Türkiye Limanlarında Pazar Yoğunlaşması ve Yük Dağılımı: Yük Türüne Dayalı Bir Analiz

Year 2025, Issue: Advanced Online Publication, 1 - 18

Muhammed Turgut

https://doi.org/10.52998/trjmms.1688857

Abstract

Bu çalışma, 2017–2023 yılları arasında Türkiye limanlarında konteyner ve sıvı kimyasal yük ile 2018-2023 yılları arası kuru dökme yük özelinde pazar yapısını ve yük dağılımındaki eşitsizlikleri analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye Liman İşletmecileri Derneği'ne (TÜRKLİM) üye limanlardan elde edilen yıllık yük verileri kullanılarak, limanlar arası rekabet düzeyi ve yük akışlarının sektörel dağılımı ölçülmüştür. Araştırmada Herfindahl-Hirschman Endeksi (HHI), Gini katsayısı, Theil endeksi ve yoğunlaşma oranları (CR3 ve CR5) kullanılarak, hem rekabet yapısı hem de yük dağılımındaki eşitsizlik ayrıntılı bir şekilde analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, Türkiye liman sisteminin düşük HHI ve orta seviyedeki CR3 ve CR5 değerleri ile yüksek derecede rekabetçi bir yapıya sahip olduğunu, tekelci eğilimlerin bulunmadığını göstermektedir. Buna karşın, yüksek Gini ve Theil endeksi değerleri ile Lorenz eğrisi analizi, yük dağılımında belirgin bir eşitsizlik olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Az sayıda büyük liman yük hacminde lider konumda bulunurken, küçük ve orta ölçekli limanlar operasyonel varlıklarını sürdürerek sistemin esneklik ve dayanıklılık kapasitesine katkı sağlamaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular, Türkiye liman politikalarının yalnızca büyük limanları değil, küçük ve orta ölçekli limanları da kapsayacak şekilde dengeli altyapı yatırımlarıyla şekillendirilmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma, liman planlaması ve rekabet analizine çok ölçütlü yaklaşımıyla literatüre katkı sağlamaktadır.

Keywords

Liman Rekabeti , Yük Dağılımı , Pazar Yoğunlaşması , Türkiye Limanları

Market Concentration and Cargo Distribution in Türkiye’s Ports: A Cargo-Type Based Analysis

Abstract

This study investigates the market structure and distributional inequality of cargo handled at Türkiye ports between 2017 and 2023, focusing on container and liquid chemical cargo, and between 2018 and 2023 for dry bulk cargo. The research evaluates inter-port competition and the sectoral distribution of cargo flows using annual cargo handling data from ports affiliated with the Türkiye Port Operators Association (TÜRKLİM). The analysis employs multiple quantitative indicators including the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), Gini coefficient, Theil index, and concentration ratios (CR3 and CR5)- to assess competitive dynamics and cargo distribution disparities. The results reveal that the Türkiye port system is highly competitive, characterized by low HHI values and moderate CR3 and CR5 ratios, indicating the absence of monopolistic dominance. However, elevated Gini and Theil index values, along with the Lorenz curve analysis, point to significant inequality in the distribution of cargo across ports. While a small number of large ports dominate in terms of volume, small and medium-sized ports continue to play a critical operational role, contributing to the resilience and flexibility of the system. These findings highlight the need for balanced infrastructure policies that support not only leading ports but also smaller regional actors. By integrating multiple metrics in its analytical framework, the study contributes a novel perspective to the literature on port planning and competition analysis.

Keywords

Port Competition , Cargo Distribution , Market Concentration , Türkiye Ports

References

• Akgül, E.F. (2018). Cruise ports in Turkey: Market structure and competitiveness analysis. Turkish Journal of Maritime and Marine Sciences, 4(2): 167–179.
• Ateş, A., Esmer, S., Çakır, E., Balcı, K. (2013). Relative efficiency analysis of Black Sea container terminals. Dokuz Eylül University Maritime Faculty Journal, 5(1): 1–22.
• Bayraktutan, Y., Özbılgin, M. (2013). The impact of ports on international trade and the role of Kocaeli ports in the national economy. Kocaeli University Journal of Social Sciences, (26): 11–41.
• Ben Hammouda, H., Karingi, S., Njuguna, A., Sadni Jallab, M. (2006). Diversification: Towards a new paradigm for Africa’s development, Working Paper No. 35, African Trade Policy Centre.
• Bikker, J., Haaf, K. (2002). Measures of competition and concentration in the banking industry: A review of the literature. Economic & Financial Modelling, 9(2): 53–98.
• Constantinos, C., Theodore, S. (2019). Concentration of container flows in the port phase: The case of the US West and East Coast port ranges. Business Management and Economics, 7(1): 1–21.
• De Oliveira, G.F., Cariou, P. (2015). The impact of competition on container port (in)efficiency. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 78: 124–133.
• Demiroğlu, Ş., Eleren, A. (2014). Port management as an example of public entrepreneurship: A comparison of Turkish and selected EU ports in terms of competitiveness, 6th International Congress on Entrepreneurship, 509–580, Bishkek.
• Ducruet, C., Notteboom, T. (Eds.). (2023). Port systems in global competition: Spatial-economic perspectives on the co-development of seaports. Taylor & Francis.
• Feng, H., Grifoll, M., Yang, Z., Zheng, P., Martin-Mallofre, A. (2020). Visualization of container throughput evolution of the Yangtze River Delta multi-port system: the ternary diagram method. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 142, 102039.
• Haidich, A.B., Ioannidis, J.P. (2004). The Gini coefficient as a measure for understanding accrual inequalities in multicenter clinical studies. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 57(4): 341–348.
• İnce, M., Güngör, Ş. (2021). Logistics hinterland and container ports: A case study of Iskenderun and Mersin ports. In: “From Change to Transformation in Social Sciences”, pp. 121–139.
• Ju, S., Xie, J., Tang, H. (2023). The impact of competition on operational efficiency of ports: Empirical evidence from Chinese coastal port-listed companies. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 46, 100939.
• Kammoun, R., Abdennadher, C. (2023). Determinants of seaport efficiency: An analysis of European container ports. Journal of Maritime Research (JMR), 20(1): 145–158.
• Luo, M., Chen, F., Zhang, J. (2022). Relationships among port competition, cooperation and competitiveness: A literature review. Transport Policy, 118: 1–9.
• Notteboom, T.E. (2010). Concentration and the formation of multi-port gateway regions in the European container port system: An update. Journal of Transport Geography, 18(4): 567–583.
• Notteboom, T.E., Rodrigue, J.P. (2005). Port regionalization: Towards a new phase in port development. Maritime Policy & Management, 32(3): 297–313.
• Notteboom, T.E., Yap, W.Y. (2012). Port competition and competitiveness. In: “The Blackwell Companion to Maritime Economics.” (Editors: W. K. Talley), pp. 549–570. Wiley-Blackwell.
• Quach, H.T., Tran, T.D., Nguyen, K.N., Le, P.T. (2024). The dynamics of port competition and efficiency in Vietnam amidst COVID-19: A decadal analysis. Acta Logistica, 11(1).
• Shepherd, W.G., Shepherd, J.M. (2003). The economics of industrial organization, 5th ed., Waveland Press.
• Singh, F. (2012). Economic reforms and industrial concentration in Indian manufacturing sector: An inter-temporal analysis. International Journal of Marketing, Financial Services & Management Research, 1(7): 36–53.
• Sitthiyot, T., Holasut, K. (2021). A simple method for estimating the Lorenz curve. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1): 1–9.
• Solak Fiskin, C. (2024). Inter-Port Evolutions and Prospects of Three Major Port Hubs in Europe: a Visualization Perspective Using Ternary Diagram Method. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 17(2), 521-545.
• Song, D.W., Panayides, P.M. (2008). Global supply chain and port/terminal integration and competitiveness. Maritime Policy & Management, 35(1): 73–87.
• Şakar, G.D., Uzun, A. (2021). Dry Bulk and General Cargo Terminals in the Supply Chain: A Delphi Study For Aliaga. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1), 149-182.
• T.C. Ulaştırma, Denizcilik ve Haberleşme Bakanlığı (UDHB). (2010). Türkiye Ulaştırma Kıyı Yapıları Master Planı. T.C. Ulaştırma, Denizcilik ve Haberleşme Bakanlığı.
• T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı (UAB). (2023). 2053 Ulaştırma ve Lojistik Ana Planı. T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı. https://www.uab.gov.tr/uploads/pages/2053-ulastirma-ve-lojistik-ana-plani/2053-ulastirma-ve-lojistik-ana-plani.pdf
• TÜRKLİM. (2024). 2024 Turkish Port Sector Report. Accessed Date: 24.02.2025, https://www.turklim.org/turklim-sektor-raporu-2024/
• Varan, S., Cerit, G.A. (2014). Concentration and competition of container ports in Turkey: A statistical analysis. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1): 91–110.
• Zeybek, H. (2021). Demiryollarının Konteyner Limanı-Hinterlant Bağlantılarındaki Önemi: Mersin Limanı Örneği. Demiryolu Mühendisliği, (14), 49-64.