Almanya’daki Türk Göçmenlerde Yaşam Doyumu: Kültürel Kimlik ve Benlik Kurgularının Rolü

Selda Koydemir; Astrid Schütz

doi:10.17066/pdrd.30830

-

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 42, 0 - , 14.10.2014

Selda Koydemir Astrid Schütz

Öz

In this study, the relationship between cultural identity and life satisfaction was examined in the context of self-construals. The study used a community sample of Turkish migrants living in Germany, and measured their level of life satisfaction, heritage culture identification, mainstream culture identification, independent self-construal, and interdependent self-construal. The study, besides examining the extent to which cultural identities and self-construals are linked to life satisfaction, investigated whether selfconstruals would moderate the relationship between cultural identities and life satisfaction. The effects of socio-demographic variables such as gender, age, educational attainment, country of birth, and perceived German language proficiency on study variables were also studied. Results showed that mainstream cultural identification and interdependent self-construal positively predicted life satisfaction. Independent self-construal moderated the relationship between mainstream culture identification and life satisfaction; whereas interdependent self-construal moderated the link between heritage culture identification and life satisfaction. It was also revealed that socio-demographic factors make a difference in participants’ cultural identity, self-construal and life satisfaction scores

Anahtar Kelimeler

life satisfaction, cultural identity, acculturation, self-construal

Kaynakça

Benet-Martínez, V., Leu, J., Lee, F. ve Morris, M. (2002). Negotiating biculturalism: Cultural frame-switching in biculturals with ‘oppositional’ vs. ‘compatible’ cultural identities. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(5), 492-516.
Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46(1), 5-68.
Berry, J. W., Phinney, J., Sam, D. L. ve Vedder, P. (2006) (Eds.). Immigrant youth in cultural transition: Acculturation, identity and adaptation across national contexts. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Brewer, M. B. ve Chen, Y. R. (2007). Where (who) are collectives in collectivism? Toward conceptual clarification of individualism and collectivism. Psychological Review, 114(1), 133–151.
Cohen, J. (1965). Some statistical issues in psychological research. In B.B. Wolman (Ed.), Handbook of clinical psychology (pp. 95–121). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Çakır, S. G. ve Yerin-Güneri, O. (2011). Exploring the factors contributing to empowerment of Turkish migrant women in the UK. International Journal of Psychology, 46, 223-233.
Dawson, J. (2014). Interpreting interaction effects. http:// www.jeremydawson.co.uk/slopes.htm adresinden 27.01. 2014 tarihinde alınmıştır.
Diener, E., Emmons, R.A., Larsen, R.J. ve Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75.
Diener, E. ve Suh, E. M. (1999). National differences in subjective well-being. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener ve N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 434–450). New York: Sage.
Diener, E., Suh, M., Lucas, R.E. ve Smith, H.E. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302.
Donna, G. ve Berry, J. W. (1994). Acculturation attitudes and acculturative stress of Central American refugees. International Journal of Psychology, 29(1), 57–70.
Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2007). Psikolojik danışma ve kültürel faktörler. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 27, 109-11.
Friedlmeier, W., Schäfermeier, E., Vasconcellos, V. ve Trommsdorff, G. (2008). Self-construal and cultural orientation as predictors for developmental goals: A comparison between Brazilian and German caregivers. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 5(1), 39-67.
Giang, M. T. ve Wittig, M. A. (2006). Implications of adolescents’ acculturation strategies for personal and collective self-esteem. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 12(4), 725–739.
Gökdemir, Ö. ve Dumludağ, D. (2011). Subjective well- being among ethnic minorities: The Dutch case. Munich Personal RePEc Archive Paper No. 38691. 23 Ocak 2014 tarihinde http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen. de/38691/ a dresinden indirilmiştir.
Haasen, C., Lambert, M., Yagdiran, O. ve Krausz, M. (1997). Psychiatric disorders among migrants in Germany: Prevalence in a psychiatric clinic and implications for services and research. European Psychiatry, 12(6), 305–310.
Karaırmak, Ö. (2008). Çok kültürlülük, kültürel duyarlılık ve psikolojik danışma. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 29, 115-126.
Kim, M. S. (1994). Cross-cultural comparisons of the perceived importance of conversational constraints. Human Communication Research. 21(1), 128—131.
Koydemir, S. (2013). Acculturation and subjective well- being: Evidence from Turkish ethnic youth in Germany. Journal of Youth Studies, 16(4), 460-473.
Köker, S. (1991). Normal ve sorunlu ergenlerin yaşam doyumu düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Kuo, B. C. H. ve Roysircar, G. (2004). Predictors of acculturation for Chinese adolescents in Canada: Age of arrival, length of stay, social class, and English reading ability. Journal of Multicultural Counselling and Development, 32(3), 143-154.
Lent, R. W. (2004). Toward a unifying theoretical and practical perspective on well-being and psychosocial research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(4), 482-509.
Liebkind, K. (1996). Acculturation and stress: Vietnamese refugees in Finland. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27(2), 161-180.
Lu, Y. (2008). Test of the ‘healthy migrant hypothesis’: A longitudinal analysis of health selectivity of internal migration in Indonesia. Social Science & Medicine, 67(8), 1331-1339.
Lu, L. ve Gilmour, R. (2004). Culture and conceptions of happiness: Individual oriented and social oriented SWB. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5, 269–291.
McCarthy, J. (2005). Individualism and collectivism: What do they have to do with counseling? Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 33(2), 108-117.
Markus, H. ve Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253.
Murad, S. D., Joung, I. M. A., van Lenthe, F. J., Bengi- Arslan, L. ve Crijnen, A. A. M. (2003). Predictors of self-reported problem behaviours in Turkish immigrant and Dutch adolescents in the Netherlands. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44(3), 412-423.
Nesdale, D., Rooney, R. ve Smith, L. (1997). Migrant ethnic identity and psychological distress. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 569-588.
Neto, F. (2001). Satisfaction with life among adolescents from immigrant families in Portugal. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30(1), 53–67.
Nguyen, A.M.ve Benet-Martínez, V. (2013). Biculturalism and adjustment: A meta-analysis. Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology, 44, 122-159.
Oyserman, D. ve Lee, S. W. S. (2008). Does culture influence what and how we think? Effects of priming individualism and collectivism. Psychology Bulletin, 134(2), 311-42.
Pavot, W. ve Diener, E. (1993). Review of the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 164-172.
Phinney, J. (1990). Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: A review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 499–514.
Phinney, J. ve Alipuria, L. (1990). Ethnic identity in college students from four ethnic groups. Journal of Adolescence, 13(2), 171-184.
Phinney, J. S., Horenczyk, G., Liebkind, K. ve Vedder, P. (2001). Ethnic identity, immigration, and well-being: An international perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 57(3), 493–510.
Phinney, J. ve Kohatsu, E. (1997). Ethnic and racial identity development and mental health. In J. Schulenberg, J. Maggs ve K. Hurrelman (Eds.), Health risks and developmental transitions in adolescence (pp. 420- 443). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ryder, A., Alden, L. ve Paulhus, D. (2000). Is acculturation unidimensional or bidimensional? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(1), 49-65.
Schumacher, J. (2003). SWLS - Satisfaction with Life Scale. In J. Schumacher, A. Klaiberg, ve E. Brähler (Eds.), Diagnostische Verfahren zu Lebensqualität und Wohlbefinden. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.
Schwartz, S. J. ve Zamboanga, B. L. (2008). Testing berry’s model of acculturation: A confirmatory latent class approach. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(4), 275-285.
Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L. ve Weisskirch, R. S. (2008). Broadening the study of the self: Integrating the study of personal identity and cultural identity. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(2), 635-651.
Singelis, T. M. (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent selfconstruals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(5), 580-591.
Smith, T. B. ve Silva, L. (2011). Ethnic identity and personal well-being of people of color: A meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(1), 42–60.
Suh, E. M. (2002). Culture, identity consistency, and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(6), 1378-1391.
Suh, E. M., Diener, E. ve Updegraff, J .A. (2008). From culture to priming conditions: Self-construal influences on life satisfaction judgments. Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology, 39(1), 3-15.
Suh, M., Diener, E., Oishi, S. ve Triandis, H.C. (1998). The shifting basis of life satisfaction judgments across cultures: Emotions versus norms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(2), 482– 493.
Şahin, B. (2010). Almanya’daki Türk göçmenlerin sosyal entegrasyonunun kuşaklar arası karşılaştırması: Kültürleşme. Bilig, 55, 103-134.
Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. San Francisco, CA: Westview Press.
Triandis, H. C. ve Trafimow, D. (2001). Culture and its implications for intergroup relations. In Rupert Brown ve Sam Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell Handbook in Social Psychology: Intergroup processes (pp. 367-385). Great Britain: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism-collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69(6), 907-924.
Üskül, A. K., Hynie, M., ve Lalonde, R. (2004). Interdependence as a mediator between culture and interpersonal closeness for Euro-Canadians and Turks. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35(2), 174-191.
Verkuyten, M. (1998). Perceived discrimination and self- esteem among minority adolescents. The Journal of Social Psychology, 138(4), 479 – 493.
Verkuyten, M. ve Kwa, G. (1994). Ethnic self-identification and psychological well-being among minority youth in the Netherlands. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 5(1), 19–34.
Virta, E., Sam, D. L. ve Westin, C. (2004). Adolescents with Turkish background in Norway and Sweden: A comparative study of their psychological adaptation. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 45(1), 15-25.
Ward, C. (2006). Acculturation, identity and adaptation in dual heritage adolescents. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30(2), 243-259.
Ward, C., ve Kennedy, A. (1994). Acculturation strategies, psychological adjustment, and sociocultural competence during cross cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 18(3), 329–343.
Woellert, F., Kröhnert, S., Sippel, L. ve Klingholz, R. (2009). Ungenutzte Potenziale. Zur Lage der Integration in Deutschland. Berlin: Berlin-Institut für Bevölkerung und Entwicklung.
Yamada, A. M. ve Singelis, T. M. (1999). Biculturalism and self-construal. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23(5), 697-709.
Yoon, E., Langrehr, K. ve Ong, L. (2011). Content analysis of acculturation research in counseling and counseling psychology: A 22-year review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(1), 83-96.
Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal / 2014, 5 (42)

Almanya’daki Türk Göçmenlerde Yaşam Doyumu: Kültürel Kimlik ve Benlik Kurgularının Rolü

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 42, 0 - , 14.10.2014

Selda Koydemir Astrid Schütz

Öz

Bu çalışmada kültürel kimlik ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişki, benlik kurguları çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Çalışma, kültürel kimlik ve benlik kurgularının yaşam doyumu üstündeki yordayıcı rolünün yanında benlik kurgularının kültürel kimlik ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ılımlayıcı rolünü incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Almanya’da yaşayan Türk kökenli 240 katılımcıyla gerçekleştirilen çalışmada katılımcıların miras kültürle (Türk) ve ev sahibi kültürle (Alman) özdeşim düzeyi, bağımsız benlik kurgusu düzeyi, karşılıklı bağımlı benlik kurgusu düzeyi ve yaşam doyumu düzeyi ölçülmüştür. Hiyerarşik regresyon analizi ile elde edilen bulgular, ev sahibi kültürle özdeşimin ve karşılıklı-bağımlı benlik kurgusunun yaşam doyumunu pozitif şekilde yordadığını ortaya koymuştur. Buna ek olarak bağımsız benlik kurgusunun ev sahibi kültürle özdeşim ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişkide; karşılıklı- bağımlı benlik kurgusunun miras kültürle özdeşim ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişkide ılımlayıcı rol oynadığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca katılımcıların yaşam doyumu puanları eğitim seviyesi, yaş ve Almanca yeterlik algısına göre farklılık göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

yaşam doyumu, kültürel kimlik, kültürleşme, benlik kurgusu

Kaynakça

Benet-Martínez, V., Leu, J., Lee, F. ve Morris, M. (2002). Negotiating biculturalism: Cultural frame-switching in biculturals with ‘oppositional’ vs. ‘compatible’ cultural identities. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(5), 492-516.
Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46(1), 5-68.
Berry, J. W., Phinney, J., Sam, D. L. ve Vedder, P. (2006) (Eds.). Immigrant youth in cultural transition: Acculturation, identity and adaptation across national contexts. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Brewer, M. B. ve Chen, Y. R. (2007). Where (who) are collectives in collectivism? Toward conceptual clarification of individualism and collectivism. Psychological Review, 114(1), 133–151.
Cohen, J. (1965). Some statistical issues in psychological research. In B.B. Wolman (Ed.), Handbook of clinical psychology (pp. 95–121). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Çakır, S. G. ve Yerin-Güneri, O. (2011). Exploring the factors contributing to empowerment of Turkish migrant women in the UK. International Journal of Psychology, 46, 223-233.
Dawson, J. (2014). Interpreting interaction effects. http:// www.jeremydawson.co.uk/slopes.htm adresinden 27.01. 2014 tarihinde alınmıştır.
Diener, E., Emmons, R.A., Larsen, R.J. ve Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75.
Diener, E. ve Suh, E. M. (1999). National differences in subjective well-being. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener ve N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 434–450). New York: Sage.
Diener, E., Suh, M., Lucas, R.E. ve Smith, H.E. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302.
Donna, G. ve Berry, J. W. (1994). Acculturation attitudes and acculturative stress of Central American refugees. International Journal of Psychology, 29(1), 57–70.
Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2007). Psikolojik danışma ve kültürel faktörler. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 27, 109-11.
Friedlmeier, W., Schäfermeier, E., Vasconcellos, V. ve Trommsdorff, G. (2008). Self-construal and cultural orientation as predictors for developmental goals: A comparison between Brazilian and German caregivers. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 5(1), 39-67.
Giang, M. T. ve Wittig, M. A. (2006). Implications of adolescents’ acculturation strategies for personal and collective self-esteem. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 12(4), 725–739.
Gökdemir, Ö. ve Dumludağ, D. (2011). Subjective well- being among ethnic minorities: The Dutch case. Munich Personal RePEc Archive Paper No. 38691. 23 Ocak 2014 tarihinde http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen. de/38691/ a dresinden indirilmiştir.
Haasen, C., Lambert, M., Yagdiran, O. ve Krausz, M. (1997). Psychiatric disorders among migrants in Germany: Prevalence in a psychiatric clinic and implications for services and research. European Psychiatry, 12(6), 305–310.
Karaırmak, Ö. (2008). Çok kültürlülük, kültürel duyarlılık ve psikolojik danışma. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 29, 115-126.
Kim, M. S. (1994). Cross-cultural comparisons of the perceived importance of conversational constraints. Human Communication Research. 21(1), 128—131.
Koydemir, S. (2013). Acculturation and subjective well- being: Evidence from Turkish ethnic youth in Germany. Journal of Youth Studies, 16(4), 460-473.
Köker, S. (1991). Normal ve sorunlu ergenlerin yaşam doyumu düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Kuo, B. C. H. ve Roysircar, G. (2004). Predictors of acculturation for Chinese adolescents in Canada: Age of arrival, length of stay, social class, and English reading ability. Journal of Multicultural Counselling and Development, 32(3), 143-154.
Lent, R. W. (2004). Toward a unifying theoretical and practical perspective on well-being and psychosocial research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(4), 482-509.
Liebkind, K. (1996). Acculturation and stress: Vietnamese refugees in Finland. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27(2), 161-180.
Lu, Y. (2008). Test of the ‘healthy migrant hypothesis’: A longitudinal analysis of health selectivity of internal migration in Indonesia. Social Science & Medicine, 67(8), 1331-1339.
Lu, L. ve Gilmour, R. (2004). Culture and conceptions of happiness: Individual oriented and social oriented SWB. Journal of Happiness Studies, 5, 269–291.
McCarthy, J. (2005). Individualism and collectivism: What do they have to do with counseling? Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 33(2), 108-117.
Markus, H. ve Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253.
Murad, S. D., Joung, I. M. A., van Lenthe, F. J., Bengi- Arslan, L. ve Crijnen, A. A. M. (2003). Predictors of self-reported problem behaviours in Turkish immigrant and Dutch adolescents in the Netherlands. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44(3), 412-423.
Nesdale, D., Rooney, R. ve Smith, L. (1997). Migrant ethnic identity and psychological distress. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 569-588.
Neto, F. (2001). Satisfaction with life among adolescents from immigrant families in Portugal. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30(1), 53–67.
Nguyen, A.M.ve Benet-Martínez, V. (2013). Biculturalism and adjustment: A meta-analysis. Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology, 44, 122-159.
Oyserman, D. ve Lee, S. W. S. (2008). Does culture influence what and how we think? Effects of priming individualism and collectivism. Psychology Bulletin, 134(2), 311-42.
Pavot, W. ve Diener, E. (1993). Review of the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 164-172.
Phinney, J. (1990). Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: A review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 499–514.
Phinney, J. ve Alipuria, L. (1990). Ethnic identity in college students from four ethnic groups. Journal of Adolescence, 13(2), 171-184.
Phinney, J. S., Horenczyk, G., Liebkind, K. ve Vedder, P. (2001). Ethnic identity, immigration, and well-being: An international perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 57(3), 493–510.
Phinney, J. ve Kohatsu, E. (1997). Ethnic and racial identity development and mental health. In J. Schulenberg, J. Maggs ve K. Hurrelman (Eds.), Health risks and developmental transitions in adolescence (pp. 420- 443). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Ryder, A., Alden, L. ve Paulhus, D. (2000). Is acculturation unidimensional or bidimensional? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(1), 49-65.
Schumacher, J. (2003). SWLS - Satisfaction with Life Scale. In J. Schumacher, A. Klaiberg, ve E. Brähler (Eds.), Diagnostische Verfahren zu Lebensqualität und Wohlbefinden. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.
Schwartz, S. J. ve Zamboanga, B. L. (2008). Testing berry’s model of acculturation: A confirmatory latent class approach. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(4), 275-285.
Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L. ve Weisskirch, R. S. (2008). Broadening the study of the self: Integrating the study of personal identity and cultural identity. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(2), 635-651.
Singelis, T. M. (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent selfconstruals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(5), 580-591.
Smith, T. B. ve Silva, L. (2011). Ethnic identity and personal well-being of people of color: A meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(1), 42–60.
Suh, E. M. (2002). Culture, identity consistency, and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(6), 1378-1391.
Suh, E. M., Diener, E. ve Updegraff, J .A. (2008). From culture to priming conditions: Self-construal influences on life satisfaction judgments. Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology, 39(1), 3-15.
Suh, M., Diener, E., Oishi, S. ve Triandis, H.C. (1998). The shifting basis of life satisfaction judgments across cultures: Emotions versus norms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(2), 482– 493.
Şahin, B. (2010). Almanya’daki Türk göçmenlerin sosyal entegrasyonunun kuşaklar arası karşılaştırması: Kültürleşme. Bilig, 55, 103-134.
Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. San Francisco, CA: Westview Press.
Triandis, H. C. ve Trafimow, D. (2001). Culture and its implications for intergroup relations. In Rupert Brown ve Sam Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell Handbook in Social Psychology: Intergroup processes (pp. 367-385). Great Britain: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism-collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69(6), 907-924.
Üskül, A. K., Hynie, M., ve Lalonde, R. (2004). Interdependence as a mediator between culture and interpersonal closeness for Euro-Canadians and Turks. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35(2), 174-191.
Verkuyten, M. (1998). Perceived discrimination and self- esteem among minority adolescents. The Journal of Social Psychology, 138(4), 479 – 493.
Verkuyten, M. ve Kwa, G. (1994). Ethnic self-identification and psychological well-being among minority youth in the Netherlands. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 5(1), 19–34.
Virta, E., Sam, D. L. ve Westin, C. (2004). Adolescents with Turkish background in Norway and Sweden: A comparative study of their psychological adaptation. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 45(1), 15-25.
Ward, C. (2006). Acculturation, identity and adaptation in dual heritage adolescents. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30(2), 243-259.
Ward, C., ve Kennedy, A. (1994). Acculturation strategies, psychological adjustment, and sociocultural competence during cross cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 18(3), 329–343.
Woellert, F., Kröhnert, S., Sippel, L. ve Klingholz, R. (2009). Ungenutzte Potenziale. Zur Lage der Integration in Deutschland. Berlin: Berlin-Institut für Bevölkerung und Entwicklung.
Yamada, A. M. ve Singelis, T. M. (1999). Biculturalism and self-construal. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23(5), 697-709.
Yoon, E., Langrehr, K. ve Ong, L. (2011). Content analysis of acculturation research in counseling and counseling psychology: A 22-year review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(1), 83-96.
Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal / 2014, 5 (42)

Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Bölüm	Makaleler
Yazarlar	Selda Koydemir Astrid Schütz Bu kişi benim
Yayımlanma Tarihi	14 Ekim 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2014 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 42

Kaynak Göster

APA	Koydemir, S., & Schütz, A. (2014). Almanya’daki Türk Göçmenlerde Yaşam Doyumu: Kültürel Kimlik ve Benlik Kurgularının Rolü. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 5(42). https://doi.org/10.17066/pdrd.30830

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