Research Article
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Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 1064 - 1072, 24.10.2021

Esra Nur Gül , Ebubekir Altuntaş , Osman Nuri Öcalan

https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.953848

Abstract

In this study, some biotechnical characteristics (physical, mechanical, color and bioactive properties) of kumquat fruits, which are high nutritional value and easily accessible bioactive substance potential, were investigated. Among the physical and mechanical properties from biotechnical properties the fruits; size dimensions, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, friction properties, mechanical behaviour and color properties were determined. Some chemical properties are total phenolic, antioxidant capacity, total flavonoid, vitamin C, pH, titratable acidity and solid soluble content. The moisture content of the fruits used in the study was determined as 81.01 (% y.b.) according to the wet base. The length, width and thickness values of the kumquat fruit were determined as 33.76 mm, 23.24 mm, 22.77 mm, respectively. The geometric mean diameter, sphericity and surface area values of the fruits were determined as 26.04 mm, 77.32% and 2141.94 mm2, respectively. L *, a *, b * color values were determined as 59.89, 23.38 and 54.86 for the skin of fresh fruits after harvest, respectively, while these values for fruit pulp were determined as 60.01, 5.43 and 34.00, respectively. Total phenolic, antioxidant capacity, total flavonoid, vitamin C values were determined as 116.19 µg GAE g-1, 2.98 µmol TE g-1, 34.04 mg KE L-1, 308.67 mg L-1, respectively. Bio-technological characteristics should be taken into account in order to preserve the quality of kumquat fruits during cleaning, sorting, packaging, storage, processing and post-harvest presentation to the consumer.

References

  • Altuntas, E., Gul, E.N. ve Bayram, M. 2013. The physical, chemical and mechanical properties of medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) during physiological maturity and ripening period. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpasa University (JAFAG), 30 (1): 33-40.
  • Anonim (2016). https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/batem/Belgeler/Basin/kamkat.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 22.08.2021).
  • Anonim. 2021. https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2020/ekonomi/pandemi-ile-talep-artti-kamkat-hasadi-basladi-6176358/ Erişim tarihi: 25.04.2021.
  • Babazadeh-Darjazi, B. ve Jaimand, K. 2019. Physicochemical Characteristics of Kumquat (Fortunella margarita) on Citrus Rootstocks. Journal of Medicinal plants and By-product, 8(2), 105-114.
  • Baradaran Motie, J., Miraei Ashtiani, S.H., Abbaspour-Fard, M.H. ve Emadi, B. 2014. Modeling physical properties of lemon fruits for separation and classification. International Food Research Journal, 21(5): 1901-1909.
  • Chang, Y.C. ve Lin, T.C. 2020. Temperature Effects on Fruit Development and Quality Performance of Nagami Kumquat (Fortunella margarita [Lour.] Swingle). The Horticulture Journal, UTD-120.
  • Guo, C., Yang, J., Wei, J., Li, Y., Xu, J. ve Jiang, Y. 2003. Antioxidant activities of peel, pulp and seed fractions of common fruits as determined by FRAP assay. Nutrition research, 23(12), 1719-1726.
  • Günaydın, S. 2020. Mikrodalga, konvektif ve gölgede kurutma yöntemleri kullanılarak kurutulmuş kuşburnu meyvesinin kurutma kinetiği, renk ve besin elementi içeriği açısından incelenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 65 sayfa, Bursa.
  • Jaliliantabar F., Lorestani, A.N. ve Gholami, R. 2013. Physical properties of kumquat fruit. International Agrophysics, 27: 107-109.
  • Jarvis, B.J. 2017. Get acquainted with kumquat. Pasco County Cooperative Extension, Florida. Kabaş, Ö. 2010. Bazı Turunçgil Meyvelerinin Fiziksel Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Batı Akdeniz Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Derim Dergisi, 2010, 27(1):33-42.
  • Kassem, H.A., Al-Obeed, R.S., Ahmed, M.A. ve Omar, A.K.H. 2011. Productivity, fruit quality and profitability of Jujube Trees Improvement by Preharvest Application of Agro-Chemicals. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 9 (5), 628-637.
  • Keskin-Šašić, I., Tahirović, I., Topčagić, A., Klepo, L., Salihović, M.B., Ibragić, S. ve Velispahić, E. 2012. Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of fruit juices. Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 39, 25-28.
  • Küçük İ. ve Doymaz İ. 2019. Experimental and Modeling Investigation of Mass Transfer during Infrared Drying of Kumquat Slices. Adıyaman University Journal of Science, 9 (1): 48-65.
  • McGuire, R.G. 1992. Reporting of Objective Colour Measurements. HortScience, 27 (12): 1254–1255.
  • Mohsenin, N.N. 1980. Physical properties of plant and animal materials. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York, 758 p.
  • Olcay, N., Demir, M.K. 2019. Kamkatın (Fortunella spp.) Besinsel İçeriği ve Fonksiyonel Özellikleri. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(4): 2124-2132.
  • Ozgen, M., Reese, R.N., Tulio, A.Z., Scheerens, J.C. ve Miller, A.R. 2006. Modified 2, 2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) method to measure antioxidant capacity of selected small fruits and comparison to ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2, 2 ‘-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(4), 1151-1157.
  • Saçılık, K., Öztürk, R. ve Keskin, R. 2003. Some physical properties of Hemp seed. Biosystems Engineering, 86 (2), 191-198.
  • Suthar, S.H., Das, S.K., 1996. Some physical properties of Karingda [Citrus lanatus (thumb) mansf] grains. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 65: 15-22.
  • Ramful, D., Tarnus, E., Aruoma, O.I., Bourdon, E. ve Bahorun, T. 2011. Polyphenol composition, vitamin C content and antioxidant capacity of Mauritian citrus fruit pulps. Food Research International, 44(7), 2088-2099.
  • Saracoglu, O. ve Altuntas, E. 2021. Assessment of Some Biotechnical Characteristics of Japanese Crabapple Depending on Fruit Size and Maturity Stage. Alınteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 36 (1), 21-26.
  • Singleton, V.L. ve Rossi, J.A. 1965. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16(3), 144-158.
  • Topuz, A., Topakci, M., Canakci, M., Akinci, I. ve Ozdemir, F. 2005. Physical and nutritional properties of four orange varieties. Journal of Food Engineering, 66:519–523.
  • Uslu, Ü.H. 2015. Kamkat Meyvesinin Ultrases (Ultrason) Destekli Kurutulması Ve Kalite Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Gıda Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Isparta.
  • Veeravenkatesh, M. ve Vishnuvardhan, S. 2014. Studies on some physical properties of sweet orange relevant to bulk handling. International Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 7(2): 347-351.
  • Vinci, G., Botrè, F., Mele, G. ve Ruggieri, G. 1995. Ascorbic acid in exotic fruits: a liquid chromatographic investigation. Food Chemistry, 53(2), 211-214.
  • Wang, Y.C., Chuang, Y.C. ve Ku, Y.H. 2007. Quantitation of bioactive compounds in citrus fruits cultivated in Taiwan. Food chemistry, 102(4), 1163-1171.
  • Yıldız Turgut D., Gölükcü, M. ve Tokgöz, H. 2015. Kamkat (Fortunella margarita Swing.) meyvesi ve reçelinin bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri. Derim, 32 (1): 71-80.
  • Yılmaz, G., Altuntas, E., 2020. Some bio-technical properties of flax seeds, fennel seeds and harmal seed capsules. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research (TURKAGER), 1(2): 222-232.
  • Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T. ve Jianming, W. 1999. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food chemistry, 64(4), 555-559.

Nagami Çeşidi Kamkat Meyvelerinin Fiziko-Mekanik Karakteristikleri ile Biyoaktif Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 1064 - 1072, 24.10.2021

Esra Nur Gül , Ebubekir Altuntaş , Osman Nuri Öcalan

https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.953848

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, besin değeri yüksek ve kolay erişilebilir biyoaktif madde potansiyeli olan kamkat meyvelerinin bazı biyoteknolojik karakteristikleri (fiziksel, mekanik, renk ve biyoaktif özellikler) incelenmiştir. Meyvelerin biyoteknolojik karakteristiklerinden fiziksel ve mekanik özellikleri içerisinde boyut özellikleri, geometrik ortalama çap, küresellik, yüzey alanı, sürtünme özellikleri, mekanik davranışları ile renk özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Bazı kimyasal özellikleri ise toplam fenolik, antioksidan kapasitesi, toplam flavonoid, C vitamini, pH, titre edilebilir asitlik ve suda çözünür kuru maddedir. Çalışmada kullanılan meyvelerin nem içeriği yaş baza göre 81.01 (% y.b.) olarak belirlenmiştir. Kamkat meyvesinin uzunluk, genişlik, kalınlık değerleri sırasıyla 33.76 mm, 23.24 mm, 22.77 mm olarak belirlenmiştir. Meyvelerin geometrik ortalama çap, küresellik ve yüzey alanı değerleri sırasıyla 26.04 mm, %77.32 ve 2141.94 mm2 olarak belirlenmiştir. L*, a*, b* renk değerleri hasat sonrasındaki taze meyvelerin kabuk yüzeyi için sırası ile 59.89, 23.38 ve 54.86 olarak belirlenirken, meyve eti için bu değerler sırasıyla 60.01, 5.43 ve 34.00 olarak belirlenmiştir. Toplam fenolik, antioksidan kapasitesi, toplam flavonoid, C vitamini değerleri sırasıyla 116.19 µg GAE g-1, 2.98 µmol TE g-1, 34.04 mg KE L-1, 308.67 mg L-1 olarak belirlenmiştir. Biyo-teknolojik karakteristikler, kamkat meyvelerinin temizleme, ayırma, paketleme, depolama ve işleme esnasında ve hasat sonrası tüketiciye sunulmasında kalitesinin korunması açısından dikkate alınması gereklidir.

Keywords

Nagami kamkat küresellik kroma sertlik antioksidan flavonid

References

  • Altuntas, E., Gul, E.N. ve Bayram, M. 2013. The physical, chemical and mechanical properties of medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) during physiological maturity and ripening period. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpasa University (JAFAG), 30 (1): 33-40.
  • Anonim (2016). https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/batem/Belgeler/Basin/kamkat.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 22.08.2021).
  • Anonim. 2021. https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2020/ekonomi/pandemi-ile-talep-artti-kamkat-hasadi-basladi-6176358/ Erişim tarihi: 25.04.2021.
  • Babazadeh-Darjazi, B. ve Jaimand, K. 2019. Physicochemical Characteristics of Kumquat (Fortunella margarita) on Citrus Rootstocks. Journal of Medicinal plants and By-product, 8(2), 105-114.
  • Baradaran Motie, J., Miraei Ashtiani, S.H., Abbaspour-Fard, M.H. ve Emadi, B. 2014. Modeling physical properties of lemon fruits for separation and classification. International Food Research Journal, 21(5): 1901-1909.
  • Chang, Y.C. ve Lin, T.C. 2020. Temperature Effects on Fruit Development and Quality Performance of Nagami Kumquat (Fortunella margarita [Lour.] Swingle). The Horticulture Journal, UTD-120.
  • Guo, C., Yang, J., Wei, J., Li, Y., Xu, J. ve Jiang, Y. 2003. Antioxidant activities of peel, pulp and seed fractions of common fruits as determined by FRAP assay. Nutrition research, 23(12), 1719-1726.
  • Günaydın, S. 2020. Mikrodalga, konvektif ve gölgede kurutma yöntemleri kullanılarak kurutulmuş kuşburnu meyvesinin kurutma kinetiği, renk ve besin elementi içeriği açısından incelenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 65 sayfa, Bursa.
  • Jaliliantabar F., Lorestani, A.N. ve Gholami, R. 2013. Physical properties of kumquat fruit. International Agrophysics, 27: 107-109.
  • Jarvis, B.J. 2017. Get acquainted with kumquat. Pasco County Cooperative Extension, Florida. Kabaş, Ö. 2010. Bazı Turunçgil Meyvelerinin Fiziksel Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Batı Akdeniz Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Derim Dergisi, 2010, 27(1):33-42.
  • Kassem, H.A., Al-Obeed, R.S., Ahmed, M.A. ve Omar, A.K.H. 2011. Productivity, fruit quality and profitability of Jujube Trees Improvement by Preharvest Application of Agro-Chemicals. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 9 (5), 628-637.
  • Keskin-Šašić, I., Tahirović, I., Topčagić, A., Klepo, L., Salihović, M.B., Ibragić, S. ve Velispahić, E. 2012. Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of fruit juices. Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 39, 25-28.
  • Küçük İ. ve Doymaz İ. 2019. Experimental and Modeling Investigation of Mass Transfer during Infrared Drying of Kumquat Slices. Adıyaman University Journal of Science, 9 (1): 48-65.
  • McGuire, R.G. 1992. Reporting of Objective Colour Measurements. HortScience, 27 (12): 1254–1255.
  • Mohsenin, N.N. 1980. Physical properties of plant and animal materials. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, New York, 758 p.
  • Olcay, N., Demir, M.K. 2019. Kamkatın (Fortunella spp.) Besinsel İçeriği ve Fonksiyonel Özellikleri. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(4): 2124-2132.
  • Ozgen, M., Reese, R.N., Tulio, A.Z., Scheerens, J.C. ve Miller, A.R. 2006. Modified 2, 2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) method to measure antioxidant capacity of selected small fruits and comparison to ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2, 2 ‘-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(4), 1151-1157.
  • Saçılık, K., Öztürk, R. ve Keskin, R. 2003. Some physical properties of Hemp seed. Biosystems Engineering, 86 (2), 191-198.
  • Suthar, S.H., Das, S.K., 1996. Some physical properties of Karingda [Citrus lanatus (thumb) mansf] grains. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 65: 15-22.
  • Ramful, D., Tarnus, E., Aruoma, O.I., Bourdon, E. ve Bahorun, T. 2011. Polyphenol composition, vitamin C content and antioxidant capacity of Mauritian citrus fruit pulps. Food Research International, 44(7), 2088-2099.
  • Saracoglu, O. ve Altuntas, E. 2021. Assessment of Some Biotechnical Characteristics of Japanese Crabapple Depending on Fruit Size and Maturity Stage. Alınteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 36 (1), 21-26.
  • Singleton, V.L. ve Rossi, J.A. 1965. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16(3), 144-158.
  • Topuz, A., Topakci, M., Canakci, M., Akinci, I. ve Ozdemir, F. 2005. Physical and nutritional properties of four orange varieties. Journal of Food Engineering, 66:519–523.
  • Uslu, Ü.H. 2015. Kamkat Meyvesinin Ultrases (Ultrason) Destekli Kurutulması Ve Kalite Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Gıda Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Isparta.
  • Veeravenkatesh, M. ve Vishnuvardhan, S. 2014. Studies on some physical properties of sweet orange relevant to bulk handling. International Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 7(2): 347-351.
  • Vinci, G., Botrè, F., Mele, G. ve Ruggieri, G. 1995. Ascorbic acid in exotic fruits: a liquid chromatographic investigation. Food Chemistry, 53(2), 211-214.
  • Wang, Y.C., Chuang, Y.C. ve Ku, Y.H. 2007. Quantitation of bioactive compounds in citrus fruits cultivated in Taiwan. Food chemistry, 102(4), 1163-1171.
  • Yıldız Turgut D., Gölükcü, M. ve Tokgöz, H. 2015. Kamkat (Fortunella margarita Swing.) meyvesi ve reçelinin bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri. Derim, 32 (1): 71-80.
  • Yılmaz, G., Altuntas, E., 2020. Some bio-technical properties of flax seeds, fennel seeds and harmal seed capsules. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research (TURKAGER), 1(2): 222-232.
  • Zhishen, J., Mengcheng, T. ve Jianming, W. 1999. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food chemistry, 64(4), 555-559.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Esra Nur Gül 0000-0002-9865-1228

Ebubekir Altuntaş 0000-0003-3835-1538

Osman Nuri Öcalan 0000-0001-6242-4667

Publication Date October 24, 2021
Submission Date June 17, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 8 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Gül, E. N., Altuntaş, E., & Öcalan, O. N. (2021). Nagami Çeşidi Kamkat Meyvelerinin Fiziko-Mekanik Karakteristikleri ile Biyoaktif Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, 8(4), 1064-1072. https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.953848
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