Using Bibliotheraphy in Adult Counseling

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 33, 46 - 56, 29.04.2010

Sefa Bulut

Öz

In recent years bibliotherapy has become a popular approach and it has been commonly utilized in psychological counseling as a supplemental method to the traditional counseling techniques. Therefore, the purpose of this literature review was to introduce the bibliotherapy methods to the reader working in adults counseling settings. Bibliotherapy is aimed at changing the client’s faulty assumptions and cognitions and encouraging them by giving a task as reading articles, brochures or books. In order to do that, brochures, articles, and reading assignments are used to accentuate this therapeutic process. Bibliotherapy has been successfully used in counseling children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly for a variety of reasons and the effectiveness has been documented evidence based. Bibliotherapy provides some advantages including: accentuating the therapy, decreasing the time required for healing, cost effectiveness, and shortening the waiting period; in addition, clients do not have to go to the therapist’s office. Since it matches the client’s pace, it enhances the client’s sense of self esteem and autonomy. In this paper, the definition, historical development, the prevalence of this method and clients’ characteristics were evaluated, and the role of counselors’ was discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

-

Yetişkinlerle Yapılan Psikolojik Danışmada Bibliyoterapi (Okuma Yoluyla Sağaltım) Yönteminin Kullanılması

Öz

Bu makalede son yıllarda çok popüler olan ve geleneksel sağaltım ile beraber kullanılan bib-liyoterapi yönteminin yetişkinlerde kullanımının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bibliyoterapi; bireyin sahip olduğu yanlış tutumları değiştirmek ve bireyi cesaretlendirmek için belli danışan veya hasta gruplarına makale, broşür ve kitap okuma ödevlerinin verilmesidir. Bu teknik çocuklarda, ergenlerde, yetişkin ve yaşlılarda birçok sorunun tedavisinde başarı ile kullanılmakta olup, etkinliği bilimsel olarak kanıtlanmıştır. Bibliyoterapinin sağladığı avantajlar arasında, danışmanlığın hızlanması, sağaltım süresinin kısalması, danışma maliyetlerinin düşmesi, bekleme süresinin ve psikolojik danışman ihtiyacının ortadan kalkması olarak sayılabilir. Ayrıca danışma sürecinin danışanın kendisinin belirlediği şekilde ilerlemesi, danışanlarda kendine güven ve bağımsızlık duygusunu arttırmaya yardımcı olmaktadır. Bu makalede, bibliyoterapinin tanımı, tarihsel gelişimi, kullanım sıklığı ile uygun danışanların özellikleri değerlendirilmiş ve danışmanın tedavi sürecindeki rolü irdelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bibliyoterapi, bibliyoterapi ve danışmanlık, yetişkinler ve bibliyoterapi

Kaynakça

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• , 4 (33), 46—56 Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal 2010, 4 (33), 46-56
• USING BIBLIOTHERAPHY IN ADULT COUNSELING Sefa BULUT
• Traditional therapies require a great deal of time
• and highly-educated experts, and clients have to wait
• long periods of times to be able to see a therapist. Thus,
• a new cognitive behavioral approach has emerged as an
• alternative method of therapy. Bibliotherapy (BT),
• manual-supported BT, telephone-supported BT and
• book prescriptions terms and concepts have showed up
• in counseling and psychology literature in recent years.
• This current approach has become very popular in
• England, Australia, and North America and has been
• supported by government agencies as an alternative and
• fast way of dealing with mental health problems. Starker (1988a) pointed out that in the USA 98%
• of psychologists have read at least one self—help book.
• Regardless of their theoretical orientations,
• psychologists recommend self-help books to their
• clients; however, dynamically—oriented, analytic
• psychologists use this method less often than others. Halliday check references (1991) surveyed adult
• clients before therapy and found that 43% of them had
• read a book. Among those, 86% reported that they had
• beneŞted, only 9% said that reading a book had caused
• difŞculty and stress in their life. In another study in Canada, Adams and Pitre
• (2000) reported that 68% of mental health experts used
• BT. The reasons for therapists to recommend books are
• as follows: 88 % wanted clients to take responsibility,
• % wanted to ease the therapeutic process, and 64 %
• said clients demanded books for themselves. They also
• mentioned that counselors and psychologists
• recommend books parallel to their theoretical backgrounds. DeŞnition In general, BT is an adjunct method of therapy. It
• is widely recommended to clients in treatment
• (Landereville, Landry, Baillergeon, Guerette and
• Matteav, 2001). Russel and Shrodes (1950) deŞned BT
• as a dynamic interaction process which can be used to
• confront the reader’s emotional difŞculties using a
• skillful expert’s guidance. To Wolberg (1967) in order
• to change individuals’ faulty cognitions, to enhance
• their motivation in a more constructive way, articles,
• books, and reading assignments are prescribed to
• certain clients and counselees.
• Yrd. Doç. Dr., Sefa BULUT, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Eğitim
• Bilimleri Bölümü, Psikolojik Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik Aria Bilim
• Advantages of Bibliotherapy
• Many researchers have reported that the effects of
• BT can continue up to 2 years (Scogin, Jamison and
• Davis, 1990) or even 3 years (Smith, Floyd, Scogin and
• Jamison, 1997). On the other hand, Van Lankveld
• (1998) claimed that clients’ gains disappeared shortly
• after the treatment and no effect was seen in follow-ups.
• Gregory, Canning, Lee and Wise (2004) believe BT is
• easy to reach for many people, fast, cheap, and non
• intrusive. It is also convenient for those who do not
• want to travel to a counselor’s ofŞce or have difŞculty
• opening up with personal problems such as, sexual
• problems. BT also hastens the healing process, gives
• the clients a sense of trust and autonomy and it
• progresses at the individual’s pace; for these reasons it
• is a preferable method for many experts.
• Studies Involving Bibliotherapy
• The efŞcacy of BT has been proven with persons
• in different age groups. For example, BT was
• successfully employed with adults (Bowman, Scogin
• and Lyrene, 1995), elderly persons (Landreville,
• Landry, Baillargeon, Guerette, and Matteau, 2001),
• adolescents (Ackerson, Scogin, McKendree-Smith ve
• Lyman, 1998), and children (Prater, Dyches and
• Johnstuu, 2006; Tolin, 2001). Sefa Bulut Ackerson et al., (1998) used “self administered cognitive therapy” in conjunction with a weekly phone consultation. Participants Şlled out a work sheet, read some assignments, and completed survey forms to increase the effectiveness of treatment. Researchers reported positive results up to 3 years. Mimeault and
• Morin (1999) conducted a study with people who had
• sleep problems in Canada. They used cognitive
• behavioral bibliotherapy, cognitive behavioral
• bibliotherapy with phone consultation, and control
• groups. They used a manual work book for the Şrst
• groups for 6 weeks, a work book and phone
• consultation for the second group, and no treatment for
• the control group. The group that received phone
• consultation progressed better, but in the follow-up at
• the 3rd month, the difference had disappeared. Kohutek
• (1983) used BT in the USA in a high security prison
• with inmate clients for 4 weeks by assigning 3 books.
• Results revealed that BT increased inmates’ self-esteem
• and strengthened internal control and these gains
• continued for a long time. ln another interesting
• application in a rehabilitation center in London, a group
• of volunteers came to the center to read to and stimulate
• the patients. Their service increased patients’
• cooperation, motivation, and well being and provided
• entertainment as well as connections with the outside
• world and a sense of community. Limitations BT may not be appropriate for every client. Thus,
• it is necessary to pinpoint the characteristics of clients,
• who can beneŞt most from BT (Den Boer, Wiersma
• and Den Bosh, 2004). In Australia (Leach, Christensen,
• GrifŞths, Jorm, and Mackinnon (2007) younger
• persons, persons who value anonymity, and persons
• who want to handle their problems by themselves
• preferred internet resources more often. Similarly, the
• reader’s age, educational level, motivation, insights,
• religious and spiritual orientation, cultural background,
• and the readiness for change impacted the effectiveness
• of BT (Campbell and Smith, 2003). In addition, the
• level of psychopathology determines a client's reactions
• to BT (Redding, Herbert, Fonnan and Gavdiano, 2008).
• Client Characteristics
• The beneŞts are based on the client’s ability to
• read independently, comprehend, and apply the new
• knowledge. Such as, Scogin, Jamison and Goehneaur,
• (1989) reported that it is highly possible for clients with
• a low educational level to quit easily and clients with
• learned powerlessness to beneŞt more (Jamison and
• Scogin, 1995). Beutler, Engle, Daldrup, Bergan,
• Meredith and Merry, (1991) mentioned that clients use
• internal coping skills, and McKendree—Smith, Floyd,
• and Scogin (2003) said that clients with defensive
• attitudes beneŞt more from BT. 56
• Application and Utilization of Bibliotherapy
• Techniques in Turkey
• Bibliotherapy is considered a relatively new and
• untouched methods in counseling practices in Turkey.
• One of the earliest article written by Öner (1987)
• introduced the concept of bibliotherapy, explained the
• stages and purposes of this technique. In following
• years, Öner and Yeşilyaprak (2006) suggested the usage
• of child literature as an adjunct methods for children
• psychological and academic developments. Yesilyaprak
• and Öner (2006) proposed the usage of folk tales and
• Öner (2007) investigated the usage of stories and life
• stories as a bibliotherapy methods in quest of self
• discovery. In sum, even though there are very few
• publications, there is a recent strong grooving interest
• for bibliotherapy techniques in Turkey. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal 2010, 4 (33), 46-56