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Revision Study of the Romantic Relationship Assessment Scale (RRAS-RF)

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 67, 629 - 649, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.12250437

Abstract

The present study includes a revision of the Romantic Relationship Assessment Scale (RRAS; Kılınçer and Tuzgöl Dost, 2013). Personal Information Form, RRAS, and Relationship Satisfaction Scale (RSS) were used as data collection tools. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analyzes were performed on the RRAS. As a result of exploratory factor analysis (EFA), a structure consisting of 28 items and five sub-dimensions was obtained. When the first and second-level CFA results are evaluated together, it was seen that five sub-dimensions consisting of 28 items were supported. In order to provide evidence for the validity of the scale, its relationship with the RSS was examined. The results revealed a negative and statistically significant correlation between the revised form of RRAS and RSS. In addition, the reliability of the scale was examined in terms of internal consistency, and the Cronbach Alpha coefficient values of the dimensions were found to vary between .78 and .92.

References

  • Aba, Y. A. (2008). Validity and reliability study of the revised conflict tactics scales (CTS 2) among university students (publication number: 242164) [Master dissertation, Akdeniz University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
  • Angelone, D. J., Mitchell, D., & Lucente, L. (2012). Predicting perceptions of date rape: An examination of perpetrator motivation, relationship length, and gender role beliefs. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(13), 2582-2602. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512436385
  • Archer, J. (2000). Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 126(5), 651–680. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.651
  • Baker, C. R. & Stith, S. M. (2008). Factor spredicting dating violence perpetration among male and female college students. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 17, 227-244. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926770802344836
  • Banyard, V. L., & Cross, C. (2008). Consequences of teen dating violence: Understanding intervening variables in ecological context. Violence Against Women, 14(9), 998-1013. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801208322058
  • Borjesson, W. I., Aarons, G. A., & Dunn, M. E. (2003). Development and confirmatory factor analysis of the abuse within intimate relationships scale. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(3), 295-309. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260502250089
  • Bott, S., Guedes, A., Goodwin, M. M., & Mendoza, J. A. (2012). Violence against women in Latin America and the Caribbean: A comparative analysis of population-based data from 12 countries. Pan American Health Organization Publications.
  • Breiding, M.J., Chen J., & Black, M.C. (2014). Intimate Partner Violence in the United States — 2010. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  • Caetano, R., McGrath, C., Ramisetty‐Mikler, S., & Field, C. A. (2005). Drinking, alcohol problems and the five‐year recurrence and incidence of male to female and female to male partner violence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 29(1), 98-106. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ALC.0000150015.84381.63
  • Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309-319. https://doi.org/10.1037/14805-012
  • Collins, W. A. (2003). More and myth: The developmental significance of romantic relationships during adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/1532-7795.1301001
  • Curun, F. (2001). The effects of sexism and sex role orientation on romantic relationship satisfaction. (Unpublised Master’s Thesis]. Middle East technical University.
  • DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications. Sage Publications.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1984). İnsanın sekiz çağı. Birey ve Toplum.
  • Etcheverry, P. E., Le, B., & Charania, M. R. (2008). Perceived versus reported social referent approval and romantic relationship commitment and persistence. Personal Relationships, 15(3), 281-295. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2008.00199.x
  • Fernet, M., Hébert, M., & Paradis, A. (2016). Conflict resolution patterns and violence perpetration in adolescent couples: A gender-sensitive mixed-methods approach. Journal of Adolescence, 49, 51-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.02.004
  • Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics. Sage Publication.
  • Flowers, R.B. (2009). College crime: A statistical study of offences on American campuses. McFarland & Company, Inc.
  • Fromm, E. (1964). Sevgi ve Şiddetin Kaynağı. Payel.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis: Pearson New International Edition. Pearson Education Limited. Revision Study of the Romantic Relationship Assessment Scale (RRAS-RF) Yıldız Akyol & Öztemel (2022), 12(67)
  • Hegarty, K., Sheehan, M., & Schonfeld, C. (2017). A multidimensional definition of partner abuse: Development and preliminary validation of the Composite Abuse Scale. In Domestic Violence (pp. 15-31). Routledge.
  • Heise, L., & Garcia-Moreno, C. (2002). Violence by intimate partners. In E.G. Krug, L.L. Dahlberg, J.A. Mercy (Eds.), World report on violence and health (pp. 87-121). World Health Organization.
  • Hendrick, S. S. (1988). A generic measure of relationship satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 93–98. https://doi.org/10.2307/352430
  • Hickman, L. J., Jaycox, L. H., & Aronoff, J. (2004). Dating violence among adolescents: Prevalence, gender distribution, and prevention program effectiveness. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 5(2), 123-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838003262332
  • Johnson, M. P. (2011). Gender and types of intimate partner violence: A response to an anti-feminist literature review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(4), 289-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.04.006
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). Lisrel 8: Structural equation modeling with SIMPLIS command language. Scientific Software International.
  • Kayı, Z., Yavuz, M. F. & Arıcan, N. (2000). Kadın üniversite gençliği ve mezunlarına yönelik cinsel saldırı mağdur araştırması [Sexual violence; a victim survey in a national sample of female college students and graduates]. Adli Tıp Bülteni [Bulletin of Forensic], 5(3), 157-163.
  • Kılınçer, A. S., & Tuzgöl Dost, M. (2013). Romantik ilişkiyi değerlendirme ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi [Development of the romantic relationship assessment scale]. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 4(1), 15-32.
  • Kılınçer, A. S., & Tuzgöl Dost, M. (2014). Üniversite öğrencilerinin romantik ilişkilerinde algıladıkları istismar [Perceived Abuse in Romantic Relationships Among University Students]. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 5(42), 160-172.
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. The Guilford Press.
  • Kline, T. J. B. (2005). Psychological testing: A practical approach to design and evaluation. Sage Publications.
  • Krug, E. G., Mercy, J. A., Dahlberg, L. L., & Zwi, A. B. (2002). The world report on violence and health. The Lancet, 360(9339), 1083-1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11133-0
  • Lewis, S. F., & Fremouw, W. (2001). Dating violence: A critical review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(1), 105-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00042-2
  • Marcoulides, G., & Schumacher, R. (2001). New developments and techniques in structural equatıon modeling. Lawrence Erlbaum Publication.
  • Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. Harper and Row Publication.
  • Mouradian, V. (2000). Abuse in intimate relationships: Defining the multiple dimensions and terms. National Violence Against Women Prevention Research Center, Wellesley Centers for Women: Wellesley College.
  • Murphy, C. M., & Hoover, S. A. (1999). Measuring emotional abuse in dating relationships as a multifactorial construct. Violence and Victims, 14(1), 39-53. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.14.1.39
  • Netemeyer, R. G., Bearden, W. O., & Sharma, S. (2003). Scaling procedures: Issues and applications. Sage Publications.
  • Niolon, P. H., Kearns, M., Dills, J., Rambo, K., Irving, S., Armstead, T., & Gilbert, L. K. (2017). Eliminating intimate partner violence across the lifespan: A technical package to prevent intimate partner violence, including teen dating violence. National Center Publications. Noam, G. G., & Fischer, K. W. (1996). The foundational role of relationships in human development. In G. Noam & K. Fischer (Eds.), Development and vulnerability in close relationships (pp. 9-20). Erlbaum Publications.
  • Öztürk, N., Karabulut, M. & Sertoğlu, E. (2018). Gençlerle güvenli ilişkiler üzerine çalışmak. Punto Baskı Çözümleri.
  • Renner, L. M., & Whitney, S. D. (2012). Risk factors for unidirectional and bidirectional intimate partner violence among young adults. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(1), 40-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.07.007
  • Saltzman, L. E., Fanslow, J., McMahon, P., & Shelley, G. (2002). Violence by intimate partners. Intimate Partner Surveillance: Uniform Definitions and Recommended Data Elements. 1, 89-104. Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Seçim, G. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinin romantik ilişkilerinde maruz kaldığı istismar davranışları [Abuse behaviors university students exposed to in their romantic relationships]. Gazi University Journal of Gazi Edutation Faculty, 39(1), 527-543.
  • Silverman, J. G., Raj, A., Mucci, L. A., & Hathaway, J. E. (2001). Dating violence against adolescent girls and associated substance use, unhealthy weight control, sexual risk behavior, pregnancy, and suicidality. Journal of American Medical Association, 286(5), 572-579. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.5.572
  • Sternberg, R. J. (1986). A triangular theory of love. Psychological Review, 93(2), 119-135. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.119
  • Şahin, H., & Tezel, Z. (2014). Determination of the university students’ perception of emotional abuse. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 4(11), 61-68. T.C. Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı Kadın Statüsü Genel Müdürlüğü (2015). Türkiye'de kadına yönelik aile içi şiddet araştırması. Ankara. https://www.ailevecalisma.gov.tr/ksgm/ulusal-eylem-planlari/izleme-ve-degerlendirme-raporlari
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013) Using Multivariate Statistics (Sixth ed.). Pearson Publications.
  • Tagay, Ö., Ünüvar, P., & Çalışandemir, F. (2018). Contact disturbance and self-esteem as the predictors of the abuse perceived in romantic relationship. Journal of Human Sciences, 15(2), 707-716.
  • Taner, Y., & Gökler, B. (2004). Çocuk istismarı ve ihmali: Psikiyatrik yönleri. Acta Medica, 35(2), 82-86. World Health Organization/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. (2013). Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: Taking action and generating evidence. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
  • Yüksel Kaptanoğlu, İ., Çavlin, A., & Akadlı Ergöçmen, B. (2015). Türkiye’de Kadına Yönelik Aile içi Şiddet Araştırması. Elma Teknik.

Romantik İlişkiyi Değerlendirme Ölçeğinin Revizyon Çalışması (RİDÖ-RF)

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 67, 629 - 649, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.12250437

Abstract

Bu çalışma Romantik İlişki Değerlendirme Ölçeği'nin (RİDÖ; Kılınçer & Tuzgöl Dost, 2013) revizyonunu içermektedir. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak Kişisel Bilgi Formu, RİDÖ ve İlişki Doyumu Ölçeği (İDÖ) kullanılmıştır. RİDÖ’nün üzerinde açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Açımlayıcı faktör analizi (AFA) sonucunda 28 madde ve beş alt boyuttan oluşan bir yapı elde edilmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen birinci ve ikinci düzey DFA sonuçları birlikte değerlendirildiğinde; 28 maddeden oluşan beş alt boyutlu yapının araştırmanın çalışma grubu olan yetişkin bireylerde desteklendiği görülmüştür. Ölçeğin geçerliğine kanıt sağlamak amacıyla İDÖ ile ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar RİDÖ revize formu ve İDÖ’nün negatif yönde ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı şekilde ilişkili olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca ölçeğin güvenirliği Cronbach Alpha katsayısı ile iç tutarlılık bağlamında incelenmiştir ve boyutlara ait Cronbach Alpha katsayısı değerlerinin .78 ile .92 arasında değiştiği bulunmuştur.

References

  • Aba, Y. A. (2008). Validity and reliability study of the revised conflict tactics scales (CTS 2) among university students (publication number: 242164) [Master dissertation, Akdeniz University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
  • Angelone, D. J., Mitchell, D., & Lucente, L. (2012). Predicting perceptions of date rape: An examination of perpetrator motivation, relationship length, and gender role beliefs. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(13), 2582-2602. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512436385
  • Archer, J. (2000). Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 126(5), 651–680. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.651
  • Baker, C. R. & Stith, S. M. (2008). Factor spredicting dating violence perpetration among male and female college students. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 17, 227-244. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926770802344836
  • Banyard, V. L., & Cross, C. (2008). Consequences of teen dating violence: Understanding intervening variables in ecological context. Violence Against Women, 14(9), 998-1013. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801208322058
  • Borjesson, W. I., Aarons, G. A., & Dunn, M. E. (2003). Development and confirmatory factor analysis of the abuse within intimate relationships scale. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(3), 295-309. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260502250089
  • Bott, S., Guedes, A., Goodwin, M. M., & Mendoza, J. A. (2012). Violence against women in Latin America and the Caribbean: A comparative analysis of population-based data from 12 countries. Pan American Health Organization Publications.
  • Breiding, M.J., Chen J., & Black, M.C. (2014). Intimate Partner Violence in the United States — 2010. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  • Caetano, R., McGrath, C., Ramisetty‐Mikler, S., & Field, C. A. (2005). Drinking, alcohol problems and the five‐year recurrence and incidence of male to female and female to male partner violence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 29(1), 98-106. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ALC.0000150015.84381.63
  • Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309-319. https://doi.org/10.1037/14805-012
  • Collins, W. A. (2003). More and myth: The developmental significance of romantic relationships during adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/1532-7795.1301001
  • Curun, F. (2001). The effects of sexism and sex role orientation on romantic relationship satisfaction. (Unpublised Master’s Thesis]. Middle East technical University.
  • DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications. Sage Publications.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1984). İnsanın sekiz çağı. Birey ve Toplum.
  • Etcheverry, P. E., Le, B., & Charania, M. R. (2008). Perceived versus reported social referent approval and romantic relationship commitment and persistence. Personal Relationships, 15(3), 281-295. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2008.00199.x
  • Fernet, M., Hébert, M., & Paradis, A. (2016). Conflict resolution patterns and violence perpetration in adolescent couples: A gender-sensitive mixed-methods approach. Journal of Adolescence, 49, 51-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.02.004
  • Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics. Sage Publication.
  • Flowers, R.B. (2009). College crime: A statistical study of offences on American campuses. McFarland & Company, Inc.
  • Fromm, E. (1964). Sevgi ve Şiddetin Kaynağı. Payel.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis: Pearson New International Edition. Pearson Education Limited. Revision Study of the Romantic Relationship Assessment Scale (RRAS-RF) Yıldız Akyol & Öztemel (2022), 12(67)
  • Hegarty, K., Sheehan, M., & Schonfeld, C. (2017). A multidimensional definition of partner abuse: Development and preliminary validation of the Composite Abuse Scale. In Domestic Violence (pp. 15-31). Routledge.
  • Heise, L., & Garcia-Moreno, C. (2002). Violence by intimate partners. In E.G. Krug, L.L. Dahlberg, J.A. Mercy (Eds.), World report on violence and health (pp. 87-121). World Health Organization.
  • Hendrick, S. S. (1988). A generic measure of relationship satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 93–98. https://doi.org/10.2307/352430
  • Hickman, L. J., Jaycox, L. H., & Aronoff, J. (2004). Dating violence among adolescents: Prevalence, gender distribution, and prevention program effectiveness. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 5(2), 123-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838003262332
  • Johnson, M. P. (2011). Gender and types of intimate partner violence: A response to an anti-feminist literature review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(4), 289-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.04.006
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). Lisrel 8: Structural equation modeling with SIMPLIS command language. Scientific Software International.
  • Kayı, Z., Yavuz, M. F. & Arıcan, N. (2000). Kadın üniversite gençliği ve mezunlarına yönelik cinsel saldırı mağdur araştırması [Sexual violence; a victim survey in a national sample of female college students and graduates]. Adli Tıp Bülteni [Bulletin of Forensic], 5(3), 157-163.
  • Kılınçer, A. S., & Tuzgöl Dost, M. (2013). Romantik ilişkiyi değerlendirme ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi [Development of the romantic relationship assessment scale]. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 4(1), 15-32.
  • Kılınçer, A. S., & Tuzgöl Dost, M. (2014). Üniversite öğrencilerinin romantik ilişkilerinde algıladıkları istismar [Perceived Abuse in Romantic Relationships Among University Students]. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 5(42), 160-172.
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. The Guilford Press.
  • Kline, T. J. B. (2005). Psychological testing: A practical approach to design and evaluation. Sage Publications.
  • Krug, E. G., Mercy, J. A., Dahlberg, L. L., & Zwi, A. B. (2002). The world report on violence and health. The Lancet, 360(9339), 1083-1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11133-0
  • Lewis, S. F., & Fremouw, W. (2001). Dating violence: A critical review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(1), 105-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00042-2
  • Marcoulides, G., & Schumacher, R. (2001). New developments and techniques in structural equatıon modeling. Lawrence Erlbaum Publication.
  • Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. Harper and Row Publication.
  • Mouradian, V. (2000). Abuse in intimate relationships: Defining the multiple dimensions and terms. National Violence Against Women Prevention Research Center, Wellesley Centers for Women: Wellesley College.
  • Murphy, C. M., & Hoover, S. A. (1999). Measuring emotional abuse in dating relationships as a multifactorial construct. Violence and Victims, 14(1), 39-53. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.14.1.39
  • Netemeyer, R. G., Bearden, W. O., & Sharma, S. (2003). Scaling procedures: Issues and applications. Sage Publications.
  • Niolon, P. H., Kearns, M., Dills, J., Rambo, K., Irving, S., Armstead, T., & Gilbert, L. K. (2017). Eliminating intimate partner violence across the lifespan: A technical package to prevent intimate partner violence, including teen dating violence. National Center Publications. Noam, G. G., & Fischer, K. W. (1996). The foundational role of relationships in human development. In G. Noam & K. Fischer (Eds.), Development and vulnerability in close relationships (pp. 9-20). Erlbaum Publications.
  • Öztürk, N., Karabulut, M. & Sertoğlu, E. (2018). Gençlerle güvenli ilişkiler üzerine çalışmak. Punto Baskı Çözümleri.
  • Renner, L. M., & Whitney, S. D. (2012). Risk factors for unidirectional and bidirectional intimate partner violence among young adults. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(1), 40-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.07.007
  • Saltzman, L. E., Fanslow, J., McMahon, P., & Shelley, G. (2002). Violence by intimate partners. Intimate Partner Surveillance: Uniform Definitions and Recommended Data Elements. 1, 89-104. Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Seçim, G. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinin romantik ilişkilerinde maruz kaldığı istismar davranışları [Abuse behaviors university students exposed to in their romantic relationships]. Gazi University Journal of Gazi Edutation Faculty, 39(1), 527-543.
  • Silverman, J. G., Raj, A., Mucci, L. A., & Hathaway, J. E. (2001). Dating violence against adolescent girls and associated substance use, unhealthy weight control, sexual risk behavior, pregnancy, and suicidality. Journal of American Medical Association, 286(5), 572-579. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.5.572
  • Sternberg, R. J. (1986). A triangular theory of love. Psychological Review, 93(2), 119-135. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.119
  • Şahin, H., & Tezel, Z. (2014). Determination of the university students’ perception of emotional abuse. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 4(11), 61-68. T.C. Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı Kadın Statüsü Genel Müdürlüğü (2015). Türkiye'de kadına yönelik aile içi şiddet araştırması. Ankara. https://www.ailevecalisma.gov.tr/ksgm/ulusal-eylem-planlari/izleme-ve-degerlendirme-raporlari
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013) Using Multivariate Statistics (Sixth ed.). Pearson Publications.
  • Tagay, Ö., Ünüvar, P., & Çalışandemir, F. (2018). Contact disturbance and self-esteem as the predictors of the abuse perceived in romantic relationship. Journal of Human Sciences, 15(2), 707-716.
  • Taner, Y., & Gökler, B. (2004). Çocuk istismarı ve ihmali: Psikiyatrik yönleri. Acta Medica, 35(2), 82-86. World Health Organization/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. (2013). Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: Taking action and generating evidence. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
  • Yüksel Kaptanoğlu, İ., Çavlin, A., & Akadlı Ergöçmen, B. (2015). Türkiye’de Kadına Yönelik Aile içi Şiddet Araştırması. Elma Teknik.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Elvan Yıldız Akyol This is me 0000-0003-2126-7217

Kemal Öztemel This is me 0000-0002-8068-3897

Publication Date December 31, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 12 Issue: 67

Cite

APA Yıldız Akyol, E., & Öztemel, K. (2022). Revision Study of the Romantic Relationship Assessment Scale (RRAS-RF). Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 12(67), 629-649. https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.12250437

!! From 30 November 2023, English language proofreading will be required for accepted articles to ensure language quality.