Fındık Tarımında Kısmi Zamanlı Çiftçiliğin Tarımsal Arazi Kullanım Özelliklerine Etkilerinin ve Sosyal Maliyetinin Belirlenmesi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 350 - 365, 23.04.2022

Çağatay Yıldırım İsmet Boz

https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.1067017

Cited By: 1

Öz

Bu çalışmada, (i) kısmi zamanlı çiftçiliğin arazi kullanım özellikleri, üretkenlik ve verimlilik üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmak ve (ii) fındık üretiminde kısmi zamanlı çiftçiliğin sosyal maliyetini tahmin etmektir amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma verileri Ordu ve Giresun illerinde tesadüfi seçilen 152 fındık üreticisinden toplanmıştır. Fındık tarımında yarı zamanlı çiftçiliğin sosyal maliyeti tahmin edilirken, katlanılan üretim maliyeti, verim kayıpları ve fiyat kayıpları değerlendirilmiş ve birleştirilmiştir. İşletme düzeyinde etkinliği ölçmek için stokastik sınır üretim fonksiyon modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları, araştırma alanındaki kısmi zamanlı çiftçiler için uygun olmayan arazi kullanımının sebeplerinin aşırı kimyasal kullanımı, hasat süresinin daha kısa olması, gübre kullanımında toprak ve yaprak analiz sonuçlarının göz ardı edilmesi, çiftçilerin yeterli yatırıml yapmaması gibi sebepler olduğunu göstermiştir. Tam zamanlı çiftçiler, kısmi zamanlı çiftçilerden daha yüksek bir teknik etkinlik puanına sahiptir. Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde kısmi zamanlı çiftçiliğin sosyal maliyeti hektara 4424 TL, toplamı ise 1,47 milyar TL’dir. Etkinliği düşük kısmi zamanlı çiftçilerin fındık bahçelerinin yasal hakları korunarak tam zamanlı çiftçilere geçişini kolaylaştırılması, kısmi zamanlı çiftçiliğin arazi kullanımının sürdürülebilirliği üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini ve dışsallıkları azaltabilir. Çalışmada ayrıca, kısmi zamanlı çiftçilerin doğrudan devlet desteğine ulaşmalarının veya eğitim programlarından yararlanmalarının sağlanması kısmi zamanlı çiftçiliğin sosyal maliyetini azaltabileceği önerilmektedir. Hem aile işgücü hem de ücretli işgücünün niteliklerinin artırılmasına yönelik eğitim ve yayım programlarının geliştirilmesi, bölgede sürdürülebilir arazi kullanımına olumlu katkı sağlayabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fındık, kısmi zamanlı çiftçilik, etkinlik analizi, sosyal maliyet

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK

Proje Numarası

116K758

Exploring The Effects of Part-Time Hazelnut Farming on Agricultural Land Use Characteristics and Its Social Cost

Öz

The purposes of the study purpose were (i) to explore the effects of part-time farming on land use characteristics, productivity, and efficiency, and (ii) to estimate the social cost of part-time farming in hazelnut production. The research data were gathered from randomly selected 152 hazelnut farmers in Ordu and Giresun provinces, Turkey. When estimating the part-time farming social cost in hazelnut production, sacrificed production cost, yield losses, and price losses were assessed and combined. The stochastic frontier production function model was used to measure farm-level productive efficiency. The research findings showed that excessive chemical usage, shorter harvesting time, ignoring soil and leaf analysis results when applying fertilizers, lack of investments among farmers were the reasons for inappropriate land use for the part-time farms in the research area. Full-time farmers had a higher technical efficiency score than part-time farmers. The social cost of part-time farming was ₺4424 per hectare and ₺1.47 billion in Black Sea Region. The study suggested using a legislative process to transfer hazelnut orchards to full-time farmers. Facilitating the transfer of unproductive part-time hazelnut orchards to full-time operations may decrease the adverse effects of part-time farming on the sustainability of land use and of externalities. The study also recommended that prescribing part-time farmers to reach direct government support or benefit farmers' education programs may also reduce the social cost of part-time farming. Developing education and extension programs for increasing the qualification of both family and hired labor may positively contribute the sustainable land use in the region.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hazelnut, part-time farming, efficiency analysis, social cost

Proje Numarası

116K758

Kaynakça

• Agoramoorthy, G., 2008. Can India meet the increasing food demand by 2020? Futures. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2007.10.008
• Alwang, J., Siegel, P.B., 1999. Labor shortages on small landholdings in Malawi: Implications for policy reforms. World Development. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00065-0
• Amodu, M., Owolabi, J., Adeola, S., 2011. Resource Use Efficiency in Part-time Food Crop Production: The Stochastic Frontier Approach. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 19, 102–110. https://doi.org/10.4314/njbas.v19i1.69353
• Bagi, F.S., 1984. Stochastic frontier production function and farm-level technical efficiency of full-time and part-time farms in west Tennessee. North central journal of agricultural economics 48–55.
• Barbier, E.B., 2000. Links between economic liberalization and rural resource degradation in the developing regions. Agricultural Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5150(00)00091-8
• Barlett, P.F., 1986. Part-time farming: saving the farm or saving the life-style? Rural Sociology.
• Battese, G.E., Coelli, T.J., 1992. Frontier production functions, technical efficiency and panel data: With application to paddy farmers in India. Journal of Productivity Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00158774
• Beyene, A.D., 2008. Determinants of off-farm participation decision of farm households in Ethiopia. Agrekon. https://doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2008.9523794
• Bishop, C.E., 1955. Part-Time Farming and the Low-Income Farm Problem. Journal of Farm Economics. https://doi.org/10.2307/1234052
• Black, R., 1993. Migration, return and agricultural development in the Serra do Alvao, northern Portugal. Economic Development & Cultural Change. https://doi.org/10.1086/452032
• Bollman, R.D., 1982. Part-time farming in Canada: Issues and non-issues. GeoJournal. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00240532
• Bollman, R.D., Smith, P., 1988. Integration of Canadian Farm and Off-farm Markets and the Off-farm Work of Women, Men and Children. Social and Economic Studies Division, Statistics Canada.
• Brosig, S., Glauben, T., Herzfeld, T., Wang, X., 2009. Persistence of full- and part-time farming in Southern China. China Economic Review 20, 360–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2008.10.005
• Brummer, B., 2001. Estimating confidence intervals for technical efficiency: the case of private farms in slovenia. European Review of Agriculture Economics. https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/28.3.285
• Caraveli, H., 2000. A comparative analysis on intensification and extensification in mediterranean agriculture: Dilemmas for LFAs policy. Journal of Rural Studies. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(99)00050-9
• Cavazzani, A., 1977. Part-time farming and the Common Agricultural Policy. The Place of Part-time Farming in Rural and Regional Development 73–81.
• Chavas, J.P., Petrie, R., Roth, M., 2005. Farm household production efficiency: Evidence from the Gambia. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0002-9092.2005.00709.x
• Chen, Y., Liu, Y., Xu, K., 2010. Characteristics and mechanism of agricultural transformation in typical rural areas of Eastern China: A case study of Yucheng City, Shandong Province. Chinese Geographical Science 20, 545–553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-010-0430-4
• Coelli, T., 2005. A Guide to DEAP Version 2 . 1 : A Data Envelopment Analysis ( Computer ) Program by. An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis.
• Coelli, T., Rao, D.S.P., Battese, G.E., Coelli, T., Rao, D.S.P., Battese, G.E., 1998. Efficiency Measurement Using Stochastic Frontiers, in: An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5493-6_8
• Comission of the European Communities, 1985. Perspectives for the common agricultural policy, the Green Paper of the Comission. Brussels.
• Coutu, A.J., 1957. Planning of Total Resource Use on Low-Income and Part-Time Farms. Journal of Farm Economics. https://doi.org/10.2307/1234699
• Cramer, K.M., 1999. Psychological antecedents to help-seeking behavior: A reanalysis using path modeling structures. Journal of Counseling Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.46.3.381
• de Haas, H., 2006. Migration, remittances and regional development in Southern Morocco. Geoforum. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2005.11.007
• Farrel, M.J., 1957. The Measurement of Productive Efficiency : Techniques and Applications: Techniques and Applications. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General).
• Fernandez-Cornejo, J., Mishra, A., Nehring, R., Hendricks, C., Southern, M., Gregory, A., 2010. Off-farm income, technology adoption, and farm economic performance. America’s Family Farms 45–93.
• Fuller, A.M., 1990. From part-time farming to pluriactivity: a decade of change in Rural Europe. Journal of Rural Studies. https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(90)90049-E
• Fuller, M.A., 1975. The problems of part-time farming conceptualised. Guelph Report II, in: Part-Time Farming: Problem or Resource in Rural Development, Proceedings of First Rural Geography Symposium. pp. 18–20.
• Gasson, R., 1988. FARM DIVERSIFICATION AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Journal of Agricultural Economics. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.1988.tb00575.x
• Gasson, R., 1986. Part time farming strategy for survival? Sociologia ruralis 26, 364–376.
• Gebremedhin, T.G., 1991. The economics of small-scale rabbit production. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0889189300004239
• Giourga, C., Loumou, A., 2006. Assessing the impact of pluriactivity on sustainable agriculture. A case study in rural areas of Beotia in Greece. Environmental Management 37, 753–763. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-0195-y
• Gray, C.L., 2009. Rural out-migration and smallholder agriculture in the southern Ecuadorian Andes. Population and Environment. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-009-0081-5
• Greeley, R.B., 1942. Part-time farming and recreational land use in New England. Economic Geography 18, 146–152.
• Haiguang, H., Xiubin, L., Jiping, Z., 2013. Impacts of Part-time Farming on Agricultural Land use in Ecologically-vulnerable Areas in North China. Journal of Resources and Ecology 4, 70–79. https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2013.01.010
• Ishemo, A., Semple, H., THOMAS‐HOPE, E., 2006. Population mobility and the survival of small farming in the Rio Grande Valley, Jamaica. Geographical Journal 172, 318–330.
• Jokisch, B.D., 2002. Migration and agricultural change: The case of smallholder agriculture in highland Ecuador. Human Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021198023769
• Kada, R., 1982. Trends and characteristics of part-time farming in post-war Japan. GeoJournal 6, 367–371.
• Kada, R., 1980. Part-time family farming. Off-farm employment and farm adjustments in the United States and Japan. Part-time family farming. Off-farm employment and farm adjustments in the United States and Japan.
• Khan, S.R., 1975. Estimating the Social Cost of Using Agricultural Land in the Punjab. The Pakistan Development Review 14, 296–314. https://doi.org/10.30541/v14i3pp.296-314
• Latruffe, L., Mann, S., 2015. Is part-time farming less subsidised? The example of direct payments in France and Switzerland. Cahiers Agricultures 24, 20–27. https://doi.org/10.1684/agr.2015.0732
• Li, L., Tonts, M., 2014. The impacts of temporary labour migration on farming systems of the loess plateau, gansu province, china. Population, Space and Place. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1832
• Lien, G., Kumbhakar, S.C., Hardaker, J.B., 2010. Determinants of off-farm work and its effects on farm performance: The case of Norwegian grain farmers. Agricultural Economics 41, 577–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2010.00473.x
• Lorent, H., Evangelou, C., Stellmes, M., Hill, J., Papanastasis, V., Tsiourlis, G., Roeder, A., Lambin, E.F., 2008. Land degradation and economic conditions of agricultural households in a marginal region of northern Greece. Global and Planetary Change. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.05.005
• Loumou, A., Giourga, C., Dimitrakopoulos, P., Koukoulas, S., 2000. Tourism contribution to agro-ecosystems conservation: The case of Lesbos Island, Greece. Environmental Management. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002670010093
• Lund, P.J., Price, R., 2007. The measurement of farm size and the meaning of part-time farming: the AARES countries.
• Ma, X., Heerink, N., Feng, S., Shi, X., 2017. Land tenure security and technical efficiency: New insights from a case study in Northwest China. Environment and Development Economics 22, 305–327. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X1600036X
• MAF, 2019a. Agricultural Invest Guide of Ordu [WWW Document]. Ministry of Agriculture and Forest. URL https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/SGB/TARYAT/Belgeler/il_yatirim_rehberleri/ordu.pdf (accessed 8.20.19).
• MAF, 2019b. Agricultural Invest Guide of Giresun [WWW Document]. Ministry of Agriculture and Forest. URL https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/SGB/TARYAT/Belgeler/il_yatirim_rehberleri/giresun.pdf (accessed 8.20.19).
• Massey, D.S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., Taylor, J.E., 1993. Theories of international migration: a review and appraisal. Population & Development Review. https://doi.org/10.2307/2938462
• McCarthy, N., Carletto, C., Kilic, T., Davis, B., 2009. Assessing the impact of massive out-migration on Albanian agriculture. European Journal of Development Research. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2009.12
• Mishra, A.K., Goodwin, B.K., 1997. Farm Income Variability and the Supply of Off‐Farm Labor. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. https://doi.org/10.2307/1244429
• Mittenzwei, K., Mann, S., 2017. The rationale of part-time farming: empirical evidence from Norway. International Journal of Social Economics.
• MNE, 2017. Ministry of National Education, Performance Programme.
• Moran-Taylor, M.J., Taylor, M.J., 2010. Land and leña: Linking transnational migration, natural resources, and the environment in Guatemala. Population and Environment. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-010-0125-x
• Morera, M.C., Gladwin, C.H., 2006. Does off-farm work discourage soil conservation? Incentives and disincentives throughout two Honduran hillside communities. Human Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-006-9022-4
• Paudel, K., Wang, Y., 2002. Part time Farming, Farm Productivity, and Farm Income: Evidence from the Southeast US. American Agricultural Economics Associationís annual meeting, Long Beach, California.
• Pfeiffer, L., López‐Feldman, A., Taylor, J.E., 2009. Is off‐farm income reforming the farm? Evidence from Mexico. Agricultural economics 40, 125–138.
• Preston, D., Macklin, M., Warburton, J., 1997. Fewer people, less erosion: the twentieth century in southern Bolivia. Geographical Journal 198–205.
• Rudel, T.K., 2006. After the labor migrants leave: The search for sustainable development in a sending region of the Ecuadorian Amazon. World Development. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.11.001
• Salvati, L., Zitti, M., 2009. The environmental “risky” region: Identifying land degradation processes through integration of socio-economic and ecological indicators in a multivariate regionalization model. Environmental Management. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-009-9378-5
• SCHMITT, G., 1989. Farms, farm households, and productivity of resource use in agriculture. European Review of Agricultural Economics 16, 257–284.
• Shucksmith, M., Winter, M., 1990. The politics of pluriactivity in Britain. Journal of Rural Studies 6, 429–435.
• Singh, S.P., Williamson, H., 1981. Part-Time Farming: Productivity and Some Implications of Off-Farm Work by Farmers. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics. https://doi.org/10.1017/s008130520002728x
• Strijker, D., 2005. Marginal lands in Europe - Causes of decline. Basic and Applied Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2005.01.001
• Swanson, L.E., Busch, L., 1985. A Part-Time Farming Model Reconsidered : A Comment on a POET Model. Rural sociology 50, 427–436.
• Taylor, J.E., 1999. The new economics of labour migration and the role of remittances in the migration process. International Migration. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00066
• Taylor, J.E., Rozelle, S., de Brauw, A., 2003. Migration and incomes in source communities: A new economics of migration perspective from China. Economic Development and Cultural Change. https://doi.org/10.1086/380135
• TSI, 2018. Crop production statistics [WWW Document]. Turkish Statistical Institute. URL https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr (accessed 6.30.18).
• TSI, 2016. Farm Structure Statistics [WWW Document]. URL http://www.tuik.gov.tr/VeriBilgi.do?alt_id=1003 (accessed 9.5.18).
• Upton, M., Bishop, C., Pearce, R., 1982. Part-time farming: The Cyprus case. GeoJournal 6, 343–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00240537
• VanWey, L.K., Guedes, G.R., D’Antona, Á.O., 2012. Out-migration and land-use change in agricultural frontiers: Insights from Altamira settlement project. Population and Environment. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-011-0161-1
• Wallace, T.D., 1962. Measures of social costs of agricultural programs. Journal of Farm Economics 44, 580–594.
• Xin, L., Li, X., Zhu, H., Tan, M., 2009. China’s potential of grain production due to changes in agricultural land utilization in recent years. Chinese Geographical Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-009-0103-x
• Yrjola, T., Kola, J., Yrjölä, T., 2002. Social Benefits of Multifunctional Agriculture in Finland Paper prepared for presentation at the X th EAAE Congress ’Exploring Diversity in the European Agri -Food System Social benefits of multifunctional agriculture in Finland. Zaragoza (Spain) 28–31.
• Zhang, L., Zhang, Y., Yan, J., Wu, Y., 2008. Livelihood diversification and cropland use pattern in agro-pastoral mountainous region of eastern Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geographical Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-008-0499-1