Subspecialty Areas in Psychological Counseling and Guidance: Opinions of Psychological Counselors

Abstract

This study, which examines the opinions of the psychological counselors about the subspecialty areas of psychological counseling and guidance services, is a descriptive research based on qualitative research approach. The study group consists of 10 psychological counselors (5 females and 5 males) working at different levels of teaching and working at different professional levels. At the end of the study, it has been found out that the answers given by the participants about the subspecialty areas of psychological counseling and guidance are “family counseling”, “crisis intervention counseling”, “school counseling”, “rehabilitation counseling” and “career counseling”. It was concluded that they found “family counseling” to be more important than the other subspecialty areas; but they found themselves more adequate in “school counseling”. The majority of the participants stated that they were able to develop and support themselves in order to increase their competences in the subspecialty areas.

Keywords

• Psychological counselor,psychological counseling and guidance,subspecialties

References

1. Akkoyun, F. (1995). PDR’ de ünvan ve program sorunu : Bir inceleme ve öneriler. Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 2(6), 1-21.
2. Altun T. & Camadan F. (2013). Examination of counseling teachers’ perceptions on school counselor (psychological counselor) concept through metaphor analysis. Kastamonu University Kastamonu Education Journal, 21(3), 883-918.
3. Aldemir, A. & İlhan, T. (2018). Okul psikolojik danışmanlarının mesleki algıları üzerine bir inceleme. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 8(51), 53–80.
4. Amerikan Psikolojik Danışma Derneği (2018) (American Counseling Association [ACA]). Choosing A Career in Counseling. Retrieved from https://www.counseling.org/careers/aca-career-central/choosing-a-career-in-counseling.
5. American School Counselor Association (2003). The ASCA national model: A framework for school counseling programs. Professional School Counseling, 6(3), 165–168.
6. Ayyash‐Abdo, H., Alamuddin, R. & Mukallid, S. (2010), School counseling in lebanon: Past, present, and future. Journal of Counseling & Development, 88, 13-17.
7. Barros-Bailey, M., Benshoff, J. J. & Fischer, J. (2009). Rehabilitation counseling in the year 2011: Perceptions of certified rehabilitation counselors. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 52(2), 107–113.
8. Bilgin, M. (2000). Psikolojik danışma and rehberlik eğitiminde çağdaşlaşma. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(6), 21–36.

9. Bimrose, J. & Hughes, D. (2015). Counseling in England. In Counseling Around the World (Eds. T.H. Hohenshil, N.E. Amundson and S.G. Niles). Retrieved from doi:10.1002/9781119222736.ch20
10. Binzer, M. & Eisemann, M. (1998). Childhood experiences and personality traits in patients with motor conversion symptoms. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 98(4), 288–295.
11. Borders, L. D. A., Glosoff, H. L., Welfare, L. E., Hays, D. G., DeKruyf, L., Fernando, D. M. & Page, B. (2014). Best practices in clinical supervision: Evolution of a counseling specialty. Clinical Supervisor. 33(1), 26-44.
12. Brammer, L. M. & Shostrom, E. L. (1982). Professional counseling and psychohertapy. In Therapeulic Psychology: Fundamenlals of Counseling and Psychotherapy (4th ed., pp. 3-28). Englewood Cliffs: NJ: Preutice-Hall, Inc.
13. Brott, P. E. & Myers, J. E. (1999). Development of professional school counselor identity. Professional School Counseling (Vol. 2). Retrieved from http://www.schoolcounselor.org/
14. Büyükgöze Kavas, A. (2005). Eğitim fakültesi öğrencilerinin aldıkları mesleki rehberlik hizmetleri ve mesleklerini değiştirmek isteme düzeylerinin bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. M.Ü. Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi. 21, 111–122.
15. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. & Demirel, F. (2013). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
16. Camadan F. (2018). Psychological counsellor's conflict: Ethical dilemma. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 8(1), 76-94.
17. Camadan F. & Kahveci G. (2013). Examination on the view of school administrators and teachers to school counselor (psychological counselor). Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 13(3), 1371-1392.
18. Camadan F. & Sezgin F. (2012). A qualitative research on perceptions of primary school principals about school guidance services. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal. 4(38), 199-211.
19. Carter, Y. & Thomas, C. (Eds.). (1997). Research Methods in Primary Care. Radcliffe Publishing.
20. Chan, F., Bezyak, J., Ramirez, M., Chiu, C., Sung, C. & Fujikawa, M. (2010). Concepts, challenges, barriers, and opportunities related to evidence-based practice in rehabilitation counseling. Rehabilitation Education, 24(3/4), 179–190.
21. Doğan, S. (1993). Psikolojik danışman eğitiminde akreditasyon gereği ve bir model önerisi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 2(14), 31–38.
22. Doğan, S. (1996). Türkiye ’de psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik alanında meslek kimliğinin gelişimi ve bazı sorunlar. Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 2(7), 32–44.
23. Doğan, S. (1999). Okul psikolojik danışmanları için yeni ve pratik bir yaklaşım: Çözüm-odaklı kısa süreli psikolojik danışma. Eğitim ve Bilim Dergisi, 25(116), 59–66.
24. Doğan, S. (2000). Türkiye’de Psikolojik danışma ve rehberliğin durumu ve geleceğe ilişkin yönelimler. Eğitim ve Bilim, 25(118), 3–8.
25. Doğan, T. & Karaman, N. G. (2018). Kriz danışmanlığı: Müdahaleler ve Beceriler. Ö. Erdur-Baker ve T. Doğan (Ed.), Kriz Danışmanlığı içinde (s. 37–74). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
26. E. Toomer, J. (1982). Counseling psychologists in business and industry. The Counseling Psychologist, 10(3), 9–18.
27. G. Niles, S. & Harris-Bowlsbey, J. (2013). 21. Yüzyılda kariyer gelişimi müdahaleleri. (Çev. ed.) F. Korkut Owen, Ed.). Ankara: Nobel Akademi.
28. Gibson, D. M. (2016). Growing leaders: The parallels of professional ıdentity and leadership identity development in counselors. Journal of Counselor Leadership and Advocacy, 3(1), 31–40.
29. Gladding, S. T. (2013). Psikolojik danışmanın tarihçesi ve mesleki temelleri. N. Ç. Voltan Acar (Ed.), Psikolojik Danışma Kapsamlı Bir Meslek içinde (s. 2–30). Ankara: Nobel Akademi Yayıncılık.
30. Grabosky, T., Ishii, H. & Mase, S. (2012). The development of the counseling profession in Japan: Past, present, and future. Journal of Counseling and Development. Retrieved from http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-6676.2012.00027.x
31. Goodwin, W. L. & Goodwin, L. D. (1996). Understanding quantitative And Qualitative Research İn Early Childhood Education. New York and London: Teachers College Press.
32. Hackney, H. & Cormier, S. (2008). Psikolojik Danışma İlke ve Teknikleri: Psikolojik Yardım Süreci El Kitabı. (T. Ergene ve S. Ç. Aydemir Sevim (Ed.). Ankara: Mentis Yayıncılık.
33. Hansen, N. H. & Dixon, A. L. (2013). Counseling and psychotherapy in Denmark: Counseling the “happiest people on Earth.” Handbook of Counseling and Psychotherapy in an International Context (271).
34. Hou, Z. J. & Zhang, N. (2007). Counseling psychology in China. Applied Psychology, 56(1), 33–50.
35. Humes, C. W. & Hohenshil, T. H. (1987). Elementary counselors, school psychologists, school social workers: Who does what? Elementary School Guidance & Counseling, 22(1), 37-45.
36. Ilhan, T., Korkut-Owen, F., Furr, S. & Parikh, S. (2012). International counseling students in turkey and their training experiences. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 34(1), 55–71.
37. Ivey, A. E. (1979). Counseling psychology -the most broadly- based applied psychology specialty. The Counseling Psycholohist, 8(3), 3–6.
38. King, J. H. & Stretch, L. S. (2013). A critical analysis of counseling’s professional identity crisis. ACA Vistas Online (8), 1–16.
39. Kocayörük, E. (2010). Ergen gelişiminde aile işlevleri ve baba katılımı. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(33), 37–45.
40. Koçyiğit Özyiğit, M. & İşleyen, F. (2016). Psikolojik danışmada süpervizör eğitimi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(4), 1813–1831.
41. Korkut, F. (2007). Counselor education, program accreditation and counselor credentialing in Turkey. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 29(1), 11–20.
42. Korkut, Y. (2001). Aile danışmanlığı ve aile terapisi hizmetleri. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 22, 111-133.
43. Leahy, M. J. (2009). Prologue: Rehabilitation counseling credentialing: Research, practice, and the future of the profession. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 52(2), 67–68.
44. LeCompte, M. D. & Goetz, J. P. (1982). Problems of reliability and validity in ethnographic research. Review of Educational Research, 52(1), 31-60.
45. Maree, J. & Van Der Westhuizen, C. (2011). Professional counseling in South Africa: A landscape under construction. Journal of Counseling and Development. 89(1), 105-111.
46. Meara, M. N., Schmidt, L. D., Carrington, C. H., Davis, K. L., Dixon, D. N., Fretz, B. R., … Suinn, R. M. (1988). Training and accreditation in counseling psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 16(3), 366–384.
47. Moss, J. M., Gibson, D. M. & Dollarhide, C. T. (2014). Professional identity development: A grounded theory of transformational tasks of counselors. Journal of Counseling and Development, 92(1), 3–12.
48. Munley, P. H., Duncan, L. E., Mcdonnell, K. A., Sauer, E. M., Munley, P. H., Duncan, L. E., … Sauer, E. M. (2017). Counseling psychology in the United States of America Counseling psychology in the United States of America, 5070 (June). Retrieved from http://doi.org/10.1080/09515070412331317602
49. Myers, J. E., Sweeney, T. J. & White, V. E. (2011). Advocacy for counseling and counselors: A professional ımperative. Practice & Theory, 80(4), 394–402.
50. Newman, I. & Benz, C. R. (1998). Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology: Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press
51. Nicholas, D. R. & Stern, M. (2011). Counseling psychology in clinical health psychology: the ımpact of specialty perspective. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42(4), 331–337.
52. Özçetin, A., Maraş, A., Ataoğlu, A. & İçmeli, C. (2008). Deprem sonucu gelişen travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ile kişilik bozuklukları arasında ilişki. Düzce Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 2, 8–18.
53. Özgüven, İ. E. (2000). Evlilik ve aile terapisi. Ankara: PDR Yayınları.
54. Özyürek, R. (2009). Okullarda psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik uygulamaları ve öğrencilere sağlanan süpervizyon olanakları: Ulusal bir tarama çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(32), 54–63.
55. Paisley, P. O. & Borders, L. D. (1995). School counseling: An evolving specialty. Journal of Counseling and Development, 74(2), 150–153.
56. Patterson, J. B. (2009). Professional identity and the future of rehabilitation counseling. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 52(2), 129–132.
57. Pişkin, M. (2006). Türkiye’de psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik hizmetlerinin dünü, bugünü ve yarını. Türkiye’de Eğitim Bilimleri: Bir Bilanço Denemesi, Ankara: Nobel.
58. Pillay, Y. & Smith, S. D. (2015). Counseling in South Africa. In Hohenshil, T. H., Amundson, N. E., and Niles, S. G. (Eds.). Counseling around the world: An international handbook. John Wiley & Sons.
59. Pope, M. (2003). Career counseling in the twenty-first century: Beyond cultural encapsulation. Career Development Quarterly. 52(1), 54-60.
60. Reiner, S. M., Dobmeier, R. A. & Hernández, T. J. (2013). Perceived impact of professional counselor identity: An exploratory study. Journal of Counseling and Development, 91(2), 174–183.
61. Richards, K. A. M., Zivave, A. T., Govere, S. M., Mphande, J. & Dupwa, B. (2012). Counseling in Zimbabwe: History, current status, and future trends. Journal of Counseling & Development, 90(1), 102–106.
62. Sakarya, D. & Güneş, C. (2013). Van Depremi sonrasında travma sonrası stres bozukluğu belirtilerinin psikolojik dayanıklılık ile ilişkisi. Kriz Dergisi, 21(1), 25–32.
63. Sandoval, J. (2002). Conceptualisations and general principles of crisis counseling and prevention. In J. Sandoval (Ed.), Handbook of Crisis Counseling, Intervention, and Prevention in the Schools (pp. 3–24). New Jersey: Taylor & Francis.
64. Sandoval, J., Scott, A. N. & Padilla, I. (2009). Crisis counseling: An overview. Psychology in the Schools, 46(3), 246–257.
65. Sardoğan, M. E. & Karahan, T. F. (2004). Psikolojik Danışma ve Psikoterapide Kuramlar. Samsun: Deniz Kültür Yayınları.
66. Savi, F. (2008). 12-15 Yaş arası ilköğretim öğrencilerinin davranış sorunları ile aile işlevleri ve anne-baba kişilik özellikleri arasındaki ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir. Savickas, M. L. (2003). Advancing the career counseling profession: Objectives and strategies for the next decade. Career Development Quarterly. 52(1), 87-96.
67. Schaub, M. (2012). The profession of college career services delivery: What college counselors should know about career centers. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy. 26(3), 201-215.
68. See, C. & Ng, K. M. (2010). Counseling in Malaysia: History, current status, and duture trends. Journal of Counseling and Development, 88(1), 18-22.
69. Siviş-Çetinkaya, R. & Karaırmak, Ö. (2012). Psikolojik danışman eğitiminde süpervizyon. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(37), 107–121.
70. Smith, H. L. (2012). Toplum ve klinik ruh sağlığı psikolojik danışmanlığının amerika birleşik devletleri’ndeki tarihsel gelişimi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(37), 1–10.
71. Spurgeon, S. L. (2018). Counselor identity-a national imperative. Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory & Research, 39(1), 3–16.
72. Stebnicki, M. A. (2009). A Call for ıntegral approaches in the professional ıdentity of rehabilitation counseling. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 52(2), 133–137.
73. Stuntzner, S. (2014). Compassion & Self-compasion: Exploration of utility as potential components of the rehabilitaiton counseling profession. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 45(1), 37–44.
74. Şanlı, E. (2012). Özel eğitim ve rehabilitasyon merkezlerine devam eden zihin engelli çocuğu olan ailelerin gereksinimlerinin belirlenmesi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Samsun.
75. Şanlı, E. & Barut, Y. (2016). The determination of the needs of the families with a mentally handicapped child according to their mood. Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (KJHSS), 19(3), 68–81.
76. Tan, H. (1995). Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik. Ankara: M.E.B. Yayınları.
77. Thomas, R.M. (2003). Blending Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods in Theses and Dissertations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
78. Tuicomepee, A., Romano, J. L. & Pokaeo, S. (2012). Counseling in Thailand: Development from a Buddhist perspective. Journal of Counseling and Development.
79. Tuzgöl Dost, M. & Keklik, İ. (2012). Alanda çalışanların gözünden psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik alanının sorunları. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(23), 389–407.
80. Ültanir, E. (2005). Türkiye ’de psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik (pdr) mesleği ve psikolojik danışman eğitimi. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(1), 102–111.
81. Vilardaga, R., Luoma, J. B., Hayes, S. C., Pistorello, J., Levin, M. E., Hildebrandt, M. J., … Bond, F. (2011). Burnout among the addiction counseling workforce: The differential roles of mindfulness and values-based processes and work-site factors. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 40(4), 323-335.
82. Watkins, C. E. (1983). Counseling psychology versus clinical psychology: further explorations on a theme or once more around the “ıdentity” maypole with gusto. The Counseling Psychologist, 11(4), 76–92.
83. Woo, H., Lu, J., Harris, C. & Cauley, B. (2017). Professional identity development in counseling professionals. Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation, 8(1), 15–30.
84. Yeşilyaprak, B. (2009). The Development of the field of psychological counseling and guidance in turkey: Recent advances and future. Ankara University, Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 42(1), 193–213.
85. Yeşilyaprak, B. (2012). The paradigm shift of vocational guidance and career counseling and its ımplications for turkey: An evaluation from past to future. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice. 12(1), 111-118.
86. Kuzgun, Y. (2009). Meslek gelişimi ve danışmanlığı. Ankara: Nobel Akademi Yayıncılık.
87. Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2008). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
88. Young, M. E., De Armas DeLorenzi, L. & Cunningham, L. (2011). Using meditation in addiction counseling. Journal of Addictions and Offender Counseling.