Radar image-based object detection and tracking for autonomous surface vehicles
Abstract
This study presents a modular and lightweight framework for radar image-based object detection and tracking, specifically designed for autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs). The detection module uses HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value) color-space segmentation to identify navigational targets, particularly yellow-encoded objects, and the own ship indicator, typically displayed in white on commercial marine radar screens. To enhance stability under varying sea conditions, the system applies Gaussian smoothing, morphological operations, and area-based filtering during preprocessing. The dynamic multi-target tracking module assigns persistent object identifiers (ID) using a Euclidean distance-based association scheme enhanced with velocity and direction-aware ID recovery. This approach reduces ID fragmentation caused by occlusions or sudden maneuvers. Furthermore, the framework estimates relative speed of each target, enabling inference of behaviors such as approaching or moving away from the own ship. The proposed detection method, evaluated on 7,200 radar frames, achieved a true positive rate of 98.7%, a 4.4% improving over the area-based baseline and a 59% reduction in the false positive rate. This demonstrates robust target discrimination in noisy and complex conditions. The proposed tracking system achieved significant gains in tracking continuity and identification stability, reducing ID switches by 75% and decreasing the total number of generated IDs by 58% compared to positional-only baseline. The average processing time of 240 ± 17 milliseconds per frame validates the framework’s suitability for real-time embedded deployment in dynamic maritime environments.
Keywords
Supporting Institution
Ethical Statement
Thanks
References
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Marine Electronics, Control and Automation
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Sercan Külcü
*
0000-0002-4871-709X
Türkiye
Early Pub Date
October 1, 2025
Publication Date
March 1, 2026
Submission Date
July 16, 2025
Acceptance Date
September 1, 2025
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Volume: 12 Number: 1
