: q-metodoloji yöntemiyle bir araştırma (Sustainability perceptions of urban actors: a research with Q-Methodology method). Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(1), 244-260.
19. Murdock, N. L. (2004). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: A case approach. Pearson Education.
20. O’Donohue, W. T., & Fisher, J. E. (2009). General principles and empirically supported techniques of cognitive behavior therapy. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
21. Oud, M., De Winter, L., Vermeulen-Smit, E., Bodden, D., Nauta, M., Stone, L., Van Den Heuvel, M., Al Taher, R., De Graaf, I., & Kendall, T. (2019). Effectiveness of CBT for children and adolescents with depression: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. European Psychiatry, 57, 33-45.
22. Örüm, M. H. (2021). Obsesif-kompülsif bozukluğun ruminasyon ve temizlik alt boyutlarındaki bilişsel hataların bilişsel davranışçı tedavi ile değişimlerinin karşılaştırılması (Comparison of alterations of cognitive errors in rumination and cleaning dimensions of obsessive-compulsive disorder with cognitive behavioral treatment). Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(3), 635-644.
23. Özmen, H., & Karamustafaoğlu, O. (2019). Eğitimde araştırma yöntemleri (Research methods in education). Pegem Akademi.
24. Öz-Soysal, F. S., Uz-Baş, A., & Aysan, F. (2016). Okul psikolojik danışmanlarının psikolojik danışma yaklaşımlarına ilişkin görüşleri (Views of school counselors on psychological counseling). Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 6(46), 53-69.
25. PQ Method. (2023). Retrieved March 11, 2023, from http://schmolck.org/qmethod/
26. Sandell, R., Blomberg, J., Lazar, A., Carlsson, J., Broberg, J., & Schubert, J. (2000). Varieties of long-term outcome among patients in psychoanalysis and long-term psychotherapy: A review of findings in the stockho. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 81(5), 921-942.
27. Sandell, R., Lazar, A., Grant, J., Carlsson, J., Schubert, J., & Broberg, J. (2007). Therapist attitudes and patient outcomes: II. therapist attitudes influence change during treatment. Psychotherapy Research, 17(2), 196-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300600608439
28. Sharf, R. S. (2015). Theories of psychotherapy & counseling: Concepts and cases. Cengage Learning.
29. Simon, N., McGillivray, L., Roberts, N. P., Barawi, K., Lewis, C. E., & Bisson, J. I. (2019). Acceptability of internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (i-CBT) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a systematic review. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1646092.
30. Skelcher, C., Sullivan, H., Jeffares, S. (2013). Governing subjectivities: a Q methodology study. In: Hybrid governance in european cities. understanding governance series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137314789_5
31. Springer, K. S., Levy, H. C., & Tolin, D. F. (2018). Remission in CBT for adult anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 61, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.03.002
32. Stephenson, W. (1953). The study of behavior; Q-technique and its methodology. University of Chicago Press.
33. Stenner, P., & Watts, S. (2012). Doing Q methodological research: Theory, method & interpretation. Sage Publications Ltd
34. Stone, T., & Turale, S. (2015). Q methodology: An introduction. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research, 19(3), 183-186.
35. Türkçapar, M. H. (2018). Bilişsel davranışçı terapi temel ilkeler ve uygulama (Basic principles and practice of cognitive behavioral therapy). Epsilon Yayınevi.
36. Watts, S., & Stenner, P. (2007). Q methodology: the inverted factor technique. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 28(1-2), 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/03033910.2007.10446249
37. Weber, B. W. (2020). Counselor viewpoints on the formation of theoretical orientation. Kansas State University. (Publication No. 28154971) Proquest dissertations & theses global.
38. Wilcockson, M. (2022). Conflicts of identity–How counsellors practice CBT 5 years post qualification. Sciences, 11(2), 42-50. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20221102.11