Research Article
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Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 79, 838 - 853, 29.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1560749

Abstract

References

  • Ahmed, I., Qureshi, A. F., & Rahim, A. (2016). Cultural variation in perceived parental expectations and the well-being of South Asian youth.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47(6), 831–849.
  • Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Erlbaum.
  • Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical psychology review, 30(2), 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004
  • Arnett J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood. A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. The American psychologist, 55(5), 469–480.
  • Bandura, A. (1971). Social learning theory. General Learning Corporation.
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory.Prentice-Hall.
  • Baumrind, D. (1991). Parenting styles and adolescent development. In J. Brooks-Gunn, R. Lerner, & A. C. Petersen (Eds.), The encyclopedia of adolescence (Vol. 2, pp. 746–758). Garland Publishing.
  • Bence, J. (2022). Examining the mediating effect of emotion regulation and emotion crafting between parenting dimensions and anxiety symptoms (Master's thesis).[Name of University where thesis was submitted].
  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. Vol. 1: Attachment. Hogarth Press.
  • Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664–678.
  • Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment (2nd ed.). Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. Basic Books.
  • Cabrera, N. J., Fitzgerald, H. E., Bradley, R. H., & Roggman, L. (2014). The ecology of father‐child relationships: An expanded model. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 6(4), 336-354. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12054
  • Caprara, G. V., Steca, P., Zelli, A., &Capanna, C. (2005).A new scale for measuring adults’ prosocialness.European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21(2), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.21.2.77
  • Carlo, G., Mestre, M. V., Samper, P., Tur, A., & Armenta, B. E. (2011). The longitudinal relations among dimensions of parenting styles, sympathy, prosocial moral reasoning, and prosocial behaviors. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(2), 116–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025410375921
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(4), 349–354. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047358
  • Cuhadaroglu-Cetin, F. (2010). Relations of maternal and paternal parenting styles to emerging adults’ prosocial behavior. Journal of Adolescence, 33(1), 181–185.
  • Dwairy, A., Achoui, M., Bowles, P., & Raberaba, D. (2006). Parenting styles in Arab societies: A review. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 37(2), 247–268. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022106286922?urlappend=%3Futm_source%3Dresearchgate.net%26utm_medium%3Darticle
  • Eisenberg, N. (2000). Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual review of psychology, 51(1), 665–697. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.665
  • Eisenberg, N., &Fabes, R. A. (1992).Emotion, regulation, and the development of social competence. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology: Vol. 14. Emotion and social behavior (pp. 119–150). Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Eisenberg, N., &Fabes, R. A. (1998).Prosocial development. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 701–778).Wiley.
  • Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., &Spinrad, T. L. (2006).Prosocial development. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., pp. 646–718).Wiley.
  • Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., &Spinrad, T. L. (2007).The development of prosocial behavior across the life span. In C. L. Barrett & P. J. Salovey (Eds.), The wisdom in feeling: Psychological processes in emotional intelligence (pp. 177–216). Guilford Press.
  • Enns, M. W., Cox, B. J., & Clara, I. (2002). Adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism: Developmental origins and association with depression proneness. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(6), 921–935. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00202-1
  • Enns, M. W., Cox, B. J., & Clara, I. (2002). Parental bonding and adult psychopathology: Results from the US national comorbidity survey. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 997–1008. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291702005937
  • Farrer, L., Gulliver, A., Chan, J. K., Batterham, P. J., Reynolds, J., Calear, A., Tait, R., Bennett, K., & Griffiths, K. M. (2013). Technology-based interventions for mental health in tertiary students: systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(5), e101. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2639
  • Fredrickson B. L. (2004). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 359(1449), 1367–1378. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1512
  • Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
  • Gross J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39(3), 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0048577201393198
  • Gross, J. J. (2013). Emotion regulation: Taking stock and moving forward. Emotion, 13(3), 359–365.
  • Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
  • Gross, J. J., & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 3–24).Guilford Press.
  • Hayes, A. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. The Guilford Press.6
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Sage publications.
  • Jones, T. L., & Prinz, R. J. (2005). Potential roles of parental self-efficacy in parent and child adjustment: a review. Clinical psychology review, 25(3), 341–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.12.004
  • Kaufman, E. A., Xia, M., Fosco, G., Yaptangco, M., Skidmore, C. R., & Crowell, S. E. (2015). The difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form (Ders-SF): Validation and replication in adolescent and adult samples. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(3), 443–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-015-9529-3
  • Kerns, K. A., Aspelmeier, J. E., Gentzler, A. L., & Grabill, C. M. (2001). Parent–child attachment and monitoring in middle childhood. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(1), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.15.1.69
  • Khan, A., Khan, H., &Khilji, I. A. (2019). Cultural influence on emotional expression and well-being: A comparative study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 50(4), 500–515.
  • Lamb, M. E. (2004). The role of the father in child development.John Wiley & Sons.
  • Maccoby, E. E. (1992). The role of parents in the socialization of children: An historical overview. Developmental Psychology, 28(6), 1006–1017. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.28.6.1006
  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
  • Maxwell, S. E., & Delaney, H. D. (2004).Designing experiments and analyzing data: A model comparison perspective (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Murphy, E., Brewin, C. R., & Silka, L. (1997). The assessment of parenting using the Parental Bonding Instrument: Two or three factors? Psychological Medicine, 27(2), 333–342. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291796004606
  • Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Christensen, K. J. (2011). Empathy and Prosocial Behavior, What Do We Know? In R. J. R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Adolescence (pp. 945–955).Springer.
  • Parker G. (1983). Parental 'affectionless control' as an antecedent to adult depression. A risk factor delineated. Archives of general psychiatry, 40(9), 956–960. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790080038005
  • Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979). A parental bonding instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02487.x
  • Peisah, C., Brodaty, H., Luscombe, G., Kruk, J., & Anstey, K. (1999). The parent adult-child relationship questionnaire (PACQ): The assessment of the relationship of adult children to their parents. Aging & Mental Health, 3(1), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607869956415
  • Rozumah, B., & Shereen, N. (2009). Relationships with father and mother, self-esteem, and academic achievement amongst college students. American Journal of Scientific Research, 6, 86–94.
  • Saleem, M. (2014). Parental socialization of children’s prosocial behavior in Pakistan.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(7), 1117–1132. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022114530421
  • Siddiqui, S. (2018). Parenting styles and their impact on the emotional intelligence of adolescents. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 28(1), 57–74.
  • Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3), 25–52, 250–283. https://doi.org/10.2307/1166137
  • Vogiatzis, Z. (2019). The relationship between adults’ retrospective accounts of paternal parenting and psychological health: The mediating role of emotion regulation (Doctoral dissertation, University of East London).

Perceived Parent Adult Relationship and Prosocial Behaviors in Young Adults: Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation Difficulties

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 79, 838 - 853, 29.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1560749

Abstract

The current study used a correlational design and aimed to examine the link among perceived parent–adult relationships, prosocial behaviors, and the mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties in young adults. The sample consisted of 470 students from a public-sector university, aged 18 to 25 years. Participants completed the Parent-Adult-Child Relationship Questionnaire (PACQ), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale–Short Form (DERS-SF), and the Prosocialness Scale for Adults (PSA). Later, data were analyzed using Hayes’ PROCESS Macro (Model 4). The analysis revealed that the relationship between parent–adult interactions and prosocial behavior was mediated by difficulties in emotion regulation. These findings align with collectivist cultural values in Pakistan, which emphasize interdependence, family dynamics, emotion regulation, and behavioral outcomes. The study offers implications for emotional-skills interventions and parenting practices among youth in similar cultural contexts.

References

  • Ahmed, I., Qureshi, A. F., & Rahim, A. (2016). Cultural variation in perceived parental expectations and the well-being of South Asian youth.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47(6), 831–849.
  • Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Erlbaum.
  • Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical psychology review, 30(2), 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004
  • Arnett J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood. A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. The American psychologist, 55(5), 469–480.
  • Bandura, A. (1971). Social learning theory. General Learning Corporation.
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory.Prentice-Hall.
  • Baumrind, D. (1991). Parenting styles and adolescent development. In J. Brooks-Gunn, R. Lerner, & A. C. Petersen (Eds.), The encyclopedia of adolescence (Vol. 2, pp. 746–758). Garland Publishing.
  • Bence, J. (2022). Examining the mediating effect of emotion regulation and emotion crafting between parenting dimensions and anxiety symptoms (Master's thesis).[Name of University where thesis was submitted].
  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. Vol. 1: Attachment. Hogarth Press.
  • Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664–678.
  • Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment (2nd ed.). Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. Basic Books.
  • Cabrera, N. J., Fitzgerald, H. E., Bradley, R. H., & Roggman, L. (2014). The ecology of father‐child relationships: An expanded model. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 6(4), 336-354. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12054
  • Caprara, G. V., Steca, P., Zelli, A., &Capanna, C. (2005).A new scale for measuring adults’ prosocialness.European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21(2), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.21.2.77
  • Carlo, G., Mestre, M. V., Samper, P., Tur, A., & Armenta, B. E. (2011). The longitudinal relations among dimensions of parenting styles, sympathy, prosocial moral reasoning, and prosocial behaviors. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(2), 116–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025410375921
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(4), 349–354. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047358
  • Cuhadaroglu-Cetin, F. (2010). Relations of maternal and paternal parenting styles to emerging adults’ prosocial behavior. Journal of Adolescence, 33(1), 181–185.
  • Dwairy, A., Achoui, M., Bowles, P., & Raberaba, D. (2006). Parenting styles in Arab societies: A review. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 37(2), 247–268. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022106286922?urlappend=%3Futm_source%3Dresearchgate.net%26utm_medium%3Darticle
  • Eisenberg, N. (2000). Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual review of psychology, 51(1), 665–697. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.665
  • Eisenberg, N., &Fabes, R. A. (1992).Emotion, regulation, and the development of social competence. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology: Vol. 14. Emotion and social behavior (pp. 119–150). Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Eisenberg, N., &Fabes, R. A. (1998).Prosocial development. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 701–778).Wiley.
  • Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., &Spinrad, T. L. (2006).Prosocial development. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., pp. 646–718).Wiley.
  • Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., &Spinrad, T. L. (2007).The development of prosocial behavior across the life span. In C. L. Barrett & P. J. Salovey (Eds.), The wisdom in feeling: Psychological processes in emotional intelligence (pp. 177–216). Guilford Press.
  • Enns, M. W., Cox, B. J., & Clara, I. (2002). Adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism: Developmental origins and association with depression proneness. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(6), 921–935. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00202-1
  • Enns, M. W., Cox, B. J., & Clara, I. (2002). Parental bonding and adult psychopathology: Results from the US national comorbidity survey. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 997–1008. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291702005937
  • Farrer, L., Gulliver, A., Chan, J. K., Batterham, P. J., Reynolds, J., Calear, A., Tait, R., Bennett, K., & Griffiths, K. M. (2013). Technology-based interventions for mental health in tertiary students: systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(5), e101. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2639
  • Fredrickson B. L. (2004). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 359(1449), 1367–1378. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1512
  • Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
  • Gross J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39(3), 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0048577201393198
  • Gross, J. J. (2013). Emotion regulation: Taking stock and moving forward. Emotion, 13(3), 359–365.
  • Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
  • Gross, J. J., & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 3–24).Guilford Press.
  • Hayes, A. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. The Guilford Press.6
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Sage publications.
  • Jones, T. L., & Prinz, R. J. (2005). Potential roles of parental self-efficacy in parent and child adjustment: a review. Clinical psychology review, 25(3), 341–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.12.004
  • Kaufman, E. A., Xia, M., Fosco, G., Yaptangco, M., Skidmore, C. R., & Crowell, S. E. (2015). The difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form (Ders-SF): Validation and replication in adolescent and adult samples. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(3), 443–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-015-9529-3
  • Kerns, K. A., Aspelmeier, J. E., Gentzler, A. L., & Grabill, C. M. (2001). Parent–child attachment and monitoring in middle childhood. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(1), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.15.1.69
  • Khan, A., Khan, H., &Khilji, I. A. (2019). Cultural influence on emotional expression and well-being: A comparative study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 50(4), 500–515.
  • Lamb, M. E. (2004). The role of the father in child development.John Wiley & Sons.
  • Maccoby, E. E. (1992). The role of parents in the socialization of children: An historical overview. Developmental Psychology, 28(6), 1006–1017. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.28.6.1006
  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
  • Maxwell, S. E., & Delaney, H. D. (2004).Designing experiments and analyzing data: A model comparison perspective (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Murphy, E., Brewin, C. R., & Silka, L. (1997). The assessment of parenting using the Parental Bonding Instrument: Two or three factors? Psychological Medicine, 27(2), 333–342. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291796004606
  • Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Christensen, K. J. (2011). Empathy and Prosocial Behavior, What Do We Know? In R. J. R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Adolescence (pp. 945–955).Springer.
  • Parker G. (1983). Parental 'affectionless control' as an antecedent to adult depression. A risk factor delineated. Archives of general psychiatry, 40(9), 956–960. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790080038005
  • Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979). A parental bonding instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02487.x
  • Peisah, C., Brodaty, H., Luscombe, G., Kruk, J., & Anstey, K. (1999). The parent adult-child relationship questionnaire (PACQ): The assessment of the relationship of adult children to their parents. Aging & Mental Health, 3(1), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607869956415
  • Rozumah, B., & Shereen, N. (2009). Relationships with father and mother, self-esteem, and academic achievement amongst college students. American Journal of Scientific Research, 6, 86–94.
  • Saleem, M. (2014). Parental socialization of children’s prosocial behavior in Pakistan.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(7), 1117–1132. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022114530421
  • Siddiqui, S. (2018). Parenting styles and their impact on the emotional intelligence of adolescents. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 28(1), 57–74.
  • Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3), 25–52, 250–283. https://doi.org/10.2307/1166137
  • Vogiatzis, Z. (2019). The relationship between adults’ retrospective accounts of paternal parenting and psychological health: The mediating role of emotion regulation (Doctoral dissertation, University of East London).
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Family Counseling, Psychological Counseling Education
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Nimrah Yaseen 0009-0005-4829-2713

Nazia Bashir 0009-0009-9870-0518

Submission Date October 25, 2024
Acceptance Date June 10, 2025
Publication Date December 29, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 15 Issue: 79

Cite

APA Yaseen, N., & Bashir, N. (2025). Perceived Parent Adult Relationship and Prosocial Behaviors in Young Adults: Mediating Role of Emotion Regulation Difficulties. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 15(79), 838-853. https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1560749

!! From 30 November 2023, English language proofreading will be required for accepted articles to ensure language quality.