An Evaluation of the Relationship Between Physician (Doctor) and Patient in a Story in the Mevlana’s Masnawi in terms of the Principles and Techniques of Psychological Counseling

Abstract

The efforts to understand people who are at the core of psychological assistance services constitute the main base of all psychological counseling approaches. A doctor’s effort trying to understand the negative emotions of his patient and his results after his reflection process have been told as a story in Mevlana's book entitled as Mesnevi. It can be noticed that the interaction between the doctor and the patient in the story has many similarities with the current psychological counseling principles such as empowerment, empathy, encouragement it was also observed that the style and techniques used by the doctor were in parallel with the current psychological counseling approaches and especially with the Client Centered Approach from Rogers. In addition, concepts such as questioning and effective listening, which are considered as auxiliary techniques in psychological counseling sessions, were used by the doctor in the story. In this study, it was emphasized that it would be beneficial to use culture-specific understanding at the right time and context in the field in conducting the psychological counseling process.

Keywords

• Psychological counseling,Mesnevi therapy,Mevlâna,East culture

References

1. Acıduman, A. (2010). Importance of inscriptionsandwaqfregistrations of dar al-shifas (hospitals) fromAnatolianSeljuksera in respect of history of medicine. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 63(01), 9-15.
2. American Counseling Association. (2014). 2014 ACA Code of Ethics. American Counseling Association Code of Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.2008.ethics.x
3. Amundson, N. E. (1988). The use of metaphor and drawings in case conceptualization. Journal of Counseling and Development, 66, 391-393.
4. Ansbacher, H. L.,Ansbacher, R. R. (Ed). (1964). Theindividualpsychology of Alfred Adler. New York: HarperRow/Torchbooks. (Originalworkpublished 1956).
5. Arkan, A. (2006). Psychology of Ibn Rushd [İbnRüşd psikolojisi]. İstanbul: İz Publishing.
6. Ahmadi, Z. (2014). A Comparative Study of Several Sights Between Jalaluddin Mohammad Balkhi(Rumi) and Emily Dickinson. American International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 6(2), 134-138.
7. Beck, C. E. (1964). Philosophical Foundations of Guidance. USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
8. Bektaş, Y. (2006). Multicultural Counseling Competences and The Place of Multicultural Competences in Counseling Education. Ege Journal of Education, 7(1), 43-59.

9. Canda, MŞ. (2005). The development of neuropathology in Turkey “Up to date”. Turkish Journal of Ecopathology, 11(3), 93-158
10. Carkhuff, R. R. (2011). The Art of Helping in the 21st Century[21.Yüzyılda Yardım Etme Sanatı]. (R. Karaca, & E. F. İkiz , Trans.) Ankara: Nobel Publishing.
11. Chang, E. C. (2001). Optimism & pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice. American Psychological Association.
12. Corey, G. (2009). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. Belmont, CA: Brooks.
13. Crerar‐Gilbert, A. (1993). Advanced trauma life support. Anaesthesia, 48(5), 441-441.
14. Dökmen, Ü. (2008). Communication Conflicts and Empathy [İletişim Çatışmaları ve Empati].Ankara: Sistem Publishing.
15. Dreikurs, R. (1967). Goals of psychotherapy. The goals of psychotherapy. New York: AppletonCentury-Crofts.
16. el-Belhî, E. Z. (2012).Mesâlihu’l-Ebdân ve'l-Enfüs Body and Mental Health [Mesâlihu’l-Ebdân ve’lEnfüs Beden ve Ruh Sağlığı], Trans. Nail Okuyucu-Zahit.
17. Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2007). Counselıng Psychology And Cultural Factors. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 110-122.
18. Finucane, M. L., Slovic, P., Mertz, C.K., Flynn, J., & Satterfield, T. A. (2000). Gender, race, and perceived risk: The 'white male' effect. Health, Risk, & Society, 2, 159–172.
19. Friedlander, S. (1975). The Whirling Dervishes: Being an Account of the Sufi Order known as the Mevlevis and its founder the poet and mystic Mevlana Jalalu'ddin Rumi. New York: Suny Press.
20. Gladding, R. (2013). This is your brain on meditation. Psychology Today, 5, 13.
21. Glasser, W. (1976). Positive addiction. Harper & Row.
22. Güloğlu, B., & Karaırmak, Ö. (2012). Metaphor: The bridge between client and counselor. IV. Turkish Psychological Counseling and GuidanceApplications Congress (s. 41). Ankara: Turkish Psychological Counseling and GuidanceSociety.
23. Hackney , H., & Cormier, S. (2008). Psychological Counseling Principles and Techniques: Psychological Help Process Handbook [Psikolojik Danışma İlke ve Teknikleri: Psikolojik Yardım Süreci El Kitabı]. (T. Ergene , & S. Aydemir Sevim, Trans.) Ankara: Mentis Yayıncılık.
24. Hakimi, R., & Hakimi, E. (2018). Rumi’s cognitive therapy approach to health and disease. Bali Medical Journal, 7(1), 39-46.
25. Hall, L. (2015). Mindfulness in coaching. J. R. (Ed.), & P. W. (Ed.) içinde, Mindfulness in Organizations: Foundations, Research, and Applications (s. 383-403). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
26. Huestis, N. (1991). Clinical Metaphor Telling: Counsellors' Intentions Beliefs and Experience. Master of Arts Thesis, Simon Fraser University, Education Faculty, Canada.
27. Isgandarova, N. (2019). Muraqaba as a mindfulness-based therapy in Islamic psychotherapy. Journal of Religion and Health, 58(4), 1146-1160.
28. Ivey, A. E. (1979). Counseling psychology—The most broadly-based applied psychology specialty. The Counseling Psychologist, 8(3), 3-6.
29. Karahan, T. F.,& Sardoğan, M. E. (2004). Theories in counseling and psychotherapy [Psikolojik danışma ve psikoterapide kuramlar]. Deniz Kültür Publishing.
30. Karaırmak, Ö. (2008). Multiculturalism, Cultural Sensitivity And Counseling. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 3(29).
31. Karaman, H. (2004). Ethical philosophy of Abu Bakr Razi [Ebû Bekir Râzî'nin ahlak felsefesi]. İz Publishing.
32. Kavakçı, Ö., Kaptanoğlu, E., Kuğu, N., & Doğan, O. (2010). EMDR: A New Choice of Treatment in Fibromyalgia? A Review and Report of a Case Presentation. Turkish J. Clinical Psychiatry, 13(3), 143-151.
33. Kaya, U. (2006). The moral philosophy of Abu Zayd al-Belhi [Ebu Zeyd el-Belhi’nin ahlak felsefesi]. Unpublished M.A. Thesis. Marmara University, Social Sciences Institute.
34. Kelly, F. D. (1999). The psychological assessment of abused and traumatized children. Routledge Publishing.
35. Kirsch, T. B. (2018). The legacy of CG Jung. In Who owns Jung? (pp. 153-167). Routledge Publishing.
36. Knapp, S. J., & Vandecreek, D. L. (2010). Practical Ethics for Psychologists [Psikologlar İçin Pratik Etik]. (Yılmaz Müge, F. T. Karahan, S. Balcı Çelik, & M. E. Sardoğan, Trans.) Ankara: Mentis Publishing.
37. Koc, E. M., Baser, D. A., Kahveci, R., & Ozkara, A. (2016). Nutrition of the Soul and Body: Music and Medicine from Past to Present. Konuralp Medical Journal, 8(1), 51-55.
38. Kok, J. K., Lim, C. M., & Low, S. K. (2011). Attending to Metaphor in Counselling. International Conference on Social Science and Humanity (s. 54-58). Singapore: IACSIT Press.
39. Köknel, Ö. (1999). Anxiety to Happiness Personality [Kaygıdan Mutluluğa Kişilik]. İstanbul: Altın Kitaplar Publisher.
40. Köroğlu, E. (2015). Rational affect behavioral therapy [Akılcı duygulanım davranışçı terapi]. Ankara: Hyb Publishing.
41. Lakoff, G. (1993). The contemporary theory of metaphor. UC Berkeley Previously Published Works.
42. Larsson, P. (2012). How Important is an Understanding Of The Cliesnt's Early Attachment Experience to Psychodynamic Practice Of Counselling Psycholohy? The British Psychological Society, 27(1), 10-21.
43. Lee, S. Y.-C. (1985). En Exploration of The Use Of Metaphor In Effective Counselling. Master of Arts, The University Of British Columbia, Department of Counselling Psychology, Vancouver.
44. Leggo, C. (2011). Book Review Metaphor Making:Your Career,Your Life,YourWay. The Canadian Journal of Career Development, 10, 41-40.
45. Levitt, H., Korman, Y., & Angus, L. (2000). A metaphor analysis in treatments of depression: Metaphor as a marker of change. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 13(1), 23-35.
46. Lux, M., Motschnig-Pitrik, R., & Cornelius-White, J. (2013). The essence of the personcentered approach. In Interdisciplinary Handbook of the Person-Centered Approach (pp. 9-21). Springer, New York, NY.
47. Lyddon, W. J., Clay, A. L., & Sparks, C. L. (2001). Metaphor and change in counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development, 79(3), 269-274.
48. Massey, R. (2015). Adlerian theory and therapy. In Paradigms of clinical social work (pp. 102-133). Routledge Publishing.
49. Mays, M. (1990). The use of metaphor in hypnotherapy and psychotherapy. Individual Psychology, 46(4), 423.
50. Mirdal, G. M. (2010). Mevlana Jalāl-ad-Dīn Rumi and Mindfulness. Journal of Religion and Health(51), 1202-1215.
51. Mutter, K. F. (2014). The practice of mindfulness in spiritual care. T. S. (Ed.), K. L. (Ed.), & P. B. (Ed.) içinde, Psychotherapy: Cure of the Soul (s. 131-138). Waterloo, ON: Waterloo Lutheran Seminary.
52. Myrick, R. D. (2003). Accountability: Counselors count. Professional School Counseling, 6(3), 174- 179.
53. Nelson-Jones, R. (1982). Counseling Psychology Theories [Danışma Psikolojisi Kuramları]. İstanbul: Nobel Academic Publisher.
54. Nourazar, S., ShadManaman, M., Asadollahi, K., & ., D. S. (2018). A Comparison of Human Quiddity from Rumi and Philosophers’ Perspectives as the Nahj al-Balagha and Quran’s view. Dilemas Contemporáneos : Educación, Política y Valore, 6(1), 1-11.
55. Nur, İ. H. (2013). Animal Metaphors in Mathnawi. Journal ofAvkae, 3(1).
56. Oramah, E. U. (2012). Counselling Record or Notes: Clinical, Ethical, Legal, Fiscal, and Risk Management Dimensions. Ife psychologIA, 20(1).
57. Piştof, S., & Şanlı, E. (2013). Using Metaphor in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research (2), 182-189.
58. Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., & Loehlin, J. C. (1977). Genotype-environment interaction and correlation in the analysis of human behavior. Psychological bulletin, 84(2), 309.
59. Rosli, A. N., S. S., & Thomas, N. S. (2019). Scrupulosity and Islam: a perspective. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 1-24.
60. Rowat, R., Stefano, J. D., & Drapeau, M. (2008). The Role of Patient-Generated Metaphors On In-Session Therapeutic Processes. Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 1, 21–27.
61. Rûmî, Mevlâna Celaleddin (2006). Mesnevi, (Ahmet Metin Şahin Trans.), Konya: Konya Büyükşehir Belediyesi Yayınları.
62. Schaller, M.,& Crandall, C. S. (Eds.). (2003). The psychological foundations of culture. Psychology Press.
63. Smith, H. L. (2012). The Historical Development of Community and Clinical Mental Health Counselling In The United States. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4(37), 1-10.
64. Tamtürk, B. (2006), Fârâbî's Conception of Happiness [Fârâbî‟nin Mutluluk Anlayışı], Gazi University. SocialSciences Institute. M.A. Thesis, Ankara.
65. Tan, H. (1992). Psychological Aid Relations, Counseling and Psychotherapy [Psikolojik Yardım İlişkileri,Danışma ve Psikoterapi]. İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Publishing.
66. Tarhan, N. (2012). Mathnawi Therapy [Mesnevi Terapi]. İstanbul: Timaş Publishing.
67. Taşdan, M., & Yalçın, İ. (2007). Ethics in Psychological Counseling and Guidance [Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlikte Etik]. Mehmet Akif Ersoy UniversityJournal of Faculty of Education, 99-107.
68. Thomas, J., Furber, S. W., & Grey, I. (2017). The rise of mindfulness and its resonance with the Islamic tradition. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 973-985.
69. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Derneği. (2006). Ethical Rules for People Working in the Field of Psychological Counseling and Guidance [Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Alanında Çalışanlar İçin Etik Kurallar]. Ankara: Turkish Psychological Counseling and GuidanceSociety.
70. Watkins, C. E. (1985). Counseling psychology, clinical psychology, and human services psychology: Where the twain shall meet?.American Psychologist. 40(9): 1054-1056.
71. Watts, R. E. (2000). Entering the new millennium: Is Individual Psychology still relevant?. Journal of Individual Psychology, 56(1), 21-30.
72. Wubbolding, R. E.,& Brickell, J. (1998). Qualities of the reality therapist. International Journal of Reality Therapy, 17(2), 47-49.
73. Yeniterzi, E. (2007). Mevlana's Thoughts on Personal Change and Development [Mevlana'nın Kişisel Değişim ve Gelişime Dair Düşünceleri]. The Journal of Rumi Studies, (2), 13-28.