Formalin ile İnaktive Flavobacterium psychrophilum’un Gökkuşağı Alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykkiss)’nın Antioksidan Enzimlerine Etkisi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 372 - 380, 23.04.2021

Muammer Kırıcı , Mahinur Kırıcı , Mehmet Reşit Taysı , Ünal İspir

https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.843023

Öz

Bu çalışmada, formalin ile inaktive edilen Flavobacterium psychrophilum’un yavru gökkuşağı alabalıklarında bazı antioksidan enzim parametrelerinde oluşturduğu değişiklikler incelenmiştir. Yaklaşık 1.0g ağırlığında olan gökkuşağı alabalığı yavruları formalin ile inaktive edilmiş 1x108 CFU/ml bakterin ile 30, 60 ve 90 dakika muamele edildi. Balıklar, uygulamadan 21 gün sonra 1x 108 CFU/ml canlı F. psychrophilum ile eprüvasyon yapıldı. On dört gün sonra ise balıklardan alınan örnekler ile malondialdehit (MDA), süperoksit dismutaz, katalaz ve redükte glutatyon aktivitelerindeki değişiklikler incelendi. MDA düzeyinde özelikle 60 ve 90 dak. bakteri uygulanan balıklarda ılımlı pozitif kontrol grubuna göre bir azalış gözlendi. Antioksidan enzim aktivitelerinde de aynı şekilde olumlu yönde bir değişiklik saptandı. Sonuç olarak; formalin ile inaktive edilen bakterin preperatının, canlı F. psychrophilum bakterisi tarafından bozulan oksidan/antioksidan dengesinin düzenlenmesinde etkili olabileceği tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Flavobacterium psychrophilum, formalin, gökkuşağı alabalığı, oksidan/antioksidan dengesi

Kaynakça

• Aebi, H. 1974. Catalase. In H.U. Bergmeyer, (Ed.), Methods in enzymatic analysis. New York, NY: Academic Press. p. 673-680, ISBN 9780323161374.
• Austin, B., Stobie, M. 1991. Recovery of yellow-pigmented bacteria from dead and moribund fish during outbreaks of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), fry syndrome in England. Journal of Fish Diseases, 14(6): 677–682. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1991.tb00626.x
• Bernardet, J.P., Kerouault, B. 1989. Phenotypic and genomic studies of 'Cytophaga psychrophila' isolated from diseased rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in France. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55(7): 1796-1800. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.55.7.1796-1800.1989
• Beutler, E. 1975. Red cell metabolism. A manual of biochemical methods. New York, NY: Grune & Stratton. p. 112-114, ISBN 0808908618.
• Bustos, P., Calbuyahue, A., Maontaña, J., Opazo, B., Entrala, P., Solervicens, R. 1995. First isolation of Flavobacterium psychrophilum as causative agent of rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS) in Chile. Bulletin European Association of Fish Pathologists, 15(5): 162–164.
• Carlberg, I., Mannervik, B. 1975. Purification and characterization of the flavoenzyme glutathione reductase from rat liver. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 250(14): 5475–5480.
• Dalsgaard, I., Madsen, L. 2000. Bacterial pathogens in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), reared at Danish freshwater farms. Journal of Fish Disease, 23(3): 199–209. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2000.00242.x
• Diler, Ö., Altun, S., Işıklı, B.I. 2003. Kültürü yapılan gökkuşağı alabalıkları (Oncorhynchus mykiss)’ndan izole edilen Flavobacterium psychrophilum’un fenotipik karakterleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(1): 1-8.
• Downs, C.A., Fauth, J.E., Woodley, C.M. 2001. Assessing the health of grass shrimp (Palaeomonetes pugio) exposed to natural and anthropogenic stressors: a molecular biomarker system. Marine Biotechnology, 3(4): 380-397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-001-0008-3.
• Eki̇pmen, E., Avcı, H., Tanrıkul, T., Bi̇ri̇nci̇oğlu, S., Aydoğan, A. 2020. Flavobacterium psychrophilum ile doğal enfekte gökkuşağı alabalıklarında (Oncorhynchus mykiss) patolojik ve mikrobiyolojik incelemeler. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 13(2): 172-178. https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.689521
• Ersoy, A.T., Metin. S., Onuk, E.E. 2018. Akdeniz Bölgesi’ndeki gökkuşağı alabalıklarından izole edilen Flavobacterium psychrophilum suşlarının fenotipik ve genetik farklılıklarının belirlenmesi. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 14(4): 265-275. https://doi.org/10.22392/egirdir.400641
• García J.J., Reiter R.J., Guerrero J.M., Escames G., Yu B.P., Oh C.S., Muñoz-Hoyos A. 1997. Melatonin prevents changes in microsomal membrane fluidity during induced lipid peroxidation. FEBS Letters, 408(3), 297–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00447-x
• Gemma C., Vila J., Bachstetter A., Bickford P.C. 2007. Oxidative stress and the aging brain: from theory to prevention. In D.R. Riddle (Ed.), Brain Aging: Models, Methods, and Mechanisms. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p: 353-374, ISBN 978-0-8493-3818-2
• Gutierrez, M.A., Miyazaki, T. 1994. Responses of Japanese eels to oral challenge with Edwardsiella tarda after vaccination with formalin-killed cells or lipopolysaccharide of the bacterium. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 6(2): 110-117. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1994)006<0110:ROJETO>2.3.CO;2
• Huang, H. Y., Chen, Y. C., Wang, P. C., Tsai, M. A., Yeh, S. C., Liang, H. J., Chen, S. C. 2014. Efficacy of a formalin-inactivated vaccine against Streptococcus iniae infection in the farmed grouper Epinephelus coioides by intraperitoneal immunization. Vaccine, 51(32): 7014-7020.
• Ispir, U., Gokhan, H. B., Ozcan, M., Dorucu, M., Saglam, N. 2009. Immune Response of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to Selected Antigens of Yersinia ruckeri. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 78(1): 145-150. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb200978010145
• İspir, Ü., Şeker, E., Sağlam, N., Dörücü, M. 2004. Doğu Anadolu Bölgesinde bazı gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss) işletmelerinde Flavobacterium psychrophilum enfeksiyonunun araştırılması. Fırat Üniversitesi Fen Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(4): 718–724.
• İspir, Ü., Türk, C., Kırıcı, M. 2013. Bingöl’de ticari bir gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss) çiftliğinde Flavobacterium psycrophilum salgını. Menba Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(2): 25-29.
• İspir, Ü., Türk, C., Kırıcı, M., Taysı, M.R., Özcan, M. 2016. Gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss)’nın inaktive Flavobacterium psychrophilum içeren aljinat mikropartikülleri ile immunizasyonu. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 33(3): 233-240.
• Kırıcı, M., İspir, Ü., Atamanalp, M. 2014. Efficacy of a formalin-killed vaccine against Flavobacterium psychrophilum in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, 1(2): 215–218.
• Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L., Randall, R.J. 1951. Protein measurement with Folin phenol reagent, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193: 265-275.
• Nguyen, H.T., Nguyen, T.T.T., Tsai, M.A., Ya-Zhen, E., Wang, P.C., Chen, S.C. 2017. A formalin-inactivated vaccine provides good protection against Vibrio harveyi infection in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 65: 118-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.04.008
• Özcan, M. 2011. Bazı alabalık işletmelerindeki yavru gökkuşağı alabalığında (Oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum, 1792) Flavobacterium psychrophilum bakterisinin belirlenmesi, fenotipik ve genotipik özelliklerinin araştırılması. Doktora tezi. Fırat Üniversitesi, Elazığ.
• Özer, S., Demirel, M., Us, M., Yıldırım, S. 2008. Mersin İli Çağlarca Köyü’ndeki gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) kuluçkahanelerinin mikrobiyal florası. Journal of Fisheries Sciences.com, 2: 261–271.
• Pacha, R.E. 1968. Characteristics of Cytophaga psychrophila (Borg) isolated during outbreaks of bacterial cold-water Disease. Applied Microbiology, 16(1): 97-101.
• Placer, Z.A., Cushman, L., Johnson, B.C. 1966. Estimation of products of lipid peroxidation (malonyldialdehyde) in biological fluids. Analytical Biochemistry, 16: 359–364.
• Pulpipat, T., Maekawa, S., Wang, P. C., Chen, S. C. 2020. Immune responses and protective efficacy of a formalin-killed francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis vaccine evaluated through ıntraperitoneal and ımmersion challenge methods in Oreochromis niloticus. Vaccines, 8(2): 163. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020163
• Rahal A., Kumar A., Singh V., Yadav B., Tiwari R., Chakraborty S., Dhama K. 2014. Oxidative stress, prooxidants, and antioxidants: the interplay. BioMed Research International, 761264. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/ 761264.
• Regoli, F., Gorbi, S., Frenzilli, G., Nigro, M., Corsi, I., Focardi, S., Winston, G.W. 2002. Oxidative stress in ecotoxicology: from the analysis of individual antioxidants to a more integrated approach. Marine Environmental Research, 54: 419-423.
• Satıcıoğlu I.B., Duman M., Wiklund T., Altun S. 2018. Serological and genetic characterization of Flavobacterium psychrophilum isolated from farmed salmonids in Turkey. Journal Of Fish Diseases, 41: 1899-1908. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12901
• Schimidtke, L.M., Carson, J. 1995. Characteristics of Flexibacter psychrophilus isolated from atlantic salmon in Australia. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 21(2) : 157-161.
• Sies, H. 1991. Oxidative stress: oxidants and antioxidants. Experimental Physiology, 82: 291- 295.
• Sinclair, A.J. 1993. Free radical mechanisms and vascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Reviews, 2: 7-10.
• Sun, Y., Oberley, L.W., Li, Y. 1988. A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase. Clinical Chemistry, 34: 497–500.
• Tkachenko, H., Grudniewska, J., Pękala, A. 2017. Effects of oral vaccinaton against Yersinia ruckeri on oxidative stress biomarkers in gills, liver and heart of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum). Baltic Coastal Zone, 21: 109-128.
• Tkachenko, H., Kurhaluk, N., Grudniewska, J., Andriichuk, A. 2014. Tissue-specific responses of oxidative stress biomarkers and antioxidant defenses in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss during a vaccination against furunculosis. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 40: 1289–1300.
• Wiklund, T., Kaas, K., Lönnström, L., Dalsgaard, I. 1994. Isolation of Cytophaga psychrophila (Flexibacter psychrophilus) from wild and farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Finland. Bulletin European Association of Fish Pathologists, 14: 44-56.
• Yang, L., Tan, G., Fu, Y., Feng, J., Zhang, M. 2010. Effects of acute heat stres and subsequent stres removal on function of hepatic mitochondrial respiration, ROS production and lipid peroxidation in broiler chickens. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 151(2): 204-208.
• Yıldırım, S., Özer, S. 2010. Mersin İli Çağlarca Köyündeki Gökkuşağı Alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) kuluçkahanelerinde Flavobacterium spp. Varlığı. Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 4: 112–122.
• Ying, T., Fenghui L., Yushuang L., Pinhong Y., Wenbin W., Jigang J., Na L., Qing H. 2017. The effect of Aeromonas hydrophila infection on the non-specific immunity of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala), Central European Journal of Immunology, 42(3): 239–243. https://doi.org/10.5114/ceji.2017.70965