Research Article
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Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 79, 823 - 837, 29.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1570722

Abstract

References

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  • Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., Rothstein, H. R. & Saleem, M. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018251
  • Avcı, İ. C. (2020). The relationship between digital game addiction and communication skills in adolescents [Master’s thesis, Çağ University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/
  • Ayyıldız, D. (2021). The investigation of the relationship between digital game addiction, behavioral-emotional difficulties and negative cognitive errors among middle school students [Master’s thesis, Dokuz Eylül University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/
  • Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1994). Losing control: How and why people fail at self-regulation. Academic Press.
  • Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(6), 351-355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x
  • Blinka, L., Škařupová, K., & Mitterova, K. (2016). Dysfunctional impulsivity in online gaming addiction and engagement. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2016-3-5
  • Chia, D. X., Ng, C. W., Kandasami, G., Seow, M. Y., Choo, C. C., Chew, P. K., Lee, C., & Zhang, M. W. (2020). Prevalence of internet addiction and gaming disorders in Southeast Asia: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2582. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072582
  • Chik, A. (2014). Digital gaming and language learning: Autonomy and community. Language Learning & Technology, 18(2), 85-100. https://doi.org/10125/44371
  • De Kort, Y. A., IJsselsteijn, W. A., & Poels, K. (2007). Digital games as social presence technology: Development of the Social Presence in Gaming Questionnaire (SPGQ). Proceedings of Presence, 195203, 1-9.
  • Denson, T. F., DeWall, C. N., & Finkel, E. J. (2012). Self-control and aggression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(1), 20-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411429451
  • DeWall, C. N., Gilmer, R., Sharif, V., Carboni, İ., & Kenneth, G. R. (2012). Let out, sluggardly, and blue: Low self-control mediates the relationship between ostracism and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(7), 832-837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.025
  • Ekşi, H., Turgut, T., & Sevim, E. (2019). The mediating role of general procrastination in the relationship between self-control and social media addiction among university students. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 6(3), 717–745. https://doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2019.6.3.0069
  • Evenden, J. L. (1999). Varieties of impulsivity. Psychopharmacology, 146(4), 348-361. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00005481
  • Farmer, R. F., & Golden, J. A. (2009). The forms and functions of impulsive actions: Implications for behavioral assessment and therapy. International Journal Consultation and Therapy, 5(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100870
  • Feng, W., Ramo, D., Chan, S., & Bourgeois, J. (2017). Internet gaming disorder: Trends in prevalence 1998–2016. Addictive Behaviors, 75, 17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.06.010
  • Ferguson, C. J., Coulson, M., & Barnett, J. (2011). A meta-analysis of pathological gaming prevalence and comorbidity with mental health, academic and social problems. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(12), 1573-1578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.09.005
  • Gentile, D. A., Anderson, C. A., Yukawa, S., Ihori, N., Saleem, M., Ming, L. K., Shibuya, A., Liau, A. K., Khoo, A., Bushman, B. J., Huesmann, L. R., & Sakamoto, A. (2009). The effects of prosocial video games on prosocial behaviors: International evidence from correlational, longitudinal, and experimental studies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(6), 752-763. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209333045
  • Gottfredson, M., & Hirschi, T. (1990). Substantive positivism and the idea of crime. Rationality and Society, 2(4), 412-428. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463190002004002
  • Griffiths, M. D. & Davies, M.N.O. (2005). Videogame addiction: Does it exist? In J. Goldstein & J. Raessens (Eds.), Handbook of Computer Game Studies (pp. 359-368). MIT Press.
  • Hu, J., Zhen, S., Yu, C., Zhang, Q., & Zhang, W. (2017). Sensation seeking and online gaming addiction in adolescents: A moderated mediation model of positive affective associations and impulsivity. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 699. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00699
  • Keskin, B. (2019). Investigation of the relationship between digital game addiction, resilience and mindfulness levels of the secondary school students [Master’s thesis, Uludağ University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/
  • Kim, E. J., Namkoong, K., Ku, T., & Kim, S. J. (2008). The relationship between online game addiction and aggression, self-control and narcissistic personality traits. European Psychiatry, 23(3), 212-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.10.010
  • Koçak, Ö. (2010). Risk taking behaviors among Turkish university students: Perceived risk, perceived benefit, and impulsivity [Master’s thesis, Orta Doğu Teknik University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/
  • Lemmens, J. S., Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2009). Development and validation of a game addiction scale for adolescents. Media Psychology, 12(1), 77-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260802669458
  • Manea, C. M. (2020). The role of impulsivity and self-control in decision making in adolescence. New Trends in Psychology, 2(2).
  • Mann, K., Kiefer, F., Schellekens, A., & Dom, G. (2017). Behavioural addictions: Classification and consequences. European Psychiatry, 44, 187-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.04.008
  • Mao, T., Pan, W., Zhu, Y., Yang, J., Dong, Q., & Zhou, G. (2018). Self-control mediates the relationship between personality trait and impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 129, 70-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.013
  • Moeller, F. G., Barratt, E. S., Dougherty, D. M., Schmitz, J. M., & Swann, A. C. (2001). Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(11), 1783-1793. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1783
  • Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Poulton, R., Roberts, B. W., Ross, S., Sears, M. R. Thompson, W. M., & Caspi, A. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 2693-2698. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.101007610
  • Narvaez, D., Mattan, B., MacMichael, C., & Squillace, M. (2008). Kill bandits, collect gold or save the dying: The effects of playing a prosocial video game. Media Psychology Review, 1(1).
  • Nebioğlu, M., Konuk, N., Akbaba, S., & Eroğlu, Y. (2012). The investigation of validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Brief Self-Control Scale. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 22(4), 340-351. https://doi.org/10.5455/bcp.20120911042732
  • Newzoo. (2022). Global games market report. https://newzoo.com/insights/trend-reports/newzoo-global-games-market-report-2022-free-version
  • Özmen, M. (2019). The predicting level of digital game addiction in secondary school students [Master’s thesis, Pamukkale University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/
  • Pektürk, U. (2021). Investigation of online gaming disorder, impulsivity, and nicotine use disorder in young adults playing online games [Master’s thesis, Üsküdar University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/
  • Prensky, M. (2003). Digital game-based learning. Computers in Entertainment (CIE), 1(1), 21-21. https://doi.org/10.1145/950566.950596
  • Rho, M. J., Lee, H., Lee, T. H., Cho, H., Jung, D., Kim, D. J., & Choi, I. Y. (2017). Risk factors for internet gaming disorder: Psychological factors and internet gaming characteristics. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010040
  • Safarina, N., & Halimah, L. (2019). Self-control and online game addiction in early adult gamers. In Journal of Physics, 1375(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1375/1/012094
  • Scholz, K. W., & Schulze, M. (2017). Digital-gaming trajectories and second language development. Language Learning & Technology, 21(1), 100-120. https://dx.doi.org/10125/44597
  • Sestir, M. A., & Bartholow, B. D. (2010). Violent and nonviolent video games produce opposing effects on aggressive and prosocial outcomes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(6), 934-942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.06.005
  • Stevens, J. R. (2017). The many faces of impulsivity. In J. R. Stevens (Ed.), Impulsivity: How time and risk influence decision making (pp. 1–6). Springer International Publishing/Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51721-6_1
  • Stevens, M. W., Dorstyn, D., Delfabbro, P. H., & King, D. L. (2021). Global prevalence of gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 55(6), 553-568. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867420962851
  • Süsen, Y., Pak, H., & Çevik, E. (2022). Helicopter parenting, self-control, and problematic online gaming in emerging adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology Research, 6(3), 331-341. https://doi.org/10.5455/kpd.26024438m000071
  • Sykes, J. M. (2018). Digital games and language teaching and learning. Foreign Language Annals, 51(1), 219-224. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12325
  • Şalvarlı, Ş. İ., & Griffiths, M. D. (2022). The association between internet gaming disorder and impulsivity: A systematic review of literature. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(1), 92-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00126-w
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The Effect of Self-Control-Focused Psychoeducation Program on Digital Game Addiction and Impulsivity

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 79, 823 - 837, 29.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1570722

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the effect of a self-control psychoeducation program on digital game addiction and impulsivity. In the study, a 2x3 split-plot mixed design with experimental and control groups, pretest-posttest-follow-up test measurement was used. The study group of the research consisted of students studying in the 7th and 8th grades of a secondary school affiliated to the Ministry of National Education. A total of 20 students (10 in the experimental group and 10 in the control group) participated in the study. The experimental group participated in a self-control-oriented psychoeducation program prepared by the present researcher, while the control group did not receive any treatment. The data were collected using the Brief Self-Control Scale, Barratt Impulsivity Scale, and Digital Game Addiction Scale. The results of data analysis revealed a statistically significant and negative relationship between self-control and digital game addiction. Similarly, a statistically significant and negative relationship was found between self-control and impulsivity. A statistically significant and positive relationship was found between digital game addiction and impulsivity. The findings also revealed that the self-control scores of the participants who participated in the self-control-oriented psychoeducation program increased, while their digital game addiction scores and impulsivity scores decreased. The results of the follow-up tests administered 2 months later were consistent with the previously obtained findings.

References

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  • Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., Rothstein, H. R. & Saleem, M. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018251
  • Avcı, İ. C. (2020). The relationship between digital game addiction and communication skills in adolescents [Master’s thesis, Çağ University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/
  • Ayyıldız, D. (2021). The investigation of the relationship between digital game addiction, behavioral-emotional difficulties and negative cognitive errors among middle school students [Master’s thesis, Dokuz Eylül University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/
  • Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1994). Losing control: How and why people fail at self-regulation. Academic Press.
  • Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(6), 351-355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x
  • Blinka, L., Škařupová, K., & Mitterova, K. (2016). Dysfunctional impulsivity in online gaming addiction and engagement. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2016-3-5
  • Chia, D. X., Ng, C. W., Kandasami, G., Seow, M. Y., Choo, C. C., Chew, P. K., Lee, C., & Zhang, M. W. (2020). Prevalence of internet addiction and gaming disorders in Southeast Asia: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2582. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072582
  • Chik, A. (2014). Digital gaming and language learning: Autonomy and community. Language Learning & Technology, 18(2), 85-100. https://doi.org/10125/44371
  • De Kort, Y. A., IJsselsteijn, W. A., & Poels, K. (2007). Digital games as social presence technology: Development of the Social Presence in Gaming Questionnaire (SPGQ). Proceedings of Presence, 195203, 1-9.
  • Denson, T. F., DeWall, C. N., & Finkel, E. J. (2012). Self-control and aggression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(1), 20-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411429451
  • DeWall, C. N., Gilmer, R., Sharif, V., Carboni, İ., & Kenneth, G. R. (2012). Let out, sluggardly, and blue: Low self-control mediates the relationship between ostracism and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(7), 832-837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.025
  • Ekşi, H., Turgut, T., & Sevim, E. (2019). The mediating role of general procrastination in the relationship between self-control and social media addiction among university students. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 6(3), 717–745. https://doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2019.6.3.0069
  • Evenden, J. L. (1999). Varieties of impulsivity. Psychopharmacology, 146(4), 348-361. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00005481
  • Farmer, R. F., & Golden, J. A. (2009). The forms and functions of impulsive actions: Implications for behavioral assessment and therapy. International Journal Consultation and Therapy, 5(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100870
  • Feng, W., Ramo, D., Chan, S., & Bourgeois, J. (2017). Internet gaming disorder: Trends in prevalence 1998–2016. Addictive Behaviors, 75, 17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.06.010
  • Ferguson, C. J., Coulson, M., & Barnett, J. (2011). A meta-analysis of pathological gaming prevalence and comorbidity with mental health, academic and social problems. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(12), 1573-1578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.09.005
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  • Gottfredson, M., & Hirschi, T. (1990). Substantive positivism and the idea of crime. Rationality and Society, 2(4), 412-428. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463190002004002
  • Griffiths, M. D. & Davies, M.N.O. (2005). Videogame addiction: Does it exist? In J. Goldstein & J. Raessens (Eds.), Handbook of Computer Game Studies (pp. 359-368). MIT Press.
  • Hu, J., Zhen, S., Yu, C., Zhang, Q., & Zhang, W. (2017). Sensation seeking and online gaming addiction in adolescents: A moderated mediation model of positive affective associations and impulsivity. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 699. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00699
  • Keskin, B. (2019). Investigation of the relationship between digital game addiction, resilience and mindfulness levels of the secondary school students [Master’s thesis, Uludağ University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/
  • Kim, E. J., Namkoong, K., Ku, T., & Kim, S. J. (2008). The relationship between online game addiction and aggression, self-control and narcissistic personality traits. European Psychiatry, 23(3), 212-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.10.010
  • Koçak, Ö. (2010). Risk taking behaviors among Turkish university students: Perceived risk, perceived benefit, and impulsivity [Master’s thesis, Orta Doğu Teknik University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/
  • Lemmens, J. S., Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2009). Development and validation of a game addiction scale for adolescents. Media Psychology, 12(1), 77-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260802669458
  • Manea, C. M. (2020). The role of impulsivity and self-control in decision making in adolescence. New Trends in Psychology, 2(2).
  • Mann, K., Kiefer, F., Schellekens, A., & Dom, G. (2017). Behavioural addictions: Classification and consequences. European Psychiatry, 44, 187-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.04.008
  • Mao, T., Pan, W., Zhu, Y., Yang, J., Dong, Q., & Zhou, G. (2018). Self-control mediates the relationship between personality trait and impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 129, 70-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.013
  • Moeller, F. G., Barratt, E. S., Dougherty, D. M., Schmitz, J. M., & Swann, A. C. (2001). Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(11), 1783-1793. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1783
  • Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Poulton, R., Roberts, B. W., Ross, S., Sears, M. R. Thompson, W. M., & Caspi, A. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 2693-2698. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.101007610
  • Narvaez, D., Mattan, B., MacMichael, C., & Squillace, M. (2008). Kill bandits, collect gold or save the dying: The effects of playing a prosocial video game. Media Psychology Review, 1(1).
  • Nebioğlu, M., Konuk, N., Akbaba, S., & Eroğlu, Y. (2012). The investigation of validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Brief Self-Control Scale. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 22(4), 340-351. https://doi.org/10.5455/bcp.20120911042732
  • Newzoo. (2022). Global games market report. https://newzoo.com/insights/trend-reports/newzoo-global-games-market-report-2022-free-version
  • Özmen, M. (2019). The predicting level of digital game addiction in secondary school students [Master’s thesis, Pamukkale University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/
  • Pektürk, U. (2021). Investigation of online gaming disorder, impulsivity, and nicotine use disorder in young adults playing online games [Master’s thesis, Üsküdar University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/
  • Prensky, M. (2003). Digital game-based learning. Computers in Entertainment (CIE), 1(1), 21-21. https://doi.org/10.1145/950566.950596
  • Rho, M. J., Lee, H., Lee, T. H., Cho, H., Jung, D., Kim, D. J., & Choi, I. Y. (2017). Risk factors for internet gaming disorder: Psychological factors and internet gaming characteristics. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010040
  • Safarina, N., & Halimah, L. (2019). Self-control and online game addiction in early adult gamers. In Journal of Physics, 1375(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1375/1/012094
  • Scholz, K. W., & Schulze, M. (2017). Digital-gaming trajectories and second language development. Language Learning & Technology, 21(1), 100-120. https://dx.doi.org/10125/44597
  • Sestir, M. A., & Bartholow, B. D. (2010). Violent and nonviolent video games produce opposing effects on aggressive and prosocial outcomes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(6), 934-942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.06.005
  • Stevens, J. R. (2017). The many faces of impulsivity. In J. R. Stevens (Ed.), Impulsivity: How time and risk influence decision making (pp. 1–6). Springer International Publishing/Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51721-6_1
  • Stevens, M. W., Dorstyn, D., Delfabbro, P. H., & King, D. L. (2021). Global prevalence of gaming disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 55(6), 553-568. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867420962851
  • Süsen, Y., Pak, H., & Çevik, E. (2022). Helicopter parenting, self-control, and problematic online gaming in emerging adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology Research, 6(3), 331-341. https://doi.org/10.5455/kpd.26024438m000071
  • Sykes, J. M. (2018). Digital games and language teaching and learning. Foreign Language Annals, 51(1), 219-224. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12325
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There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects School Counseling
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Batuhan Çakırbilgiç 0000-0002-3533-0734

Hasan Yılmaz 0000-0002-9069-1524

Submission Date October 25, 2024
Acceptance Date March 9, 2025
Publication Date December 29, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 15 Issue: 79

Cite

APA Çakırbilgiç, B., & Yılmaz, H. (2025). The Effect of Self-Control-Focused Psychoeducation Program on Digital Game Addiction and Impulsivity. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 15(79), 823-837. https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1570722

!! From 30 November 2023, English language proofreading will be required for accepted articles to ensure language quality.