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Using Bibliotheraphy in Adult Counseling

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 33, 46 - 56, 29.04.2010

Öz

In recent years bibliotherapy has become a popular approach and it has been commonly utilized in psychological counseling as a supplemental method to the traditional counseling techniques. Therefore, the purpose of this literature review was to introduce the bibliotherapy methods to the reader working in adults counseling settings. Bibliotherapy is aimed at changing the client’s faulty assumptions and cognitions and encouraging them by giving a task as reading articles, brochures or books. In order to do that, brochures, articles, and reading assignments are used to accentuate this therapeutic process. Bibliotherapy has been successfully used in counseling children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly for a variety of reasons and the effectiveness has been documented evidence based. Bibliotherapy provides some advantages including: accentuating the therapy, decreasing the time required for healing, cost effectiveness, and shortening the waiting period; in addition, clients do not have to go to the therapist’s office. Since it matches the client’s pace, it enhances the client’s sense of self esteem and autonomy. In this paper, the definition, historical development, the prevalence of this method and clients’ characteristics were evaluated, and the role of counselors’ was discussed.

Kaynakça

  • Ackerson, J ., Scogin, F., McKendree-Smith, N. ve Lyman, R. D. (1998). Cognitive bibliotherapy for mild and moderate adolescent depressive symptomatology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66 (4), 685—690.
  • Adams, S. J. ve Pitre, N. L. (2000). Who uses bibliotherapy and why? A Survey from an underserviced area. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 45,645-649.
  • Bentler, L. E., Engle, D., Daldrup. R. J., Bergan. J., Meredith. K. ve Merry, W. (1991). Predictors of differential response to cognitive, experiential, and self—directed psychotherapeutic procedures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 333-340.
  • Bilich, L. L., Deane, F. P., Phipps, A. B., Barisic, M. ve Gould, G. (2008). Effectiveness of bibliotherapy self- help for depression With varying levels of telephone helpline support. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherphy, 15, 61-74.
  • Bowman, D., Scogin, F. ve Lyrene, B. (1995). The efficacy of self—examination therapy and cognitive bibliotherapy in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. Psychotherapy Research, 5, 131440.
  • Brewster, L. (2008). Medicine for he soul: Bibiiotheraphy. Aplı's, 21(3),1 15-1 19.
  • Bryan, A. I. (1939). Can there be a science of bibliotherapy? Library Journal 64, 773—76.
  • Campbell, L. F. ve Smith, T. P. (2003). Integrating self- help books into psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology/In Session, 59(2), 177—186.
  • Coleman, M. ve Ganong, L. H. (1990). The use of juvenile Şction and self-help books with stepfamilies. Journal ofCoanseling and Development. 68,327-331.
  • Corr, C. A. (2004). Pet loss in death related literature for children. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 48,399—414.
  • Cuijpers, P. (1997). Bibliotherapy in unipolar depression: A meta-analysis. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 28, 139-147.
  • Den Boer, RC. AM., Wiersma, D. ve Van Den Bosch, R. J. (2004). Why is self-help neglected in the treatment of emotional disorders? A meta—analysis. Psychological Medicine, 234, 959-971.
  • Evans, K., Tyrer, P., Catalan, C., Schmidt, U., Davidson, K., Tata, P., Thornton, S., Barber, J. ve Thompson, S. (1999). Manual-assisted cognitive-behavioral therapy (MACT): A randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention with bibliotheraphy in the treatment of recurrent deliberate self-harm. Psychological Medicine, 29, 19—25.
  • Febbraro, G.A. (2005). Arı investigation into the effectiveness of bibliotherapy and minimal contact interventions in the treatment of panic attacks. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(6), 763—779.
  • Floyd, M. (2003). Bibliotherapy as an adjunct to psychotherapy for depression in older adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59,187-195.
  • Floyd, M., Rohen, N., Shackelford, J. A. M., Hubbard, K. L., Parnell, M. B., Seogin, F. ve ark. (2006). Two— year follow-up of bibliotherapy and individual cognitive therapy for depressed older adults. Behavior Modification, 30(3), 281—294. 2010, 4 (33), 4656
  • Gellatly, J., Bower, P., Hennessy, S., Richards, D., Gilbody, S. ve Lovell, K. (2007). What makes self- help interventions effective in the management of depressive symptoms? Meta-analysis and meta- regression. Psychological Medicine, 37, 1217-1228.
  • Giblin, P. (1989). Use of reading assignments in clinical practice. T he American Journal of Family Therapy. 17, 219-22.
  • Gladding, S. T. ve Gladding, C. (1991). The ABCS of bibliotheraphy for school counselors. School Counselor, 39(1), 7—12.
  • Gould, R. A, Clum, G. A. ve Shapiro, D. (1993). The use of bibliotherapy in the treatment of panic: a preliminary investigation. Behavioral Therapy, 24, 241—52.
  • Gregory, R. J., Canning, S. S., Lee, T. W. ve Wise, J. C. (2004). Cognitive Bibliotherapy for Depression: A Meta—Analysis. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, (35) 3, 275-280.
  • Gülcü, N. ve Bulut, S.(2010 yayında). Bel ağrısı konusuna yönelik internet sitelerinin içerik analizi. Ağrı Dergisi,
  • Halliday, G. (1991) Psychological self—help books-how dangerous are they? Psychotherapy, 28, 678—86.
  • Hayes, L. (2002). Coping, View 1: Programs laudable. American Libraries, 33, (8), 35-36.
  • Higgins, M., McKevitt, C. ve Wolfe, D. A. (2005). Reading to stroke unit patients: Perceived impact and potential of an innovative arts based therapy. Disability and Rehabilitation, 27 (22), 1391-1398.
  • Hodges, B., Craven, J. ve Littlefîeid, C. (1995). Bibliotherapy for psychosocial distress in lung transplant patients and their families. Psychosomatics, 36(4), 360—8.
  • Jamison, C. ve Scogin. F. (1995). Outcome of cognitive bibliotherapy with depressed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 644—650.
  • Jones, F. A. (2002). The role of bibliotheraphy in health anxiety: An experimental study. British Journal of Community Nursing, 7, 498-503.
  • Jones, J. L. (2006). A closer look at bibliotherapy. Young Adult Library Services Fall, 24—27.
  • Keeley, H., Williams, C. J. ve Shapiro, D. (2002). A United Kingdom survey of accredited cognitive behavior therapists’ attitudes towards and use of structured self-help materials. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30, 191—201.
  • Kohutek, K. J. (1983). Bibliotherapy within a correctional setting. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 920— 924.
  • Landreville, P., Landry, J., Baillargeon, L., Guerette, A. ve Matteau, E. (2001). Older adults’ acceptance of psychological and pharmacological treatments for depression. The Journals of Gerontology, 563, 285— 291.
  • Leach, S. L., Christensen, H., Griffiths, K. M., Joan, A. F. ve Mackinnon, A. J. (2007). Websites as a mode of delivering mental health information: Perceptions from the Australian public. Social Psychiatry Epidemiology, 42,167-172.
  • Lu, Y. L. (2008). Helping children cope: What is bibliotherapy? Research and Development, spring, 47—49.
  • Marlowe, M. ve Maycook, G. (2000). Phenomenology of bibliotherapy in modifying teacher punitiveness. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 161(3), 325-336.
  • Martinez, R., Whitfield, G., Dafters, R. ve Williams, C. (2008). Can people read self -help manuals for depression? A challenge for the stepped care model and book prescription schemes. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36, 89—97.
  • MeKendree-Smith, N. L., Floyd, M. ve Scogin, F. R. (2003). Self-administered treatments for depression: A review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(3), 275-288.
  • Mimeault, V. ve Morin, C. M. (1999). Self—help treatment for insomnia: Bibliotherapy with and without professional guidance. Journal. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, (4), 511-519.
  • NIMHE (2003). http:llwwwnewwaysofworldng.org.uk adresinden 03 Aralik 2009 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
  • Norcross, J. C. (2006). Integrating self-help into psychotherapy: 16 practical suggestions. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 37(6), 683-693.
  • Öner, U. (1987). “Bibliyoterapi” A.Ü. EHF. Dergisi, 20.1-2
  • Öner, U. (2007). Bibliyoterapi. Çankaya Üniversitesi Fen- Edebtyat Fakültesi Journal of Arts and Sciences, 7, 133-150.
  • Öner, U. ve Yeşilyaprak, B. (2006). Bibliyoterapi: Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Programlarında Çocuk Edebiyatından Yararlanma. H. Ulusal Çocuk ve Gençlik Edebiyati Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabi (Ankara Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi), Yayın No: 203, Ankara, s: 559—565.
  • Pardeck, J. A. ve Pardeck, J. T. (1984). An overview of the bibliotherapeutic treatment approach: implications for clinical social work practice. Family Therapy, 1], 241752.
  • Pardeck, (1993). Using bibliotheraphy in clinical practice: A guide to self-help books. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
  • Prater, M. A., Dyches, T. T. ve Johnstun, M. (2006). Teaching students about disabilities through children’s literature. Intervention in School and Clinic, 42 (1), 14-24.
  • Quackenbush, R. L. (1991). The prescription of self-help books by psychologists: a bibliography of selected bibliotherapy resources. Psychotherapy, 28, 671—7.
  • Redding, R. E., Herbert, . .D., Forman, E. M. ve Gaudiano, B. A. (2008). Popular self-help books for anxiety, depression, and trauma: How scientiŞcally grounded and useful are they? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39(5), 537-545.
  • Russell, D. H. ve Shrodes, G. (1950). Contributions of research inbibliotherapy to the language arts program. School Review, 58, 411-420.
  • Scogin, F., Jamison. C. ve Goehneaur, K. (1989). Comparative efficacy of cognitive and behavioral bibliotherapy for mildly and moderately depressed older adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 403-407.
  • Scogin, F., Jamison, C. ve Davis, N. (1990). Two—year follow-up of bibliotherapy for depression in older adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 665— 667.
  • Silverberg, L. (2003). Bibliotheraphy: The therapeutic use of didactic and literary texts in treatment, diagnosis, prevention, and training. JAOA Special Communication, 103(3), 131—135.
  • Shechtman, Z. (2006) The contribution of bibliotherapy to the counseling of aggressive boys. Psychotherapy Research, 6 (5), 645-651.
  • Shrodes, C. (1950). Bibliotheraphy: A theoretical and clinical experimental study. ' Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkley.
  • Smith, N. M., Floyd, M. R., Scogin, F. ve Jamison, C. S. (1997). Three—year follow-up of bibliotherapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 324—327.
  • Starker, S. (19881)). Psychologists and self-help books: Attitudes and prescriptive practices of clinicians. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 62(3), 448—455.
  • Starker, S. (1988a). Do-it-yourself therapy: The Prescription of self-help books by psychologists. Psychotherapy. 25,142—46, 1988.
  • Tolin, D. F. (2001). Case study: bibliotherapy and extinction treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in a 5-year-old boy. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40 (9), 1111—4.
  • Turner, J. (2008). Bibliotheraphy for health and wellbeing: An effective investment. Aplis, 21 (2), 56-61.
  • Tussing, H. L ve Valentine, D. P. (2001). Helping adolescents cope with the mental illness of a parent through bibliotherapy. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 18, (6), 455-469.
  • , 4 (33), 46—56 Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal 2010, 4 (33), 46-56
  • USING BIBLIOTHERAPHY IN ADULT COUNSELING Sefa BULUT
  • Traditional therapies require a great deal of time
  • and highly-educated experts, and clients have to wait
  • long periods of times to be able to see a therapist. Thus,
  • a new cognitive behavioral approach has emerged as an
  • alternative method of therapy. Bibliotherapy (BT),
  • manual-supported BT, telephone-supported BT and
  • book prescriptions terms and concepts have showed up
  • in counseling and psychology literature in recent years.
  • This current approach has become very popular in
  • England, Australia, and North America and has been
  • supported by government agencies as an alternative and
  • fast way of dealing with mental health problems. Starker (1988a) pointed out that in the USA 98%
  • of psychologists have read at least one self—help book.
  • Regardless of their theoretical orientations,
  • psychologists recommend self-help books to their
  • clients; however, dynamically—oriented, analytic
  • psychologists use this method less often than others. Halliday check references (1991) surveyed adult
  • clients before therapy and found that 43% of them had
  • read a book. Among those, 86% reported that they had
  • beneŞted, only 9% said that reading a book had caused
  • difŞculty and stress in their life. In another study in Canada, Adams and Pitre
  • (2000) reported that 68% of mental health experts used
  • BT. The reasons for therapists to recommend books are
  • as follows: 88 % wanted clients to take responsibility,
  • % wanted to ease the therapeutic process, and 64 %
  • said clients demanded books for themselves. They also
  • mentioned that counselors and psychologists
  • recommend books parallel to their theoretical backgrounds. DeŞnition In general, BT is an adjunct method of therapy. It
  • is widely recommended to clients in treatment
  • (Landereville, Landry, Baillergeon, Guerette and
  • Matteav, 2001). Russel and Shrodes (1950) deŞned BT
  • as a dynamic interaction process which can be used to
  • confront the reader’s emotional difŞculties using a
  • skillful expert’s guidance. To Wolberg (1967) in order
  • to change individuals’ faulty cognitions, to enhance
  • their motivation in a more constructive way, articles,
  • books, and reading assignments are prescribed to
  • certain clients and counselees.
  • Yrd. Doç. Dr., Sefa BULUT, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Eğitim
  • Bilimleri Bölümü, Psikolojik Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik Aria Bilim
  • Advantages of Bibliotherapy
  • Many researchers have reported that the effects of
  • BT can continue up to 2 years (Scogin, Jamison and
  • Davis, 1990) or even 3 years (Smith, Floyd, Scogin and
  • Jamison, 1997). On the other hand, Van Lankveld
  • (1998) claimed that clients’ gains disappeared shortly
  • after the treatment and no effect was seen in follow-ups.
  • Gregory, Canning, Lee and Wise (2004) believe BT is
  • easy to reach for many people, fast, cheap, and non
  • intrusive. It is also convenient for those who do not
  • want to travel to a counselor’s ofŞce or have difŞculty
  • opening up with personal problems such as, sexual
  • problems. BT also hastens the healing process, gives
  • the clients a sense of trust and autonomy and it
  • progresses at the individual’s pace; for these reasons it
  • is a preferable method for many experts.
  • Studies Involving Bibliotherapy
  • The efŞcacy of BT has been proven with persons
  • in different age groups. For example, BT was
  • successfully employed with adults (Bowman, Scogin
  • and Lyrene, 1995), elderly persons (Landreville,
  • Landry, Baillargeon, Guerette, and Matteau, 2001),
  • adolescents (Ackerson, Scogin, McKendree-Smith ve
  • Lyman, 1998), and children (Prater, Dyches and
  • Johnstuu, 2006; Tolin, 2001). Sefa Bulut Ackerson et al., (1998) used “self administered cognitive therapy” in conjunction with a weekly phone consultation. Participants Şlled out a work sheet, read some assignments, and completed survey forms to increase the effectiveness of treatment. Researchers reported positive results up to 3 years. Mimeault and
  • Morin (1999) conducted a study with people who had
  • sleep problems in Canada. They used cognitive
  • behavioral bibliotherapy, cognitive behavioral
  • bibliotherapy with phone consultation, and control
  • groups. They used a manual work book for the Şrst
  • groups for 6 weeks, a work book and phone
  • consultation for the second group, and no treatment for
  • the control group. The group that received phone
  • consultation progressed better, but in the follow-up at
  • the 3rd month, the difference had disappeared. Kohutek
  • (1983) used BT in the USA in a high security prison
  • with inmate clients for 4 weeks by assigning 3 books.
  • Results revealed that BT increased inmates’ self-esteem
  • and strengthened internal control and these gains
  • continued for a long time. ln another interesting
  • application in a rehabilitation center in London, a group
  • of volunteers came to the center to read to and stimulate
  • the patients. Their service increased patients’
  • cooperation, motivation, and well being and provided
  • entertainment as well as connections with the outside
  • world and a sense of community. Limitations BT may not be appropriate for every client. Thus,
  • it is necessary to pinpoint the characteristics of clients,
  • who can beneŞt most from BT (Den Boer, Wiersma
  • and Den Bosh, 2004). In Australia (Leach, Christensen,
  • GrifŞths, Jorm, and Mackinnon (2007) younger
  • persons, persons who value anonymity, and persons
  • who want to handle their problems by themselves
  • preferred internet resources more often. Similarly, the
  • reader’s age, educational level, motivation, insights,
  • religious and spiritual orientation, cultural background,
  • and the readiness for change impacted the effectiveness
  • of BT (Campbell and Smith, 2003). In addition, the
  • level of psychopathology determines a client's reactions
  • to BT (Redding, Herbert, Fonnan and Gavdiano, 2008).
  • Client Characteristics
  • The beneŞts are based on the client’s ability to
  • read independently, comprehend, and apply the new
  • knowledge. Such as, Scogin, Jamison and Goehneaur,
  • (1989) reported that it is highly possible for clients with
  • a low educational level to quit easily and clients with
  • learned powerlessness to beneŞt more (Jamison and
  • Scogin, 1995). Beutler, Engle, Daldrup, Bergan,
  • Meredith and Merry, (1991) mentioned that clients use
  • internal coping skills, and McKendree—Smith, Floyd,
  • and Scogin (2003) said that clients with defensive
  • attitudes beneŞt more from BT. 56
  • Application and Utilization of Bibliotherapy
  • Techniques in Turkey
  • Bibliotherapy is considered a relatively new and
  • untouched methods in counseling practices in Turkey.
  • One of the earliest article written by Öner (1987)
  • introduced the concept of bibliotherapy, explained the
  • stages and purposes of this technique. In following
  • years, Öner and Yeşilyaprak (2006) suggested the usage
  • of child literature as an adjunct methods for children
  • psychological and academic developments. Yesilyaprak
  • and Öner (2006) proposed the usage of folk tales and
  • Öner (2007) investigated the usage of stories and life
  • stories as a bibliotherapy methods in quest of self
  • discovery. In sum, even though there are very few
  • publications, there is a recent strong grooving interest
  • for bibliotherapy techniques in Turkey. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal 2010, 4 (33), 46-56

Yetişkinlerle Yapılan Psikolojik Danışmada Bibliyoterapi (Okuma Yoluyla Sağaltım) Yönteminin Kullanılması

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 33, 46 - 56, 29.04.2010

Öz

Bu makalede son yıllarda çok popüler olan ve geleneksel sağaltım ile beraber kullanılan bib-liyoterapi yönteminin yetişkinlerde kullanımının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bibliyoterapi; bireyin sahip olduğu yanlış tutumları değiştirmek ve bireyi cesaretlendirmek için belli danışan veya hasta gruplarına makale, broşür ve kitap okuma ödevlerinin verilmesidir. Bu teknik çocuklarda, ergenlerde, yetişkin ve yaşlılarda birçok sorunun tedavisinde başarı ile kullanılmakta olup, etkinliği bilimsel olarak kanıtlanmıştır. Bibliyoterapinin sağladığı avantajlar arasında, danışmanlığın hızlanması, sağaltım süresinin kısalması, danışma maliyetlerinin düşmesi, bekleme süresinin ve psikolojik danışman ihtiyacının ortadan kalkması olarak sayılabilir. Ayrıca danışma sürecinin danışanın kendisinin belirlediği şekilde ilerlemesi, danışanlarda kendine güven ve bağımsızlık duygusunu arttırmaya yardımcı olmaktadır. Bu makalede, bibliyoterapinin tanımı, tarihsel gelişimi, kullanım sıklığı ile uygun danışanların özellikleri değerlendirilmiş ve danışmanın tedavi sürecindeki rolü irdelenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Ackerson, J ., Scogin, F., McKendree-Smith, N. ve Lyman, R. D. (1998). Cognitive bibliotherapy for mild and moderate adolescent depressive symptomatology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66 (4), 685—690.
  • Adams, S. J. ve Pitre, N. L. (2000). Who uses bibliotherapy and why? A Survey from an underserviced area. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 45,645-649.
  • Bentler, L. E., Engle, D., Daldrup. R. J., Bergan. J., Meredith. K. ve Merry, W. (1991). Predictors of differential response to cognitive, experiential, and self—directed psychotherapeutic procedures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 333-340.
  • Bilich, L. L., Deane, F. P., Phipps, A. B., Barisic, M. ve Gould, G. (2008). Effectiveness of bibliotherapy self- help for depression With varying levels of telephone helpline support. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherphy, 15, 61-74.
  • Bowman, D., Scogin, F. ve Lyrene, B. (1995). The efficacy of self—examination therapy and cognitive bibliotherapy in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. Psychotherapy Research, 5, 131440.
  • Brewster, L. (2008). Medicine for he soul: Bibiiotheraphy. Aplı's, 21(3),1 15-1 19.
  • Bryan, A. I. (1939). Can there be a science of bibliotherapy? Library Journal 64, 773—76.
  • Campbell, L. F. ve Smith, T. P. (2003). Integrating self- help books into psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology/In Session, 59(2), 177—186.
  • Coleman, M. ve Ganong, L. H. (1990). The use of juvenile Şction and self-help books with stepfamilies. Journal ofCoanseling and Development. 68,327-331.
  • Corr, C. A. (2004). Pet loss in death related literature for children. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 48,399—414.
  • Cuijpers, P. (1997). Bibliotherapy in unipolar depression: A meta-analysis. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 28, 139-147.
  • Den Boer, RC. AM., Wiersma, D. ve Van Den Bosch, R. J. (2004). Why is self-help neglected in the treatment of emotional disorders? A meta—analysis. Psychological Medicine, 234, 959-971.
  • Evans, K., Tyrer, P., Catalan, C., Schmidt, U., Davidson, K., Tata, P., Thornton, S., Barber, J. ve Thompson, S. (1999). Manual-assisted cognitive-behavioral therapy (MACT): A randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention with bibliotheraphy in the treatment of recurrent deliberate self-harm. Psychological Medicine, 29, 19—25.
  • Febbraro, G.A. (2005). Arı investigation into the effectiveness of bibliotherapy and minimal contact interventions in the treatment of panic attacks. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(6), 763—779.
  • Floyd, M. (2003). Bibliotherapy as an adjunct to psychotherapy for depression in older adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59,187-195.
  • Floyd, M., Rohen, N., Shackelford, J. A. M., Hubbard, K. L., Parnell, M. B., Seogin, F. ve ark. (2006). Two— year follow-up of bibliotherapy and individual cognitive therapy for depressed older adults. Behavior Modification, 30(3), 281—294. 2010, 4 (33), 4656
  • Gellatly, J., Bower, P., Hennessy, S., Richards, D., Gilbody, S. ve Lovell, K. (2007). What makes self- help interventions effective in the management of depressive symptoms? Meta-analysis and meta- regression. Psychological Medicine, 37, 1217-1228.
  • Giblin, P. (1989). Use of reading assignments in clinical practice. T he American Journal of Family Therapy. 17, 219-22.
  • Gladding, S. T. ve Gladding, C. (1991). The ABCS of bibliotheraphy for school counselors. School Counselor, 39(1), 7—12.
  • Gould, R. A, Clum, G. A. ve Shapiro, D. (1993). The use of bibliotherapy in the treatment of panic: a preliminary investigation. Behavioral Therapy, 24, 241—52.
  • Gregory, R. J., Canning, S. S., Lee, T. W. ve Wise, J. C. (2004). Cognitive Bibliotherapy for Depression: A Meta—Analysis. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, (35) 3, 275-280.
  • Gülcü, N. ve Bulut, S.(2010 yayında). Bel ağrısı konusuna yönelik internet sitelerinin içerik analizi. Ağrı Dergisi,
  • Halliday, G. (1991) Psychological self—help books-how dangerous are they? Psychotherapy, 28, 678—86.
  • Hayes, L. (2002). Coping, View 1: Programs laudable. American Libraries, 33, (8), 35-36.
  • Higgins, M., McKevitt, C. ve Wolfe, D. A. (2005). Reading to stroke unit patients: Perceived impact and potential of an innovative arts based therapy. Disability and Rehabilitation, 27 (22), 1391-1398.
  • Hodges, B., Craven, J. ve Littlefîeid, C. (1995). Bibliotherapy for psychosocial distress in lung transplant patients and their families. Psychosomatics, 36(4), 360—8.
  • Jamison, C. ve Scogin. F. (1995). Outcome of cognitive bibliotherapy with depressed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 644—650.
  • Jones, F. A. (2002). The role of bibliotheraphy in health anxiety: An experimental study. British Journal of Community Nursing, 7, 498-503.
  • Jones, J. L. (2006). A closer look at bibliotherapy. Young Adult Library Services Fall, 24—27.
  • Keeley, H., Williams, C. J. ve Shapiro, D. (2002). A United Kingdom survey of accredited cognitive behavior therapists’ attitudes towards and use of structured self-help materials. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 30, 191—201.
  • Kohutek, K. J. (1983). Bibliotherapy within a correctional setting. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 920— 924.
  • Landreville, P., Landry, J., Baillargeon, L., Guerette, A. ve Matteau, E. (2001). Older adults’ acceptance of psychological and pharmacological treatments for depression. The Journals of Gerontology, 563, 285— 291.
  • Leach, S. L., Christensen, H., Griffiths, K. M., Joan, A. F. ve Mackinnon, A. J. (2007). Websites as a mode of delivering mental health information: Perceptions from the Australian public. Social Psychiatry Epidemiology, 42,167-172.
  • Lu, Y. L. (2008). Helping children cope: What is bibliotherapy? Research and Development, spring, 47—49.
  • Marlowe, M. ve Maycook, G. (2000). Phenomenology of bibliotherapy in modifying teacher punitiveness. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 161(3), 325-336.
  • Martinez, R., Whitfield, G., Dafters, R. ve Williams, C. (2008). Can people read self -help manuals for depression? A challenge for the stepped care model and book prescription schemes. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36, 89—97.
  • MeKendree-Smith, N. L., Floyd, M. ve Scogin, F. R. (2003). Self-administered treatments for depression: A review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(3), 275-288.
  • Mimeault, V. ve Morin, C. M. (1999). Self—help treatment for insomnia: Bibliotherapy with and without professional guidance. Journal. of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, (4), 511-519.
  • NIMHE (2003). http:llwwwnewwaysofworldng.org.uk adresinden 03 Aralik 2009 tarihinde edinilmiştir.
  • Norcross, J. C. (2006). Integrating self-help into psychotherapy: 16 practical suggestions. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 37(6), 683-693.
  • Öner, U. (1987). “Bibliyoterapi” A.Ü. EHF. Dergisi, 20.1-2
  • Öner, U. (2007). Bibliyoterapi. Çankaya Üniversitesi Fen- Edebtyat Fakültesi Journal of Arts and Sciences, 7, 133-150.
  • Öner, U. ve Yeşilyaprak, B. (2006). Bibliyoterapi: Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Programlarında Çocuk Edebiyatından Yararlanma. H. Ulusal Çocuk ve Gençlik Edebiyati Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabi (Ankara Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi), Yayın No: 203, Ankara, s: 559—565.
  • Pardeck, J. A. ve Pardeck, J. T. (1984). An overview of the bibliotherapeutic treatment approach: implications for clinical social work practice. Family Therapy, 1], 241752.
  • Pardeck, (1993). Using bibliotheraphy in clinical practice: A guide to self-help books. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
  • Prater, M. A., Dyches, T. T. ve Johnstun, M. (2006). Teaching students about disabilities through children’s literature. Intervention in School and Clinic, 42 (1), 14-24.
  • Quackenbush, R. L. (1991). The prescription of self-help books by psychologists: a bibliography of selected bibliotherapy resources. Psychotherapy, 28, 671—7.
  • Redding, R. E., Herbert, . .D., Forman, E. M. ve Gaudiano, B. A. (2008). Popular self-help books for anxiety, depression, and trauma: How scientiŞcally grounded and useful are they? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39(5), 537-545.
  • Russell, D. H. ve Shrodes, G. (1950). Contributions of research inbibliotherapy to the language arts program. School Review, 58, 411-420.
  • Scogin, F., Jamison. C. ve Goehneaur, K. (1989). Comparative efficacy of cognitive and behavioral bibliotherapy for mildly and moderately depressed older adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 403-407.
  • Scogin, F., Jamison, C. ve Davis, N. (1990). Two—year follow-up of bibliotherapy for depression in older adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 665— 667.
  • Silverberg, L. (2003). Bibliotheraphy: The therapeutic use of didactic and literary texts in treatment, diagnosis, prevention, and training. JAOA Special Communication, 103(3), 131—135.
  • Shechtman, Z. (2006) The contribution of bibliotherapy to the counseling of aggressive boys. Psychotherapy Research, 6 (5), 645-651.
  • Shrodes, C. (1950). Bibliotheraphy: A theoretical and clinical experimental study. ' Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkley.
  • Smith, N. M., Floyd, M. R., Scogin, F. ve Jamison, C. S. (1997). Three—year follow-up of bibliotherapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 324—327.
  • Starker, S. (19881)). Psychologists and self-help books: Attitudes and prescriptive practices of clinicians. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 62(3), 448—455.
  • Starker, S. (1988a). Do-it-yourself therapy: The Prescription of self-help books by psychologists. Psychotherapy. 25,142—46, 1988.
  • Tolin, D. F. (2001). Case study: bibliotherapy and extinction treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in a 5-year-old boy. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40 (9), 1111—4.
  • Turner, J. (2008). Bibliotheraphy for health and wellbeing: An effective investment. Aplis, 21 (2), 56-61.
  • Tussing, H. L ve Valentine, D. P. (2001). Helping adolescents cope with the mental illness of a parent through bibliotherapy. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 18, (6), 455-469.
  • , 4 (33), 46—56 Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal 2010, 4 (33), 46-56
  • USING BIBLIOTHERAPHY IN ADULT COUNSELING Sefa BULUT
  • Traditional therapies require a great deal of time
  • and highly-educated experts, and clients have to wait
  • long periods of times to be able to see a therapist. Thus,
  • a new cognitive behavioral approach has emerged as an
  • alternative method of therapy. Bibliotherapy (BT),
  • manual-supported BT, telephone-supported BT and
  • book prescriptions terms and concepts have showed up
  • in counseling and psychology literature in recent years.
  • This current approach has become very popular in
  • England, Australia, and North America and has been
  • supported by government agencies as an alternative and
  • fast way of dealing with mental health problems. Starker (1988a) pointed out that in the USA 98%
  • of psychologists have read at least one self—help book.
  • Regardless of their theoretical orientations,
  • psychologists recommend self-help books to their
  • clients; however, dynamically—oriented, analytic
  • psychologists use this method less often than others. Halliday check references (1991) surveyed adult
  • clients before therapy and found that 43% of them had
  • read a book. Among those, 86% reported that they had
  • beneŞted, only 9% said that reading a book had caused
  • difŞculty and stress in their life. In another study in Canada, Adams and Pitre
  • (2000) reported that 68% of mental health experts used
  • BT. The reasons for therapists to recommend books are
  • as follows: 88 % wanted clients to take responsibility,
  • % wanted to ease the therapeutic process, and 64 %
  • said clients demanded books for themselves. They also
  • mentioned that counselors and psychologists
  • recommend books parallel to their theoretical backgrounds. DeŞnition In general, BT is an adjunct method of therapy. It
  • is widely recommended to clients in treatment
  • (Landereville, Landry, Baillergeon, Guerette and
  • Matteav, 2001). Russel and Shrodes (1950) deŞned BT
  • as a dynamic interaction process which can be used to
  • confront the reader’s emotional difŞculties using a
  • skillful expert’s guidance. To Wolberg (1967) in order
  • to change individuals’ faulty cognitions, to enhance
  • their motivation in a more constructive way, articles,
  • books, and reading assignments are prescribed to
  • certain clients and counselees.
  • Yrd. Doç. Dr., Sefa BULUT, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Eğitim
  • Bilimleri Bölümü, Psikolojik Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik Aria Bilim
  • Advantages of Bibliotherapy
  • Many researchers have reported that the effects of
  • BT can continue up to 2 years (Scogin, Jamison and
  • Davis, 1990) or even 3 years (Smith, Floyd, Scogin and
  • Jamison, 1997). On the other hand, Van Lankveld
  • (1998) claimed that clients’ gains disappeared shortly
  • after the treatment and no effect was seen in follow-ups.
  • Gregory, Canning, Lee and Wise (2004) believe BT is
  • easy to reach for many people, fast, cheap, and non
  • intrusive. It is also convenient for those who do not
  • want to travel to a counselor’s ofŞce or have difŞculty
  • opening up with personal problems such as, sexual
  • problems. BT also hastens the healing process, gives
  • the clients a sense of trust and autonomy and it
  • progresses at the individual’s pace; for these reasons it
  • is a preferable method for many experts.
  • Studies Involving Bibliotherapy
  • The efŞcacy of BT has been proven with persons
  • in different age groups. For example, BT was
  • successfully employed with adults (Bowman, Scogin
  • and Lyrene, 1995), elderly persons (Landreville,
  • Landry, Baillargeon, Guerette, and Matteau, 2001),
  • adolescents (Ackerson, Scogin, McKendree-Smith ve
  • Lyman, 1998), and children (Prater, Dyches and
  • Johnstuu, 2006; Tolin, 2001). Sefa Bulut Ackerson et al., (1998) used “self administered cognitive therapy” in conjunction with a weekly phone consultation. Participants Şlled out a work sheet, read some assignments, and completed survey forms to increase the effectiveness of treatment. Researchers reported positive results up to 3 years. Mimeault and
  • Morin (1999) conducted a study with people who had
  • sleep problems in Canada. They used cognitive
  • behavioral bibliotherapy, cognitive behavioral
  • bibliotherapy with phone consultation, and control
  • groups. They used a manual work book for the Şrst
  • groups for 6 weeks, a work book and phone
  • consultation for the second group, and no treatment for
  • the control group. The group that received phone
  • consultation progressed better, but in the follow-up at
  • the 3rd month, the difference had disappeared. Kohutek
  • (1983) used BT in the USA in a high security prison
  • with inmate clients for 4 weeks by assigning 3 books.
  • Results revealed that BT increased inmates’ self-esteem
  • and strengthened internal control and these gains
  • continued for a long time. ln another interesting
  • application in a rehabilitation center in London, a group
  • of volunteers came to the center to read to and stimulate
  • the patients. Their service increased patients’
  • cooperation, motivation, and well being and provided
  • entertainment as well as connections with the outside
  • world and a sense of community. Limitations BT may not be appropriate for every client. Thus,
  • it is necessary to pinpoint the characteristics of clients,
  • who can beneŞt most from BT (Den Boer, Wiersma
  • and Den Bosh, 2004). In Australia (Leach, Christensen,
  • GrifŞths, Jorm, and Mackinnon (2007) younger
  • persons, persons who value anonymity, and persons
  • who want to handle their problems by themselves
  • preferred internet resources more often. Similarly, the
  • reader’s age, educational level, motivation, insights,
  • religious and spiritual orientation, cultural background,
  • and the readiness for change impacted the effectiveness
  • of BT (Campbell and Smith, 2003). In addition, the
  • level of psychopathology determines a client's reactions
  • to BT (Redding, Herbert, Fonnan and Gavdiano, 2008).
  • Client Characteristics
  • The beneŞts are based on the client’s ability to
  • read independently, comprehend, and apply the new
  • knowledge. Such as, Scogin, Jamison and Goehneaur,
  • (1989) reported that it is highly possible for clients with
  • a low educational level to quit easily and clients with
  • learned powerlessness to beneŞt more (Jamison and
  • Scogin, 1995). Beutler, Engle, Daldrup, Bergan,
  • Meredith and Merry, (1991) mentioned that clients use
  • internal coping skills, and McKendree—Smith, Floyd,
  • and Scogin (2003) said that clients with defensive
  • attitudes beneŞt more from BT. 56
  • Application and Utilization of Bibliotherapy
  • Techniques in Turkey
  • Bibliotherapy is considered a relatively new and
  • untouched methods in counseling practices in Turkey.
  • One of the earliest article written by Öner (1987)
  • introduced the concept of bibliotherapy, explained the
  • stages and purposes of this technique. In following
  • years, Öner and Yeşilyaprak (2006) suggested the usage
  • of child literature as an adjunct methods for children
  • psychological and academic developments. Yesilyaprak
  • and Öner (2006) proposed the usage of folk tales and
  • Öner (2007) investigated the usage of stories and life
  • stories as a bibliotherapy methods in quest of self
  • discovery. In sum, even though there are very few
  • publications, there is a recent strong grooving interest
  • for bibliotherapy techniques in Turkey. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal 2010, 4 (33), 46-56
Toplam 189 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sefa Bulut Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Nisan 2010
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2010 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 33

Kaynak Göster

APA Bulut, S. (2010). Using Bibliotheraphy in Adult Counseling. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4(33), 46-56. https://doi.org/10.17066/pdrd.70567

!! From 30 November 2023, English language proofreading will be required for accepted articles to ensure language quality.