Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Psikolojik Danışman Tercihlerinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 52, 209 - 239, 01.03.2019

Özlem HASKAN AVCI Burak TUNA Hakan BÜYÜKÇOLPAN Ali GÜNGÖR Merve YÖRÜKOĞLU

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik danışman tercihlerinde, psikolojik danışmanın cinsiyetine ilişkin görüşlerini incelemektir. Bu amaçla 2017-2018 öğretim yılında 123 üniversite öğrencisiyle yüz yüze görüşme yapılmıştır. Görüşmede, katılımcılara kadın ve erkek psikolojik danışmana ait olduğu belirtilen, denkleştirilmiş iki özgeçmiş sunulmuştur. Katılımcıların psikolojik danışman tercihlerini ele almak için yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Demografik sorulara verilen yanıtlar betimleyici istatistikle, açık uçlu sorulara verilen yanıtlarsa bir nitel analiz yöntemi olan içerik analizi ile incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, hem erkek hem de kadın katılımcıların psikolojik danışman tercihleri hemcinsleri yönünde olmuştur. Katılımcıların tercih nedenlerinin, yoğunluklu olarak kadın psikolojik danışmanlara yönelik toplumsal cinsiyet algılarıyla ilgili olduğu bulunmuştur. Katılımcıların, hemcins/karşı cinsten bir psikolojik danışmanın kendilerini daha iyi anlayacağına yönelik kalıp yargılarının da tercihlerinde önemli bir etken olduğu görülmüştür. Katılımcıların genel olarak mesleki konular söz konusu olduğunda erkek; kişisel ve ailesel sorunlarla ilgili olaraksa kadın psikolojik danışmanı daha fazla tercih ettiği görülmüştür. Danışanlar için psikolojik danışmanın cinsiyetinin en fazla önem kazandığı konuların, “Arkadaşlık/Romantik İlişkiler” ve “Cinsel Konular” olduğu görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Psikolojik danışma, psikolojik danışman, psikolojik danışman tercihi, psikolojik danışmanın cinsiyeti, toplumsal cinsiyet

Kaynakça

• Ang, R. P., Lim, K. M., Tan, A. G. & Yau, T. Y. (2004). Effects of gender and sex role orientation on help-seeking attitudes. Current Psychology, 23(3), 203-214.
• Angermeyer, M. C. & Dietrich, S. (2006). Public beliefs about and attitudes towards people with mental illness: A review of population studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113, 163–179.
• Atay, T. (2012). Çin işi japon işi. cinsiyet ve cinsellik üzerine antropolojik değiniler. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
• Atkinson, D. R., Ponce, F. Q., & Martinez, F. M. (1984). Effects of ethnic, sex, and attitude similarity on counselor credibility. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(4), 588.
• Blow, A. J., Timm, T. M., & Cox, R. (2008). The role of the therapist in therapeutic change: does therapist gender matter? Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 20(1), 66-86.
• Banikiotes, P. G., & Merluzzi, T. V. (1981). Impact of counselor gender and counselor sex role orientation on perceived counselor characteristics. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28(4), 342.
• Boulware, D. W., & Holmes, D. S. (1970). Preferences for therapists and related expectancies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35(2), 269.
• Cooper, M. (2006). Scottish secondary school students’ preferences for location, format of counsellingand sex of counsellor. School Psychology International, 27(5), 627-638.
• Çam O. ve Çuhadar, D. (2011). Ruhsal hastalığa sahip bireylerde damgalama süreci ve içselleştirilmiş damgalama. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 2(3), 136-140
• Dancey, C. P., Dryden, W., & Cook, C. (1992). Choice of therapeutic approaches as a function ofsex of subject, type of problem, and sex and title of helper. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 20(2), 221-230.
• Deane, F. P., & Chamberlain, K. (1994). Treatment fearfulness and distress as predictors of professional psychological help-seeking. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 22, 207–217.
• DeGeorge, J., Constantino, M. J., Greenberg, R. P., Swift, J. K., & Smith-Hansen, L. (2013). Sex differences in college students' preferences for an ideal psychotherapist. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 44(1), 29.
• Doğan, S. (2000). The historical development of counseling in Turkey. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 22(1), 57-67.
• Dökmen, Z.Y. (2004). Toplumsal cinsiyet. Sosyal psikolojik açıklamalar. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
• Eells, G. T., Fuqua, D. R., & Boswell, D. L. (1999). Factors in clients' selection of mental health providers. Psychological Reports, 85(1), 249-254.
• Eken, H. (2006). Toplumsal cinsiyet olgusu temelinde mesleğe ilişkin rol ile aile içi rol etkileşimi: Türk Silahlı Kuvvetlerindeki kadın subaylar. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15, 247-279.
• Fuller, F. F. (1963). Influence of sex of counselor and of client on client expressions of feeling. Journal of CounselingPsychology, 10(1), 34.
• Fuller, F. F. (1964). Preferences for male and female counselors. Journal of Counseling & Development, 42(5), 463-467.
• Gallagher, R. P. (2009). National survey of counseling center directors. Virginia: The International Association of Counseling Services. 27 Aralık 2018 tarihinde http://dscholarship.pitt.edu/28170/1/survey_2009.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Granello, D. H., & Pauley, P. S. (2000). Television viewing habits and their relationship to tolerance toward people with mental illness. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 22(2), 162.
• Goldberg, H. (2010). Erkek olmanın tehlikeleri: Erkek üstünlüğü mitini yaşatmak. (Çev. Selçuk Budak), Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
• Guest, L. (1948). The public's attitudes toward psychologists. American Psychologist, 3(4), 135.
• Harris, S. M., & Busby, D. M. (1998). Therapist physical attractiveness: An unexplored influence on client disclosure. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 24(2), 251-257.
• Holland, A. L., Atkinson, D. R., & Johnson, M. E. (1987). Effects of sexual attitude and sex similarity on perceptions of the counselor. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34(3), 322.
• Holman, M. (1955). Adolescent attitudes toward seeking help with personal problems. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 25(3), 1-31.
• Johnson, D. H. (1978). Students' sex preferences and sex role expectancies for counselors. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 25(6), 557.
• Johnson, M. E. (2001). Influences of gender and sex role orientation on help-seeking attitudes. The Journal of Psychology, 122(3), 237-241.
• Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: Implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(4), 403-422.
• Kalkan, M. ve Odacı, H. (2005). Cinsiyet ve cinsiyet rolünün psikolojik yardım almaya ilişkin tutumlarla ilişkisi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(23), 57-64.
• Kırımlı, F. (2007). Lise öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım arama tutumlarını etkileyenetmenler (Yüksek lisans tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı, Ankara). http://tez2.yok.gov.tr/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
• Kızıldağ, S., Zorbaz, S. D., Gençtanırım, D. ve Arıcı, F. (2012). Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(3),185-196.
• Kilinc, A., & Granello, P. F. (2003). Overall life satisfaction and help‐seeking attitudes of Turkish college students in the United States: Implications for college counselors. Journal of College Counseling, 6(1), 56-68.
• Koile, E. A., & Bird, D. J. (1956). Preferences for counselor help on freshman problems. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 3(2), 97.
• Koydemir, S., Erel, Ö., Yumurtacı, D. ve Şahin, G. N. (2010). Psychological help-seeking attitudes and barriers to help-seeking in young people in Turkey. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 32(4), 274-289.
• Landes, S. J., Burton, J. R., King, K. M., & Sullivan, B. F. (2013). Women’s preference of therapist based on sex of therapist and presenting problem: An analog study. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 26(3-4), 330-342. doi: 10.1080/09515070.2013.819795
• Lee, D. Y., Hallberg, E. T., Jones, L., & Haase, R. F. (1980). Effects of counselor gender on perceived credibility. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 27(1), 71.
• Lee, E. J., Chan, F., Ditchman, N., & Feigon, M. (2014). Factors influencing Korean international students’ preferences for mental health professionals: A conjoint analysis. Community Mental Health Journal, 50(1), 104-110.
• Lee Stamler, V., Christiansen, M. D., Staley, K. H., & Macagno-Shang, L. (1991). Client preference for counselor gender. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 15(2), 317-321.
• Lipscomb, T. J., Shelley, K., & Root, T. (2010). Selection criteria for choosing mental health service providers: A pilot study. Health Marketing Quarterly, 27(4), 321-333.
• Lowinger, R. (2012). College students' perceptions of severity and willingness to seek psychological help for drug and alcohol problems. College Student Journal, 46(4), 829-833.
• Luborsky, L., Crits-Christoph, P., Mintz, J., & Auerbach, A. (1988). Who will benefit from psychotherapy?: Predicting therapeutic outcomes. Basic Books.
• Meyer, O., Zane, N., & Cho, Y. I. (2011). Understanding the psychological processes of the racial match effect in Asian Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(3), 335.
• Mocan-Aydın, G. (2000). Western models of counselling and psychotherapy within Turkey: crossing cultural boundaries. The Counseling Psychologist, 28, 281–298.
• Miles, M, B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded Sourcebook. (2nd ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Nelson, M. L. (1993). A current perspective on gender differences: Implications for research in counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40(2), 200.
• Neuman, L. W. (2014). Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches(Seventh Ed.). Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
• Okiishi, J. C., Lambert, M. J., Eggett, D., Nielsen, L., Dayton, D. D., & Vermeersch, D. A. (2006). An analysis of therapist treatment effects: Toward providing feedback to individual therapists on their clients’ psychotherapy outcome. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(9), 1157-1172.
• Özbay, Y., Erkan, S., Cihangir-Çankaya, Z. ve Terzi, Ş. (2008, April). University students’ help seeking attitudes, gender roles and self-concealment levels. Paper presented at International Congress of Counseling, Bahçeşehir University, İstanbul.
• Paradise, L. V., Conway, B. S.,& Zweig, J. (1986). Effects of expert and referent influence, physical attractiveness, and gender on perceptions of counselor attributes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33(1), 16.
• Pikus, C. F., & Heavey, C. L. (1996). Client preferences for therapist gender. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 10(4), 35-43.
• Saunders, S. (1993). Applicants’ experience of the process of seeking therapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 30(4), 554.
• Simons, J. A., & Helms, J. E. (1976). Influence of counselors' marital status, sex, and age on college and noncollege women's counselor preferences. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 23(4), 380.
• Singleton, R.A., & Straits, B.C. (2005). Approaches to social research (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Smith, M. C. (1980). Sex bias in counseling and psychotherapy. Psychological Bulletin, 87(2), 392.
• Speight, S. L. & Vera, E. M. (2005). University counseling center clients' expressed preferences for counselors: A four year archival exploration. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 19(3), 55-68.
• Taşkın, E.O. (2007). Türkiye’de Psikiyatri ve Psikiyatristlere Yönelik Tutumlar. Stigma Ruhsal Hastalıklara Yönelik Tutumlar ve Damgalama. ss: 302-318. İçinde: Taşkın E.O. (ed), 1. Baskı. İzmir, Meta Basım Matbaacılık. Erişim tarihi: 01 Şubat 2018
• https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Emin_Taskin/publication/292987645_Ruhsal_ hastaliklara_yonelik_tutumlar_ve_damgalamayi_etkileyen_etmenler/links/56b47bc908a e01db096ea75e/Ruhsal-hastaliklara-yoenelik-tutumlar-ve-damgalamayi-etkileyenetmenler
• Topkaya, N. (2014). Gender, Self-Stigma, and Public Stigma in Predicting Attitudes toward Psychological Help-Seeking. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 14(2), 480-487. Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (2013). [Çevrim içi: https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/develop/owa/td_v2.sayfa_yonlendir?v_meclis=1&v_done m=24&v_yasama_yili=4&v_cilt=&v_birlesim=&v_sayfa=&v_anabaslik=&v_altbaslik =&v_mv=&v_sb=&v_ozet=&v_kelime=&v_bastarih=&v_bittarih=], Erişim Tarihi: 20 Mayıs 2018.
• Türküm, A. S. (2005). Who seeks help? Examining the differences in attitude of Turkish university students toward seeking psychological help by gender, gender roles, and helpseeking experiences. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 13(3), 389-401.
• Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G. & Hackler, A. H. (2007). Perceived public stigma and the willingness to seek counseling: The mediating roles of self-stigma and attitudes toward counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(1), 40.
• Vogel, D., Wade, N., Wester, S., Larson, L. & Hackler, A. (2007). Seeking help from a mental health professional: the ınfluence of one’s social network. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(3), 233–245.
• Yanico, B. J. & Hardin, S. I. (1985). Relation of type of problem and expectations of counselor knowledge and understanding to students' gender preferences for counselors. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32(2), 197.
• Yerin Güneri, O., Aydın, G. ve Skovholt, T. (2003). Counseling needs of students and evaluation of counseling services at a large urban university in Turkey. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 25(1), 53-63.
• Yerin Güneri, O. (2006). Counseling services in Turkish universities. International Journal of Mental Health, 35(1), 26-38.
• Walker, E. F. & Stake, J. E. (1978). Changes in preferences for male and female counselors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46(5), 1153.
• Whitley, B. E. (1979). Sex roles and psychotherapy: A current appraisal. Psychological Bulletin, 86(6), 1309.
• Wilch, M. (1999). Young people’s attitudes towards counselling and the need for this provision insecondary schools. Brighton: University of Brighton.
• World Health Organization. (2001). The world health report 2001: Mental health: New understanding, new hope. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.