Minnettarlık ve Yaşam Amaçları Yazma Çalışmalarının Öznel İyi Oluşa Etkisi

Nagihan Oğuz Duran; Şeref Tan

doi:10.17066/pdrd.84026

-

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 40, 0 - , 30.09.2013

Nagihan Oğuz Duran , Şeref Tan

Öz

In this study, the effects of gratitude writing (GW) and life goals writing (LGW) exercises on the subjective well-being (SWB) of Turkish freshmen were investigated. The study was carried out with a sample of 86 students (25 students in GW group, 28 students in LGW group, and 33 students in waiting list control group). Satisfaction with Life, Positive Affect and Negative Affect, Gratitude, and Life Goals scales were administered to the experimental and control groups before the treatment, after the treatment, and four week afterwards the treatment. Data were analyzed by using covariance analysis and t-test for related samples. Results indicated that, both the GW and LGW exercises were effective in increasing SWB among first year students. Additionally, GW exercise was found effective in increasing gratitude level, whereas LGW exercise was found effective in increasing extrinsic life goals. No significant differences were found between the retention test and posttest test means of all the dependent variables for the control group. But, for GW and LGW groups, significant decreases were found between the posttest and retention test for gratitude scores. Gender was not found as a contributing factor to SWB levels of the participants

Anahtar Kelimeler

subjective well-being, gratitude, life goals, college students

Kaynakça

Brdar, I., Rijavec, M. & Miljković, D. (2009). Life goals and well-being: Are extrinsic aspirations always detrimental to well-being? Psychological Topics, 18(2), 317-334.
Burton, C.M. & King, L.A. (2004). The health benefits of writing about intensely positive experiences. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 150-163.
Büyüköztürk Ş., Çakmak E. K., Akgün Ö. E., Karadeniz Ş. & Demirci F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: PegemA Yayıncılık.
Carver, C.S. & Baird, E. (1998). The American dream revisited: Is it what you want or why you want it that matters? Psychological Science, 9, 289–292.
Casas, F., Gonzalez, M., Figuer, C. & Coenders, G. (2004). Subjective well-being, values and goal achievement: The case of planned versus by chance searches on the Internet. Social Indicators Research, 66, 123–141.
Danner, D.D., Snowden, D.A. & Freisen, W.A. (2001). Positive emotions in early life and longevity: Findings from the nun study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(5), 804-813.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575.
Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34-43.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
Diener, E., Eunkook, M. S., Lucas, R. E. & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276-302.
Diener, E., & Seligman, M.E.P. (2004). Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5, 1-31.
Emmons, R.A. (1986). Personal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(5), 1058-1068.
Emmons, R.A. (1999). The psychology of ultimate concerns: Motivation and spirituality in personality. New York: Guilford.
Emmons, R. A., & Crumpler, C. A. (2000). Gratitude as a human strength: Appraising the evidence. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19,56–69.
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An empirical investigation of gratitude and subjective wellbeing in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84,377–389.
Emmons, R.A., McCullough, M.E. & Tsang, J. (2007). The assessment of gratitude. In J.Lopez and C. R. Snyder (Eds), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (pp.327-341), Washington DC: APA.
Froh, J. J., Kashdan, T. B., Ozimkowski, K. M. & Miller, N. (2009). Who benefits the most from a gratitude intervention in children and adolescents? Examining positive affect as a moderator. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 408-422.
Frederickson, B.L. (2004). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. The Royal Society, 359, 1367-1377.
Froh, J. J., Miller, D. N. & Snyder, S. (2007). Gratitude in children and adolescents: Development, assessment, and school-based intervention. School Psychology Forum, 2, 1–13.
Froh, J.J., Sefick, W.J. & Emmons, R.A. (2008). Counting blessings in early adolescents: An experimental study of gratitude and subjective well-being. Journal of School Psychology, 46, 213–233.
Gençöz, T. (2000). Pozitif ve Negatif Duygu Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(46), 19-26.
Goei, R. & Boster, F.J. (2005). The roles of obligation and gratitude in explaining the effect of favors on compliance. Communication Monographs, 72, 284- 300.
Harrist, S., Carlozzi, B. L., McGovern, A.R. & Harrist, A.W. (2007). Benefits of expressive writing and expressive talking about life goals. Journal of Research in Personality. 41(4), 923-930.
Hicks, T. & Heastie, S. (2008). High school to college transition: A profile of the stressors, physical and psychological health issues that afect the first-year on- campus college student. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 15(3), 143-147.
İlhan, T. & Özbay, Y. (2010). Yaşam amaçlarının ve psikolojik ihtiyaç doyumunun öznel iyi oluş üzerindeki yordayıcı etkisi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(34), 109-118.
Jordan, K. B. & L’Abate, L. (1995). Programmed writing and therapy with symbiotically enmeshed patients. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 49(2), 225-236.
Kashdan, T. B., Uswatte, G. & Julian, T. (2006). Gratitude and hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in Vietnam war veterans. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(2), 177-199.
Kasser, T. & Ryan, R.M. (2001). Be careful what you wish for: Optimal functioning and the relative attainment of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. In, P. Schmuck and K. Sheldon (Eds), Life goals and well-being, (116-131). Gottingen: Hogrefe.
Kasser, T. & Ryan, R.M. (1993). A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 410-422.
Kasser, T. & Ryan, R.M. (1996). Further examining the American dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 280-287.
King, L. A. (2001). The health benefits of writing about life goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 798–807.
Lepore, S. J., Ragan, J. D. & Jones, S. (2000). Talking facilitates cognitive–emotional processes of adaptation to an acute stressor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 499–508.
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L. & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803-855.
Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K.M. & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9, 111–131.
Martos, T. & Kopp, M. (2012). Life goals and well- being: Does financial status matter? Evidence from a representative Hungarian sample. Social Indicators Research, 105(3), 561-568.
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A. & Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 112-127.
McCullough, G., Huebner, E. S. & Laughlin, J. E. (2000). Life events, self-concept, and adolescents positive subjective well-being. Psychology in the Schools, 37, 281–290.
McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A. & Larson, D. B.(2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127, 249–266.
McGihon, N.N. (1996). Writing as a therapeutic modality. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 34(6), 31-35.
Miller, D. N. & Nickerson, A. B. (2007). Changing the past, present, and future: Potential applications of positive psychology in school-based psychotherapy with children and youth. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 24(1), 147-162.
Murray, R. J., Lamnin, A. D. & Carver, C. S. (1989). Emotional expression in written essays and psychotherapy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 8, 414-429.
Myers, D.G. & Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy? Psychological Science, 6(1), 10-19.
Overwalle, F.V., Mervielde, I. & De Schuyter, J. (1995). Structural modeling of the relationships between attributional dimensions, emotions, and performance of college freshmen. Cognition and Emotion, 9, 59–85.
Park, N. & Peterson, C. (2006). Character strengths and happiness among young children: Content analysis of parental descriptions. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7, 323–341.
Park, N., Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psycholog, 23, 603–619.
Pennebaker, J. W. & Beall, S.K. (1986). Confronting a traumatic event: Toward an understanding of inhibition and disease. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 274- 281.
Pennebaker, J. W. & Seagal, J. D. (1999). Forming a story: The health benefits of narrative. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(10), 1243-1254.
Peterson, C., Ruch, W., Beerman, U., Park, N. & Seligman, M.E.P. (2007). Strenghts of character, orientation to happines, and life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(3), 149-156.
Ryan, R.M., Chirkov, V.I., Little, T.D., Sheldon, K.M., Timoshina, E. & Deci, E.L. (1999). The American dream in Russia: Extrinsic aspirations and well-being in two cultures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1509-1524.
Ryff, D.C. & Singer, B. (2000). Interpersonal flourishing: A positive health agenda for the new millennium. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(1), 30- 44.
Seligman, M.E.P., Steen, T.A., Park, N. & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60, 410–421.
Sheldon, K.M. & Kasser, T. (1995). Coherence and congruence: Two aspects of personality integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 531-543.
Sheldon, K.M. & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006). How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves. Journal of Positive Psychology, 1, 73–82.
Smyth, J. M. (1998). Written emotional expression: Effect sizes, outcome types, and moderating variables. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 174-184.
Steen, T.A., Kachorek, L.V. & Peterson, C. (2003). Character strengths among youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32(1), 5-16.
Sümer, H.C. (1996). Work-nonwork linkages: Role of attachment styles as an individual differences variable, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Kansas State University.
Torem, M.S. (1993). Therapeutic writing as a form of ego- state therapy. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 35, 267-276.
Tsang, J.A. (2007). Gratitude for small and large favors: A behavioral test. Journal of Positive Psychology, 2, 157–167.
Watkins, P.C., Woodward, K., Stone, T. & Kolts, R.D. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: The development of a measure of gratitude and its relationship with subjective well-being. Social Behavior and Personality, 31, 431– 452.
Watson, D., Clark, L.A. & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
Wood, A.M., Joseph, S. & Linley, P.A. (2007). Coping style as a psychological resource of grateful people. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26(9), 1076-1093.
Yüksel, A. & Oğuz Duran N. (2012). Turkish adaptation of Gratitude Questionnaire. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 46,199-216.
Wing, F.J., Schutte, N.S. & Byrne, B. (2006). The effects of positive writing on emotional intelligence and life satisfaction. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(10), 1291-1302.
Wong, N.Y. & Ahuvia, A.C. (1998). Personal taste and family face: Luxury consumption in Confucian and Western societies. Psychology & Marketing, 15(5), 423-441.
Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal / 2013, 5 (40)

Minnettarlık ve Yaşam Amaçları Yazma Çalışmalarının Öznel İyi Oluşa Etkisi

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 40, 0 - , 30.09.2013

Nagihan Oğuz Duran , Şeref Tan

Öz

Bu araştırmada, minnettarlık yazma (MY) ve yaşam amaçları yazma (YAY) çalışmalarının birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin öznel iyi oluşları (ÖİO) üzerindeki etkileri Türk üniversite öğrencileri üzerinde incelenmiştir. Araştırma, MY (N=25), YAY (N=28) ve bekleme listesi kontrol grubunda (N=33) yer alan toplam 86 öğrenci ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada Yaşam Doyumu, Pozitif ve Negatif Duygu, Minnettarlık ve Yaşam Amaçları Ölçekleri, MY, YAY ve kontrol gruplarına işlem öncesinde, işlem sonrasında ve işlemden dört hafta sonra uygulanmıştır. Veriler kovaryans analizi ve ilişkili örneklemler için t-testi ile çözümlenmiştir. Bulgular, her iki yazma çalışmasına katılan öğrencilerin de, işlem sonrasındaki ÖİO düzeylerinde manidar düzeyde bir artış olduğunu göstermiştir. Araştırmada ayrıca, MY alıştırmasının, katılanların minnettarlıklarını; YAY alıştırmasının ise katılanların dışsal amaçlarını diğer gruplardaki öğrencilerle karşılaştırıldığında manidar düzeyde arttırdığı görülmüştür. Kalıcılık testleri ile sontest ölçümleri arasında, kontrol grubu için hiçbir bağımlı değişkende manidar farklılık bulunmamıştır. Ancak, MY ve YAY gruplarında, yalnızca minnettarlık puanlarında, kalıcılık testinde sonteste göre manidar bir düşüş olduğu görülmüştür. Cinsiyetin katılımcıların ÖİO düzeyleri üzerinde manidar bir etkisi bulunmamıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

öznel iyi oluş, minnettarlık, yaşam amaçları, üniversite öğrencileri

Kaynakça

Brdar, I., Rijavec, M. & Miljković, D. (2009). Life goals and well-being: Are extrinsic aspirations always detrimental to well-being? Psychological Topics, 18(2), 317-334.
Burton, C.M. & King, L.A. (2004). The health benefits of writing about intensely positive experiences. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 150-163.
Büyüköztürk Ş., Çakmak E. K., Akgün Ö. E., Karadeniz Ş. & Demirci F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: PegemA Yayıncılık.
Carver, C.S. & Baird, E. (1998). The American dream revisited: Is it what you want or why you want it that matters? Psychological Science, 9, 289–292.
Casas, F., Gonzalez, M., Figuer, C. & Coenders, G. (2004). Subjective well-being, values and goal achievement: The case of planned versus by chance searches on the Internet. Social Indicators Research, 66, 123–141.
Danner, D.D., Snowden, D.A. & Freisen, W.A. (2001). Positive emotions in early life and longevity: Findings from the nun study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(5), 804-813.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575.
Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34-43.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
Diener, E., Eunkook, M. S., Lucas, R. E. & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276-302.
Diener, E., & Seligman, M.E.P. (2004). Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5, 1-31.
Emmons, R.A. (1986). Personal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(5), 1058-1068.
Emmons, R.A. (1999). The psychology of ultimate concerns: Motivation and spirituality in personality. New York: Guilford.
Emmons, R. A., & Crumpler, C. A. (2000). Gratitude as a human strength: Appraising the evidence. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19,56–69.
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An empirical investigation of gratitude and subjective wellbeing in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84,377–389.
Emmons, R.A., McCullough, M.E. & Tsang, J. (2007). The assessment of gratitude. In J.Lopez and C. R. Snyder (Eds), Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (pp.327-341), Washington DC: APA.
Froh, J. J., Kashdan, T. B., Ozimkowski, K. M. & Miller, N. (2009). Who benefits the most from a gratitude intervention in children and adolescents? Examining positive affect as a moderator. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 408-422.
Frederickson, B.L. (2004). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. The Royal Society, 359, 1367-1377.
Froh, J. J., Miller, D. N. & Snyder, S. (2007). Gratitude in children and adolescents: Development, assessment, and school-based intervention. School Psychology Forum, 2, 1–13.
Froh, J.J., Sefick, W.J. & Emmons, R.A. (2008). Counting blessings in early adolescents: An experimental study of gratitude and subjective well-being. Journal of School Psychology, 46, 213–233.
Gençöz, T. (2000). Pozitif ve Negatif Duygu Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(46), 19-26.
Goei, R. & Boster, F.J. (2005). The roles of obligation and gratitude in explaining the effect of favors on compliance. Communication Monographs, 72, 284- 300.
Harrist, S., Carlozzi, B. L., McGovern, A.R. & Harrist, A.W. (2007). Benefits of expressive writing and expressive talking about life goals. Journal of Research in Personality. 41(4), 923-930.
Hicks, T. & Heastie, S. (2008). High school to college transition: A profile of the stressors, physical and psychological health issues that afect the first-year on- campus college student. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 15(3), 143-147.
İlhan, T. & Özbay, Y. (2010). Yaşam amaçlarının ve psikolojik ihtiyaç doyumunun öznel iyi oluş üzerindeki yordayıcı etkisi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(34), 109-118.
Jordan, K. B. & L’Abate, L. (1995). Programmed writing and therapy with symbiotically enmeshed patients. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 49(2), 225-236.
Kashdan, T. B., Uswatte, G. & Julian, T. (2006). Gratitude and hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in Vietnam war veterans. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(2), 177-199.
Kasser, T. & Ryan, R.M. (2001). Be careful what you wish for: Optimal functioning and the relative attainment of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. In, P. Schmuck and K. Sheldon (Eds), Life goals and well-being, (116-131). Gottingen: Hogrefe.
Kasser, T. & Ryan, R.M. (1993). A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 410-422.
Kasser, T. & Ryan, R.M. (1996). Further examining the American dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 280-287.
King, L. A. (2001). The health benefits of writing about life goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 798–807.
Lepore, S. J., Ragan, J. D. & Jones, S. (2000). Talking facilitates cognitive–emotional processes of adaptation to an acute stressor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 499–508.
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L. & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803-855.
Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K.M. & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9, 111–131.
Martos, T. & Kopp, M. (2012). Life goals and well- being: Does financial status matter? Evidence from a representative Hungarian sample. Social Indicators Research, 105(3), 561-568.
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A. & Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 112-127.
McCullough, G., Huebner, E. S. & Laughlin, J. E. (2000). Life events, self-concept, and adolescents positive subjective well-being. Psychology in the Schools, 37, 281–290.
McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A. & Larson, D. B.(2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127, 249–266.
McGihon, N.N. (1996). Writing as a therapeutic modality. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 34(6), 31-35.
Miller, D. N. & Nickerson, A. B. (2007). Changing the past, present, and future: Potential applications of positive psychology in school-based psychotherapy with children and youth. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 24(1), 147-162.
Murray, R. J., Lamnin, A. D. & Carver, C. S. (1989). Emotional expression in written essays and psychotherapy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 8, 414-429.
Myers, D.G. & Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy? Psychological Science, 6(1), 10-19.
Overwalle, F.V., Mervielde, I. & De Schuyter, J. (1995). Structural modeling of the relationships between attributional dimensions, emotions, and performance of college freshmen. Cognition and Emotion, 9, 59–85.
Park, N. & Peterson, C. (2006). Character strengths and happiness among young children: Content analysis of parental descriptions. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7, 323–341.
Park, N., Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psycholog, 23, 603–619.
Pennebaker, J. W. & Beall, S.K. (1986). Confronting a traumatic event: Toward an understanding of inhibition and disease. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 274- 281.
Pennebaker, J. W. & Seagal, J. D. (1999). Forming a story: The health benefits of narrative. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(10), 1243-1254.
Peterson, C., Ruch, W., Beerman, U., Park, N. & Seligman, M.E.P. (2007). Strenghts of character, orientation to happines, and life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(3), 149-156.
Ryan, R.M., Chirkov, V.I., Little, T.D., Sheldon, K.M., Timoshina, E. & Deci, E.L. (1999). The American dream in Russia: Extrinsic aspirations and well-being in two cultures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1509-1524.
Ryff, D.C. & Singer, B. (2000). Interpersonal flourishing: A positive health agenda for the new millennium. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(1), 30- 44.
Seligman, M.E.P., Steen, T.A., Park, N. & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60, 410–421.
Sheldon, K.M. & Kasser, T. (1995). Coherence and congruence: Two aspects of personality integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 531-543.
Sheldon, K.M. & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006). How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves. Journal of Positive Psychology, 1, 73–82.
Smyth, J. M. (1998). Written emotional expression: Effect sizes, outcome types, and moderating variables. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 174-184.
Steen, T.A., Kachorek, L.V. & Peterson, C. (2003). Character strengths among youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32(1), 5-16.
Sümer, H.C. (1996). Work-nonwork linkages: Role of attachment styles as an individual differences variable, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Kansas State University.
Torem, M.S. (1993). Therapeutic writing as a form of ego- state therapy. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 35, 267-276.
Tsang, J.A. (2007). Gratitude for small and large favors: A behavioral test. Journal of Positive Psychology, 2, 157–167.
Watkins, P.C., Woodward, K., Stone, T. & Kolts, R.D. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: The development of a measure of gratitude and its relationship with subjective well-being. Social Behavior and Personality, 31, 431– 452.
Watson, D., Clark, L.A. & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
Wood, A.M., Joseph, S. & Linley, P.A. (2007). Coping style as a psychological resource of grateful people. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26(9), 1076-1093.
Yüksel, A. & Oğuz Duran N. (2012). Turkish adaptation of Gratitude Questionnaire. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 46,199-216.
Wing, F.J., Schutte, N.S. & Byrne, B. (2006). The effects of positive writing on emotional intelligence and life satisfaction. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(10), 1291-1302.
Wong, N.Y. & Ahuvia, A.C. (1998). Personal taste and family face: Luxury consumption in Confucian and Western societies. Psychology & Marketing, 15(5), 423-441.
Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal / 2013, 5 (40)

Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Bölüm	Makaleler
Yazarlar	Nagihan Oğuz Duran Şeref Tan
Yayımlanma Tarihi	30 Eylül 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2013 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 40

Kaynak Göster

APA	Oğuz Duran, N., & Tan, Ş. (2013). Minnettarlık ve Yaşam Amaçları Yazma Çalışmalarının Öznel İyi Oluşa Etkisi. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4(40). https://doi.org/10.17066/pdrd.84026

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