Research Article

Radar image-based object detection and tracking for autonomous surface vehicles

Volume: 12 Number: 1 March 1, 2026
EN TR

Radar image-based object detection and tracking for autonomous surface vehicles

Abstract

This study presents a modular and lightweight framework for radar image-based object detection and tracking, specifically designed for autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs). The detection module uses HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value) color-space segmentation to identify navigational targets, particularly yellow-encoded objects, and the own ship indicator, typically displayed in white on commercial marine radar screens. To enhance stability under varying sea conditions, the system applies Gaussian smoothing, morphological operations, and area-based filtering during preprocessing. The dynamic multi-target tracking module assigns persistent object identifiers (ID) using a Euclidean distance-based association scheme enhanced with velocity and direction-aware ID recovery. This approach reduces ID fragmentation caused by occlusions or sudden maneuvers. Furthermore, the framework estimates relative speed of each target, enabling inference of behaviors such as approaching or moving away from the own ship. The proposed detection method, evaluated on 7,200 radar frames, achieved a true positive rate of 98.7%, a 4.4% improving over the area-based baseline and a 59% reduction in the false positive rate. This demonstrates robust target discrimination in noisy and complex conditions. The proposed tracking system achieved significant gains in tracking continuity and identification stability, reducing ID switches by 75% and decreasing the total number of generated IDs by 58% compared to positional-only baseline. The average processing time of 240 ± 17 milliseconds per frame validates the framework’s suitability for real-time embedded deployment in dynamic maritime environments.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

No funding was received from institutions or agencies for the execution of this research.

Ethical Statement

No ethics committee permission is required for this study.

Thanks

The data used in this study were kindly provided by Fatsa Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ordu University.

References

  1. Barekar, P.V., Singh, K.R. (2024). Analysis of different noise filtering techniques for object detection and tracking from video with varying illumination. Journal of Statistics and Management Systems, 27(2): 303-313. doi: 10.47974/JSMS-1256.
  2. Cheng, Y., Xu, H., Liu, Y. (2021). Robust small object detection on the water surface through fusion of camera and millimeter wave radar. IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2021, s. 15263-15272, Montreal.
  3. Jiang, Y., Dong, L., Liang, J. (2022). Image enhancement of maritime infrared targets based on scene discrimination. Sensors, 22(15): 5873. doi: 10.3390/s22155873.
  4. Kim, H., Kim, D., Lee, S.M. (2023). Marine object segmentation and tracking by learning marine radar images for autonomous surface vehicles. IEEE Sensors Journal, 23(9): 10062-10070. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2023.3259471.
  5. Kim, K., Kim, J., Kim, J. (2021). Robust data association for multi-object detection in maritime environments using camera and radar measurements. IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters, 6(3): 5865-5872. doi: 10.1109/LRA.2021.3084891.
  6. Kristan, M., Kenk, V.S., Kovačič, S., Perš, J. (2015). Fast image-based obstacle detection from unmanned surface vehicles. IEEE transactions on cybernetics, 46(3): 641-654. doi: 10.1109/TCYB.2015.2412251.
  7. Lee, M.F.R., Lin, C.Y. (2022). Object tracking for an autonomous unmanned surface vehicle. Machines, 10(5): 378. doi: 10.3390/machines10050378.
  8. Liu, Y.Q., Du, X., Shen, H.L., Chen, S.J. (2020). Estimating generalized gaussian blur kernels for out-of-focus image deblurring. IEEE Transactions on circuits and systems for video technology, 31(3): 829-843. doi: 10.1109/TCSVT.2020.2990623.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Marine Electronics, Control and Automation

Journal Section

Research Article

Early Pub Date

October 1, 2025

Publication Date

March 1, 2026

Submission Date

July 16, 2025

Acceptance Date

September 1, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 12 Number: 1

APA
Külcü, S. (2026). Radar image-based object detection and tracking for autonomous surface vehicles. Turkish Journal of Maritime and Marine Sciences, 12(1), 35-47. https://doi.org/10.52998/trjmms.1743670
AMA
1.Külcü S. Radar image-based object detection and tracking for autonomous surface vehicles. TRJMMS. 2026;12(1):35-47. doi:10.52998/trjmms.1743670
Chicago
Külcü, Sercan. 2026. “Radar Image-Based Object Detection and Tracking for Autonomous Surface Vehicles”. Turkish Journal of Maritime and Marine Sciences 12 (1): 35-47. https://doi.org/10.52998/trjmms.1743670.
EndNote
Külcü S (March 1, 2026) Radar image-based object detection and tracking for autonomous surface vehicles. Turkish Journal of Maritime and Marine Sciences 12 1 35–47.
IEEE
[1]S. Külcü, “Radar image-based object detection and tracking for autonomous surface vehicles”, TRJMMS, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 35–47, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.52998/trjmms.1743670.
ISNAD
Külcü, Sercan. “Radar Image-Based Object Detection and Tracking for Autonomous Surface Vehicles”. Turkish Journal of Maritime and Marine Sciences 12/1 (March 1, 2026): 35-47. https://doi.org/10.52998/trjmms.1743670.
JAMA
1.Külcü S. Radar image-based object detection and tracking for autonomous surface vehicles. TRJMMS. 2026;12:35–47.
MLA
Külcü, Sercan. “Radar Image-Based Object Detection and Tracking for Autonomous Surface Vehicles”. Turkish Journal of Maritime and Marine Sciences, vol. 12, no. 1, Mar. 2026, pp. 35-47, doi:10.52998/trjmms.1743670.
Vancouver
1.Sercan Külcü. Radar image-based object detection and tracking for autonomous surface vehicles. TRJMMS. 2026 Mar. 1;12(1):35-47. doi:10.52998/trjmms.1743670

Creative Commons Lisansı

This Journal is licensed with Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).