Research Article
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Body weight, scrotal parameters and semen characteristic of Kano Brown Buck Kids fed Pluerotus ostreatus solid state fermented sugarcane scrapings

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 150 - 159
https://doi.org/10.53663/turjfas.1486383

Abstract

The study evaluated the effect of substitution of Pleurotus ostreatus biodegraded sugarcane scrapings (BSS) for corn bran on the growth performance and reproductive potential of Kano Brown bucks. Twenty-one healthy buck kids (6 – 7 months of age, with an average initial BW of 9.44 ± 0.39 kg) were stratified into three treatments and fed: (1) a total mixed diet containing no BSS (0% BSS; control), (2) the control diet containing 15% BSS substituting 50% corn bran and (3) the control diet containing 30% BSS substituting 100% corn bran on dry matter basis (DM) for 12 weeks in a completely and fully randomized design. Intakes of DM, crude protein and organic matter, and sperm concentration varied in the order: 15% BSS > 0% BSS >30% BSS (p<0.05). Final BW, semen volume, initial fructose, scrotal length (SL) and scrotal circumference (SC) were greater in 15% BSS diet than 0 and 30% BSS diets. Semen pH and color, sperm progressive motility, viability and abnormalities, and live spermatozoa were not affected by diets. Whereas testosterone level was greater in 0 and 15% BSS diets, libido was lower in 30% BSS diet. Final BW was positively correlated with SC (p=0.030; r = 0.510) and SL (p = 0.048; r = 0.472). It was concluded that up to 30% biodegraded sugarcane scrapings can be used in a complete diet for bucks without negatively impacting final body weight and semen quality, though 15% BSS was more impactful and recommended.

Ethical Statement

Not applicable

Supporting Institution

This research received no financial support

Thanks

Not applicable

References

  • Akinfemi, A. (2010). Bioconversion of peanut husk with white rot fungi: Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus pulmonarius. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 22(3), 1-11.
  • Akpa, G. N., Alphonsus, C. & Abdulrashid, M. (2006). Factors affecting body size and horn length in small holder Yankasa rams. Savannah Journal of Agriculture, 1(2), 35-42.
  • Akpa, G. N., Suleiman, I.O. & Alphonsus, C. (2012). Relationships between body and scrotal measurements, and semen characteristics in Yankassa ram. Continental Journal of Animal and Veterinary Research, 4(1), 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5707/cjavres.2012.4.1.7.10
  • Anaso, E.U., Olafadehan, O.A. & Chibuogwu, I.C. (2023). Semen characteristics of rabbits fed camel’s foot (Piliostigma thonningii) essential oil supplemented diet. Discovery, 59, e36d1037. Anaso, E.U., Olafadehan, O.A. & Shoyombo, A. J. (2021). Semen characteristics of Kano Brown bucks fed white rot fungus (Pleurotus ostreatus) biodegraded sugarcane scrapings based. In: A Panacea for Nigeria’s Economic Growth in the Post Pandemic Era, Proceedings of the 46th Annual Conference of Nigeria Society for Animal Production, (pp. 625-628).
  • Angel-Garcia, O., Meza- Herrera, C.A., Guillen-Munoz, J.M., Carillo-Castellanos, E., Luna- Orozko, J.R., Mellado, M. & Veliz- Deraz, F.G. (2015). Seminal characteristics, libido and serum testosterone concentrations in mixed –breed goat bucks receiving testosterone during the non-breeding period. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 43(4), 457-461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2014.980420
  • AOAC (2000). Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.
  • Azizunnesa, B., Zohara, F., Bari, F.Y. & Alam, M.G.S. (2013). Effects of concentrate supplementation on reproductive performances and semen quality of indigenous rams in Bangladesh. Journal of Embryo Transfer, 28(4), 325-335. http://dx.doi.org/10.12750/JET.2013.28.4.325
  • Barth, A.D. & Oko, R.J. (1989). Abnormal morphology of Bovine spermatozoa. Iowa University Press, Ames, IO, USA.
  • CBRA (1998). Colegio Brasileiro de Reproduçâo Animal. Manual de exame e avaliação de sêmen animal. Second edition. Belo Horizonte.
  • Cornwall, G.A. (2009). New insight into epididymal biology and function. Human Reproduction Update, 15, 213-227. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmn055
  • Delgadillo, J.A., Canedo, G. A., Chemineau, P., Guillaume, D. & Malpaux, B. (1999). Evidence for an annual reproductive rhythm independent of foot availability in male Creole goats in subtropical northern Mexico. Theriogenology, 52, 727-737. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0093-691x(99)00166-1
  • El-Gindy, Y.M., Abu-Hafsa, S.H. & Dosoky, W.M. (2020). Effects of potato peel extract on semen quality, sex hormones and immunity of rabbit bucks under intensive breeding system. Andrologia, 52(5), e13869. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13869
  • Gado, H.M., Salem, A.Z.M., Robinson, P.H. & Hassan, M. (2009). Influence of exogenous enzymes on nutrient digestibility, extent of ruminal fermentation as well as milk production and composition in dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 154, 36- 46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.07.006
  • Gado, H., Mellado, M., Salem, A. Z. M., Zaragoza, A. & Seleem, T. S. T. (2015). Semen characteristics, sexual hormones and libido of Hy-plus rabbit bucks influenced by a dietary multi-enzyme additive. World Rabbit Science. 23, 111-120. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2015.3464
  • Hancock, J.L. (1951). A staining technique for the study of temperature shock in semen. Nature, 167(4243), 323-324. https://doi.org/10.1038/167323b0
  • Irkham, W., Sarmin, P.P.P. & Pudji, A. (2017). Effects of nutrition status on semen characteristics of Kacang goats. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 16, 678-683. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2017.678.683
  • Isroi, I., Millati, R., Syamsiah, S., Niklasson, C., Cahyanto, M.N., Ludquist, K. & Taherzadeh, M.J. (2011). Biological pretreatment of lignocelluloses with white-rot fungi and its application: a review. Bio Resources, 6(4), 5224-5259. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.4.5224-5259
  • Khattab, H.M, Gado, H.M., Salem, A.Z.M., Camacho, L.M., El-Sayed, M.M., Kholif, A.M., El-Shewy, A.A. & Kholif, A.E. (2013). Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of Pleurotus ostreatus spent rice straw. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13, 507-516.
  • Kholif, A.E., Hassan, A.A., El Ashry, G.M., Bakr, M.H., El-Zaiat, H.M., Olafadehan, O.A., Matloup, O.H. & Sallam, S.M.A. (2021). Phytogenic feed additives mixture enhances the lactational performance, feed utilization and ruminal fermentation of Friesian cows. Animal Biotechnology, 32(6), 708–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2020.1746322
  • NRC (2007). Nutrient Requirement of Small Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids and New World Camelids. Washington D.C: National Academy Press, pp. 1-70.
  • Olafadehan, O.A. & Adewumi, M.K. (2009). Productive and reproductive performance of strategically supplemented free grazing prepartum Bunaji cows in agropastoral farming system. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 41, 1275-1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-009-9312-0
  • Olafadehan, O.A. & Adewumi, M.K. (2010). Milk production and economic impact of strategic supplementation of prepartum Bunaji cows in the peri-urban areas of derived savanna of southwestern Nigeria. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 20(3), 1-9.
  • Olafadehan, O.A., Okunade, S.A. & Njidda, A.A. (2014). Evaluation of bovine rumen contents as a feed for lambs. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 46, 939–945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0590-9
  • Olafadehan, O.A., Salihu, S.O. & Abubakar, G.S. (2015, March). Growth performance and linear body measurement of Red Sokoto goats fed concentrate partially replaced with Piliostigma thonningii forage. In: A Tool for Economic Empowerment and Improved Food Security in Nigeria, Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of Nigeria Society for Animal Production, Zaria, Nigeria (pp. 519-522).
  • Olafadehan, O.A. & Okoye, G.C. (2017). Feed intake and blood profile of Red Sokoto goats fed urea treated ensiled cowpea husk-based diets. Journal of Animal Production Research, 29(1), 48-56.
  • Olafadehan, O.A., Anaso, E.U., Shoyombo, A.J. & Okunade, S.A. (2021). Chemical and phytochemical constituents of white rot fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus) biodegraded sugarcane scrapings. In: A Panacea for Nigeria’s Economic Growth in the Post Pandemic Era, Proceedings of the 46th Annual Conference of Nigeria Society for Animal Production (pp. 621-624).
  • Osinowo, O.A. (2016). Introduction to Animal Reproduction. Sophie Academics Services Limited. 2nd edition.
  • Ososanya, T.O., Adewumi, M.K., Oyeyemi, M.O. & Adeosun, A.O. (2013). Semen characteristics of pubertal West Africa dwarf rams fed pineapple waste silage as replacement for dried cassava peel. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 9(4), 501-506. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2013.7990
  • Oyeyemi, M.O., Akusu, M.O. & Ola-Davis, O. (2000). Effect of successive ejaculation on the spermiogram of West African dwarf goats (Capra hircus). Veterinarski Archiv, 70(4), 215-221.
  • Oyeyemi, M.O. & Okediran, B.S. (2007). Testicular parameters and sperm morphology of chinchilla rabbits fed with different planes of soy meal. International Journal of Morphology. 25(1), 139–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022007000100021
  • Oyeyemi, M.O., Leigh, O.O. & Fakayode, M.O. (2011). Spermiogram and changes in body parameters of West African Dwarf bucks fed dussa-poultry waste combination. Global Veterinaria, 6(2), 136-139.
  • Polat, H., Dellal, G., Baritci, I. & Pehlivan, E. (2011). Annual Change of the testosterone hormone in male White goats. Agricultural Sciences in China, 10(2), 312-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1671-2927(11)60009-6
  • Rekwot, P.I., Oyedipe, E.O., Dawuda, P.M. & Sekoni, V.O. (1997). Age and hourly related changes of serum testosterone and spermiogram of pre-pubertal bulls fed two levels of nutrition. The Veterinary Journal. 153, 341-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-0233(97)80068-8
  • Sajjad, M., Ali, S., Ullah, N., Anwar, M., Akhtar, S. & Andrabi, S.M.H. (2007). Blood serum testosterone level and its relationship with scrotal circumference and semen characteristics in Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 27(2), 63-66.
  • Sanchez. C. (2010). Cultivation of Pluerotus ostreatus and other edible mushrooms. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 85,1321-1337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-2343-7
  • Sekoni, V.O., Rekwot, P.I., Bawa, E.K. & Barje, P.P. (2010). Effect of age and time of sampling on serum testosterone and spermiogram of Bunaji and N’Dama bulls. Research Journal of Veterinary Science, 3(1), 62-67.
  • Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. & Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74, 3583-3597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
  • Wilke, M.S., French, M.A., Goh, Y.K., Ryan, E.A., Jones, P.J. & Clandinin, M.T. (2009). Synthesis of specific fatty acids contributes to VLDL-triacylglycerol composition in humans with and without type 2 diabetes. Diabetology, 52(8), 1628–1637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-009-1405-9
  • Zemjanis, R. (1970). Collection and evaluation of semen. In: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques in Animal Reproduction. 2nd ed. Williams and Wilkins Co. Baltimore, USA, pp.156-193.
Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 150 - 159
https://doi.org/10.53663/turjfas.1486383

Abstract

References

  • Akinfemi, A. (2010). Bioconversion of peanut husk with white rot fungi: Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus pulmonarius. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 22(3), 1-11.
  • Akpa, G. N., Alphonsus, C. & Abdulrashid, M. (2006). Factors affecting body size and horn length in small holder Yankasa rams. Savannah Journal of Agriculture, 1(2), 35-42.
  • Akpa, G. N., Suleiman, I.O. & Alphonsus, C. (2012). Relationships between body and scrotal measurements, and semen characteristics in Yankassa ram. Continental Journal of Animal and Veterinary Research, 4(1), 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5707/cjavres.2012.4.1.7.10
  • Anaso, E.U., Olafadehan, O.A. & Chibuogwu, I.C. (2023). Semen characteristics of rabbits fed camel’s foot (Piliostigma thonningii) essential oil supplemented diet. Discovery, 59, e36d1037. Anaso, E.U., Olafadehan, O.A. & Shoyombo, A. J. (2021). Semen characteristics of Kano Brown bucks fed white rot fungus (Pleurotus ostreatus) biodegraded sugarcane scrapings based. In: A Panacea for Nigeria’s Economic Growth in the Post Pandemic Era, Proceedings of the 46th Annual Conference of Nigeria Society for Animal Production, (pp. 625-628).
  • Angel-Garcia, O., Meza- Herrera, C.A., Guillen-Munoz, J.M., Carillo-Castellanos, E., Luna- Orozko, J.R., Mellado, M. & Veliz- Deraz, F.G. (2015). Seminal characteristics, libido and serum testosterone concentrations in mixed –breed goat bucks receiving testosterone during the non-breeding period. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 43(4), 457-461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2014.980420
  • AOAC (2000). Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC.
  • Azizunnesa, B., Zohara, F., Bari, F.Y. & Alam, M.G.S. (2013). Effects of concentrate supplementation on reproductive performances and semen quality of indigenous rams in Bangladesh. Journal of Embryo Transfer, 28(4), 325-335. http://dx.doi.org/10.12750/JET.2013.28.4.325
  • Barth, A.D. & Oko, R.J. (1989). Abnormal morphology of Bovine spermatozoa. Iowa University Press, Ames, IO, USA.
  • CBRA (1998). Colegio Brasileiro de Reproduçâo Animal. Manual de exame e avaliação de sêmen animal. Second edition. Belo Horizonte.
  • Cornwall, G.A. (2009). New insight into epididymal biology and function. Human Reproduction Update, 15, 213-227. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmn055
  • Delgadillo, J.A., Canedo, G. A., Chemineau, P., Guillaume, D. & Malpaux, B. (1999). Evidence for an annual reproductive rhythm independent of foot availability in male Creole goats in subtropical northern Mexico. Theriogenology, 52, 727-737. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0093-691x(99)00166-1
  • El-Gindy, Y.M., Abu-Hafsa, S.H. & Dosoky, W.M. (2020). Effects of potato peel extract on semen quality, sex hormones and immunity of rabbit bucks under intensive breeding system. Andrologia, 52(5), e13869. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13869
  • Gado, H.M., Salem, A.Z.M., Robinson, P.H. & Hassan, M. (2009). Influence of exogenous enzymes on nutrient digestibility, extent of ruminal fermentation as well as milk production and composition in dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 154, 36- 46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.07.006
  • Gado, H., Mellado, M., Salem, A. Z. M., Zaragoza, A. & Seleem, T. S. T. (2015). Semen characteristics, sexual hormones and libido of Hy-plus rabbit bucks influenced by a dietary multi-enzyme additive. World Rabbit Science. 23, 111-120. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2015.3464
  • Hancock, J.L. (1951). A staining technique for the study of temperature shock in semen. Nature, 167(4243), 323-324. https://doi.org/10.1038/167323b0
  • Irkham, W., Sarmin, P.P.P. & Pudji, A. (2017). Effects of nutrition status on semen characteristics of Kacang goats. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 16, 678-683. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2017.678.683
  • Isroi, I., Millati, R., Syamsiah, S., Niklasson, C., Cahyanto, M.N., Ludquist, K. & Taherzadeh, M.J. (2011). Biological pretreatment of lignocelluloses with white-rot fungi and its application: a review. Bio Resources, 6(4), 5224-5259. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.4.5224-5259
  • Khattab, H.M, Gado, H.M., Salem, A.Z.M., Camacho, L.M., El-Sayed, M.M., Kholif, A.M., El-Shewy, A.A. & Kholif, A.E. (2013). Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of Pleurotus ostreatus spent rice straw. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13, 507-516.
  • Kholif, A.E., Hassan, A.A., El Ashry, G.M., Bakr, M.H., El-Zaiat, H.M., Olafadehan, O.A., Matloup, O.H. & Sallam, S.M.A. (2021). Phytogenic feed additives mixture enhances the lactational performance, feed utilization and ruminal fermentation of Friesian cows. Animal Biotechnology, 32(6), 708–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2020.1746322
  • NRC (2007). Nutrient Requirement of Small Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, Cervids and New World Camelids. Washington D.C: National Academy Press, pp. 1-70.
  • Olafadehan, O.A. & Adewumi, M.K. (2009). Productive and reproductive performance of strategically supplemented free grazing prepartum Bunaji cows in agropastoral farming system. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 41, 1275-1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-009-9312-0
  • Olafadehan, O.A. & Adewumi, M.K. (2010). Milk production and economic impact of strategic supplementation of prepartum Bunaji cows in the peri-urban areas of derived savanna of southwestern Nigeria. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 20(3), 1-9.
  • Olafadehan, O.A., Okunade, S.A. & Njidda, A.A. (2014). Evaluation of bovine rumen contents as a feed for lambs. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 46, 939–945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0590-9
  • Olafadehan, O.A., Salihu, S.O. & Abubakar, G.S. (2015, March). Growth performance and linear body measurement of Red Sokoto goats fed concentrate partially replaced with Piliostigma thonningii forage. In: A Tool for Economic Empowerment and Improved Food Security in Nigeria, Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of Nigeria Society for Animal Production, Zaria, Nigeria (pp. 519-522).
  • Olafadehan, O.A. & Okoye, G.C. (2017). Feed intake and blood profile of Red Sokoto goats fed urea treated ensiled cowpea husk-based diets. Journal of Animal Production Research, 29(1), 48-56.
  • Olafadehan, O.A., Anaso, E.U., Shoyombo, A.J. & Okunade, S.A. (2021). Chemical and phytochemical constituents of white rot fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus) biodegraded sugarcane scrapings. In: A Panacea for Nigeria’s Economic Growth in the Post Pandemic Era, Proceedings of the 46th Annual Conference of Nigeria Society for Animal Production (pp. 621-624).
  • Osinowo, O.A. (2016). Introduction to Animal Reproduction. Sophie Academics Services Limited. 2nd edition.
  • Ososanya, T.O., Adewumi, M.K., Oyeyemi, M.O. & Adeosun, A.O. (2013). Semen characteristics of pubertal West Africa dwarf rams fed pineapple waste silage as replacement for dried cassava peel. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 9(4), 501-506. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2013.7990
  • Oyeyemi, M.O., Akusu, M.O. & Ola-Davis, O. (2000). Effect of successive ejaculation on the spermiogram of West African dwarf goats (Capra hircus). Veterinarski Archiv, 70(4), 215-221.
  • Oyeyemi, M.O. & Okediran, B.S. (2007). Testicular parameters and sperm morphology of chinchilla rabbits fed with different planes of soy meal. International Journal of Morphology. 25(1), 139–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022007000100021
  • Oyeyemi, M.O., Leigh, O.O. & Fakayode, M.O. (2011). Spermiogram and changes in body parameters of West African Dwarf bucks fed dussa-poultry waste combination. Global Veterinaria, 6(2), 136-139.
  • Polat, H., Dellal, G., Baritci, I. & Pehlivan, E. (2011). Annual Change of the testosterone hormone in male White goats. Agricultural Sciences in China, 10(2), 312-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1671-2927(11)60009-6
  • Rekwot, P.I., Oyedipe, E.O., Dawuda, P.M. & Sekoni, V.O. (1997). Age and hourly related changes of serum testosterone and spermiogram of pre-pubertal bulls fed two levels of nutrition. The Veterinary Journal. 153, 341-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-0233(97)80068-8
  • Sajjad, M., Ali, S., Ullah, N., Anwar, M., Akhtar, S. & Andrabi, S.M.H. (2007). Blood serum testosterone level and its relationship with scrotal circumference and semen characteristics in Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 27(2), 63-66.
  • Sanchez. C. (2010). Cultivation of Pluerotus ostreatus and other edible mushrooms. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 85,1321-1337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-2343-7
  • Sekoni, V.O., Rekwot, P.I., Bawa, E.K. & Barje, P.P. (2010). Effect of age and time of sampling on serum testosterone and spermiogram of Bunaji and N’Dama bulls. Research Journal of Veterinary Science, 3(1), 62-67.
  • Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. & Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74, 3583-3597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2
  • Wilke, M.S., French, M.A., Goh, Y.K., Ryan, E.A., Jones, P.J. & Clandinin, M.T. (2009). Synthesis of specific fatty acids contributes to VLDL-triacylglycerol composition in humans with and without type 2 diabetes. Diabetology, 52(8), 1628–1637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-009-1405-9
  • Zemjanis, R. (1970). Collection and evaluation of semen. In: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques in Animal Reproduction. 2nd ed. Williams and Wilkins Co. Baltimore, USA, pp.156-193.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Fermentation Technology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Emmanuel Anaso 0009-0001-6886-8557

Olurotimi Olafadehan This is me 0009-0002-6949-3205

Ayoola John Shoyombo This is me 0000-0003-2937-7779

Emeka Solomon Fidelis 0000-0003-4276-2735

Publication Date
Submission Date May 19, 2024
Acceptance Date July 31, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Anaso, E., Olafadehan, O., Shoyombo, A. J., Fidelis, E. S. (n.d.). Body weight, scrotal parameters and semen characteristic of Kano Brown Buck Kids fed Pluerotus ostreatus solid state fermented sugarcane scrapings. Turkish Journal of Food and Agriculture Sciences, 6(2), 150-159. https://doi.org/10.53663/turjfas.1486383

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