Türkiye Limanlarında Pazar Yoğunlaşması ve Yük Dağılımı: Yük Türüne Dayalı Bir Analiz

Abstract

Araştırma, 2017–2023 yılları arasında Türkiye limanlarında konteyner ve sıvı kimyasal yük ile 2018-2023 yılları arası kuru dökme yük özelinde pazar yapısını ve yük dağılımındaki eşitsizlikleri analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye Liman İşletmecileri Derneği'ne (TÜRKLİM) üye limanlardan elde edilen yıllık yük verileri kullanılarak, limanlar arası rekabet düzeyi ve yük akışlarının sektörel dağılımı ölçülmüştür. Araştırmada Herfindahl-Hirschman Endeksi (HHI), Gini katsayısı, Theil endeksi ve yoğunlaşma oranları (CR3 ve CR5) kullanılarak, hem rekabet yapısı hem de yük dağılımındaki eşitsizlik ayrıntılı bir şekilde analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, Türkiye liman sisteminin düşük HHI ve orta seviyedeki CR3 ve CR5 değerleri ile yüksek derecede rekabetçi bir yapıya sahip olduğunu, tekelci eğilimlerin bulunmadığını göstermektedir. Buna karşın, yüksek Gini ve Theil endeksi değerleri ile Lorenz eğrisi analizi, yük dağılımında belirgin bir eşitsizlik olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Az sayıda büyük liman yük hacminde lider konumda bulunurken, küçük ve orta ölçekli limanlar operasyonel varlıklarını sürdürerek sistemin esneklik ve dayanıklılık kapasitesine katkı sağlamaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular, Türkiye liman politikalarının yalnızca büyük limanları değil, küçük ve orta ölçekli limanları da kapsayacak şekilde dengeli altyapı yatırımlarıyla şekillendirilmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma, liman planlaması ve rekabet analizine çok ölçütlü yaklaşımıyla literatüre katkı sağlamaktadır.

Keywords

• Liman Rekabeti
• Yük Dağılımı
• Pazar Yoğunlaşması
• Türkiye Limanları

Market Concentration and Cargo Distribution in Türkiye’s Ports: A Cargo-Type Based Analysis

Abstract

This study investigates the market structure and distributional inequality of cargo handled at Türkiye ports between 2017 and 2023, focusing on container and liquid chemical cargo, and between 2018 and 2023 for dry bulk cargo. The research evaluates inter-port competition and the sectoral distribution of cargo flows using annual cargo handling data from ports affiliated with the Türkiye Port Operators Association (TÜRKLİM). The analysis employs multiple quantitative indicators—including the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), Gini coefficient, Theil index, and concentration ratios (CR3 and CR5)- to assess competitive dynamics and cargo distribution disparities. The results reveal that the Türkiye port system is highly competitive, characterized by low HHI values and moderate CR3 and CR5 ratios, indicating the absence of monopolistic dominance. However, elevated Gini and Theil index values, along with the Lorenz curve analysis, point to significant inequality in the distribution of cargo across ports. While a small number of large ports dominate in terms of volume, small and medium-sized ports continue to play a critical operational role, contributing to the resilience and flexibility of the system. These findings highlight the need for balanced infrastructure policies that support not only leading ports but also smaller regional actors. By integrating multiple metrics in its analytical framework, the study contributes a novel perspective to the literature on port planning and competition analysis.

Keywords

• Port Competition
• Cargo Distribution
• Market Concentration
• Türkiye Ports

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