Validation of SWOT satellite derived inland water surface heights using ground based lake level measurements
Abstract
This study presents the first regional validation of water surface elevation (WSE) measurements derived from the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite in Türkiye, focusing on three hydrologically distinct inland water bodies: Lake Burdur (a natural lake), Lake Van (a deep alkaline lake), and the Çatalan Dam Reservoir (a managed artificial reservoir). SWOT-derived WSE were assessed against State Hydraulic Works (DSİ) ground-based observations. Initial comparisons revealed substantial discrepancies, with correlation coefficients below 0.30 and root mean square errors (RMSEs) exceeding 0.77 m, highlighting the need for further refinement. To improve accuracy, data filtering based on SWOT quality flags and the exclusion of observations with high WSE standard deviations and uncertainties were applied. These steps enhanced the correlation coefficients above 0.51 and reduced RMSEs to below 1.27 m. Systematic underestimations were observed for Lake Van and Çatalan Dam, whereas both under- and overestimations occurred for Lake Burdur. Applying the median of residuals as a bias correction further decreased RMSEs to below 0.37 m across all study sites. These results underscore the potential of SWOT for monitoring inland water bodies in regions experiencing water scarcity, such as Türkiye, while emphasizing the importance of advanced data processing, integration of high-resolution geoid models, and continued cross validation with in situ measurements. The proposed methodology, both computationally efficient and straightforward, offers a transferable framework for improving SWOT-based WSE and ultimately SWOT derived river discharge estimations based on WSE values across diverse inland water systems worldwide.
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Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Earth and Space Science Informatics |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Submission Date | August 29, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | December 5, 2025 |
| Publication Date | March 25, 2026 |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.51489/tuzal.1773472 |
| IZ | https://izlik.org/JA33HZ22US |
| Published in Issue | Year 2026 Volume: 8 |
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Ahmet Tarık TORUN, halihazırda Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Tapu Kadastro Yüksekokulu'nda görev yapmaktadır. Aksaray Üniversitesi Harita Mühendisliği Lisnas, Yüksek Lisans ve Doktora derecelerine sahiptir. Aktif ve Pasif Uzaktan Algılama, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri ve Yer Bilimleri alanlarında çalışmalar yapmaktadır.
Mustafa Üstüner lisans derecesini Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri Mühendisliği bölümünden, yüksek lisans ve doktora derecelerini ise Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Harita Mühendisliği bölümünden almıştır. Yüksek lisans eğitimi sırasında YÖK bursu ile Güney Florida Üniversitesi’nde (University of South Florida) ve doktora eğitimi sırasında ise TÜBİTAK bursu ile Friedrich Schiller Üniversitesi Jena’da (Friedrich Schiller University Jena) misafir araştırmacı olarak bulunmuştur. 2021-2025 yılları arasında itibaren Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Harita Mühendisliği bölümünde Dr. Öğretim Üyesi olarak çalışmıştır. 2025 yılından itibaren Samsun Üniversitesi'nde Dr. Öğretim Üyesi olarak görev almaktadır.
Dr. Üstüner’in araştırmaları, SAR/PolSAR uydu görüntülerinin işlenmesi ve analizi, uzaktan algılama ve topluluk öğrenme algoritmaları konuları üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır ve bu konularda ulusal/uluslararası bilimsel dergilerde makaleleri bulunmaktadır. IEEE Yer Bilimleri ve Uzaktan Algılama Topluluğu (IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society), Uluslararası Fotogrametri ve Uzaktan Algılama Birliği (International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing) ve Harita ve Kadastro Mühendisleri Odası (HMKO) üyesidir.
Türkiye Uzaktan Algılama Dergisi (Turkish Journal of Remote Sensing - TJRS) ve European Journal of Remote Sensing dergilerinin editör kurulunda bulunan Dr. Üstüner, çok sayıda bilimsel dergide hakemlikler yapmış ve 2018 yılında yer bilimleri alanında Publons tarafından “Top peer reviewer” ödülü almıştır. IEEE GRSS tarafından düzenlenmiş olan IGARSS 2020 (2020 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium) ve M2GARSS 2022 (the Mediterranean and Middle-East Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium 2022) sempozyumlarının düzenleme kurullarında yer almıştır. Ayrıca, IEEE GRSS Türkiye bölümü yönetim kurulunda genç profesyonel (Young Professional) temsilcisi olarak görev almaktadır.
Editorial Board / Yayın Kurulu
Fabiana Calò received her Master’s degree in Environmental Engineering from Politecnico di Bari and a PhD in Analysis of Environmental Systems at University of Napoli Federico II. She has been Visiting Scientist at Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Ottawa (2008) and Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul (2014-2015). Since 2010 she works at National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, Institute of Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment in Napoli, first as Post-Doc fellow and then as permanent Researcher. Her research interests mainly focus on the study of natural and man-made hazards, and on the natural resources protection by integrating ground-based and Earth Observation data and information.
Ankara Anadolu lisesinden mezun olduktan sonra lisans eğitimimi Peyzaj Mimarlığı Alanında, yüksek lisans eğitimlerimi Peyzaj Planlama ve Çevre Yönetimi alanlarında, doktora eğitimimi ise Çevre Ekonomisi alanında tamamladım. Sırasıyla Ankara Üniversitesinde, University of Massachussetts'de (Dünya Bankası Bursuyla), TUBİTAK'ta, American Geomatics Group, Geotech Şirketinde ve son olarak Anadolu Üniversitesi Mimarlık Bölümü ve Yer ve Uzay Bilimleri Enstitülerinde görev aldım. 9 sene Yer ve Uzay Bilimleri Enstitü Müdürlüğü yanı sıra Mimarlık, Temel Tasarım Eğitimi ve Moda Tasarımı Bölümlerinde Bölüm Başkanı görevleri yaptım, Uzaktan Algılama ve CBS ABD Başkanlığı görevini üstlendim. Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesinde Rektör Yardımcısı ve Mimarlık ve Tasarım Fakültesi Dekanı olarak görev yaptım. Halen Tasarım ve Planlama Akreditasyon Derneği Yönetim Kurulu Başkanı olarak görev yapıyorum.
Çevreye tehdit olmayan ve çevrenin özellikle afetlerin tehdit etmediği insan yerleşimlerinin araştırılması amacıyla özellikle coğrafi bilgi sistemleri başta olmak üzere, uzaktan algılama, yersel fotogrametri, hava fotogrametrisi vb teknolojilerin kullanılması ve yaygınlaşması amacıyla çok sayıda ulusal-uluslararası projede çalıştım, çeşitli akademik programların ve eğitim programlarının kuruluşunda katkılar sağladım, çok sayıda ulusal ve uluslararası kuruluşla bu maksatla işbirliği yaptım.
Özetle yere - dünyaya - saygı duyan nesillerin yetişmesine ve bu nesillerin yolunu aydınlatacak projelere katkı sağlamaya çalışan bir Dünya ve vatan sevdalısıyım. Bugüne kadar çok sayıda ışık yaktım, bunların önce ülkemizi, ardından dünyayı aydınlatmasını görmek için elimden gelen herşeyi yapmaya çalışıyorum. Bu ışıkların dünyamızı aydınlatmasına katkı sağlayabileceğinizi düşünüyorsanız, benimle iletişime geçebilirsiniz.
Giuseppe Pulighe is a researcher at the Research Center for Agricultural Policies and Bioeconomy, part of the Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA). His work spans several critical areas, including agronomy, bioenergy, land use change, water management, remote sensing, and geographic information systems (GIS). Giuseppe Pulighe has made significant contributions to his field, authoring over 60 publications in reputable journals and presenting his research at numerous conferences. He also regularly serves as a reviewer for international scientific journals.
I received my Ph.D. in engineering with a certificate of commendation from the Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University in Japan in 2015. Subsequently, I was awarded a JSPS fellowship, a prestigious award in Japan with an acceptance rate below 10%, and I worked as a research fellow at the Tokyo Institute of Technology for a duration of two years, spanning from 2016 to 2018. In 2019, I served as a postdoctoral researcher at RIKEN, Geoinformatics Unit. From 2019 to 2024, I was an assistant professor in Department of Remote Sensing and GIS in the University of Tabriz. I also visited Gebze Technical University (GTU) and Istanbul Technical University (ITU) as a TUBITAK-supported visitor in 2022 and 2024, respectively. Since 2024, I am an associate professor in Department of Remote Sensing and GIS in the University of Tabriz. I am also an IEEE GRSS (Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society) Senior Member from 2025.
Dr. Dursun Zafer Şeker, Doktora eğitimini Türkiye’de İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi (İTÜ) Geomatik Mühendisliği alanında yapmıştır. Doktora sonrası çalışmalarını İngiltere’de Newcastle upon Tyne Üniversitesi’nde gerçekleştirmiştir. 2004 yılından bu yana İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Geomatik Mühendisliği Bölümü’nde profesör olarak görev yapmaktadır; daha önce aynı bölümde 1998–2004 yılları arasında doçentlik görevini yürütmüştür. Japonya’da Gifu Üniversitesi’nde 1,5 yıl süreyle misafir profesör olarak bulunmuştur. Lisans programında Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri, Yakın Fotogrametri, Proje Planlama ve Yönetimi derslerini vermektedir. Ayrıca, Kıyı Bilimi ve Mühendisliği Sistemleri yüksek lisans programında Kıyı Verisi Yönetim Sistemleri dersini yürütmektedir. İTÜ’de çeşitli lisansüstü programlarda da birçok ders vermektedir. Coğrafi Bilgi Teknolojileri (GIT) Yüksek Lisans ve Doktora programlarının koordinatörliğini 10 yıldan uzun süredir sürdürmektedir. 2006–2017 yılları arasında Harita ve Kadastro Mühendisleri Odası Fotogrametri ve Uzaktan Algılama Teknik Komisyonu Başkanlığı görevini yürütmüştür. Uzmanlık alanları; CBS, Fotogrametri, Uzaktan Algılama, Kıyı Alanları Yönetimi, Entegre Havza Yönetimi ve teorik ve uygulamalı açıdan Mekânsal Veri Modellemesi ve Analizi konuları ile birlikte makine öğrenmesi ve derin öğrenme konularında da çalışmaları vardır. Bu alanlarda ulusal ve uluslararası, disiplinlerarası birçok araştırma projesinde görev almıştır. 130’dan fazla SCI indeksli uluslararası makale ve 250’den fazla bildiri sahibidir. Ayrıca birçok saygın uluslararası dergide hakemlik yapmakta ve IJEGEO dâhil olmak üzere çeşitli ulusal ve uluslararası dergilerin editörler kurulunda görev almaktadır.
Dr. Aşır Yüksel Kaya lisans derecesini Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Coğrafya bölümünden, yüksek lisans ve doktora derecelerini ise Fırat Üniversitesi Coğrafya bölümünden almıştır. Doktora eğitimi sırasında TÜBİTAK bursu ile Birmingham City Üniversitesinde (İngiltere) misafir araştırmacı olarak bulunmuştur. Doktora sonrasında ise Griffith University Cities Research Institute Post Doktora araştırmalarında bulunmuştır. 2020 yılından itibaren Fırat Üniversitesi Coğrafya bölümünde Dr. Öğretim Üyesi olarak çalışmaktadır. Dr. Kaya’nın araştırmaları, Kent ve kentleşme analizleri, CBS ve uzaktan algılama algoritmaları konuları üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır ve bu konularda ulusal/uluslararası bilimsel dergilerde makaleleri bulunmaktadır. Dr. Kaya Griffith University Cities Research Institute Adjunct Members olarak çalışmalarına devam etmektedir.
Omid Ghorbanzadeh holds a BSc in Mathematics, MSc in RS & GIS, and a Ph.D. in Applied Geoinformatics from the University of Salzburg, Austria, in 2021. Currently, he's a Senior Researcher at BOKU in Vienna. Omid's research focuses on developing Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) and Geo-explainable (Geo-X) AI for RS applications. He's published in journals like Mathematics and IEEE TGRS and received multiple best paper awards. He is also among the 'World's Top 2% Scientists' in Stanford University's 2023, and 2024 ranking.
João Pedro Carvalho received the M.Sc. (Hons.) and Ph.D. degrees in electrical and computer engineering from FCT NOVA, Portugal, in 2017 and 2021, respectively. He is currently Assistant Professor at the Dept. of Informatics of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon. Since 2025, he has been an Integrated Member of LASIGE and collaborator of the Center of Technology and Systems (CTS), UNINOVA, and COPELABS. He won the highly competitive Scientific Employment Stimulus (CEEC institutional) FCT grant in 2021. He has published more than 50 papers in international journals and international conferences in the fields of remote sensing, pattern recognition, machine learning, sensor networks, and signal processing, with significant recognition and impact in the research community.
Bilimsel çalışmaları, veri odaklı öğrenmeyi biçimsel mekânsal, sayısal ve geometrik modellerle bütünleştiren hibrit yapay zekâ çerçevelerine yoğunlaşmaktadır. Bu yöntemler; uzaktan algılama, LiDAR ve fotogrametrik veri işleme, mekânsal karar destek sistemleri ve veritabanı merkezli analitik mimarilerde uygulanmaktadır.
Artur Janowski, uluslararası dergilerde yayımlanmış 120’den fazla hakemli makalenin yazarı veya ortak yazarıdır. Ulusal Bilim Merkezi (NCN) ve Avrupa Uzay Ajansı (ESA) dâhil olmak üzere, kamu kurumları ve uluslararası kuruluşlar tarafından finanse edilen çok sayıda ulusal ve uluslararası araştırma ve uygulama projesinde yer almıştır. Son dönem çalışmaları; akıllı kentsel altyapı sistemleri, otomatik gayrimenkul analizi, artırılmış ve karma gerçeklik uygulamaları ile yapay zekâ destekli mekânsal değerleme metodolojilerini kapsamaktadır.
Uluslararası bilimsel dergiler ve araştırma programları için hakem ve uzman olarak görev yapmaktadır. Güncel araştırma ilgi alanları arasında açıklanabilir ve hibrit makine öğrenmesi, büyük ölçekli coğrafi veri füzyonu ve sosyo-ekonomik ile çevresel uygulamalarda güvenilir yapay zekâ sistemlerinin hayata geçirilmesi yer almaktadır.
Prof. Dr. Khalil Valizadeh Kamran is currently working as a Full Professor in the Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, University of Tabriz , Iran. His research interests includes Land use/Land cover classification, monitoring and change detection, Image processing, Thermal remote sensing, Remote sensing and GIS applied to climatology,Remote sensing and GIS application for Geohazard monitoring and risk assessment, SAR image processing, GIS based climatology. He is serving as an editorial member and reviewer of several international reputed journals. Dr. Khalil Valizadeh Kamran is the member of many international affiliations. He has successfully completed his Administrative responsibilities. He has authored of many research articles/books related to Land use.
Danışma Kurulu
Caner Ozdemir received the B.S.E.E. degree in 1992 from the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, and the M.S.E. and Ph. D. degrees in Electrical & Computer Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin in 1995 and 1998, respectively.
From 1992 to 1993, he worked as a project engineer at the Electronic Warfare Programs Directorate of ASELSAN Electronic Industries Inc., Ankara, Turkey. From 1998 to 2000, he worked as a research scientist at Electronic & Avionics Systems (ASTG) group of AlliedSignal Inc., Columbia, Maryland. He joined the faculty of Mersin University in 2000 and is currently a professor in the department of Electrical-Electronics Engineering, Mersin, Turkey. He has been serving as a consultant to the Marmara Research Center of the Scientific and Research Council (TUBITAK) of Turkey and many defense industry firms. Dr. Ozdemir’s research interests are radar cross section, radar image/signal processing, inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR), radar cross section, ground penetrating radar, through-the-wall imaging radar and antenna design. He has published more than 180 journal articles and conference/symposium papers on these subjects.
Dr. Ozdemir is a recipient of URSI EMT-S Young Scientist Award in the 2004 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Theory in Pisa, Italy and also recipient of a JARS best paper award for photo-optical instrumentation published in the Journal of Applied Remote Sensing in 2016. He is the author of the book titled “Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging with Matlab Algorithms”.
Aktif araştırma alanları; Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi (CBS) ve Uzaktan Algılama (UA) tekniklerini kullanarak; yeraltı sularının kirlenmeye karşı hassasiyetinin ve potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesi, yer seçimi, çeşitli coğrafi unsurlara ait morfometrik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi, arazi kullanımına ait zamansal değişimlerin, yüzey sıcaklığının ve bitki örtüsünün haritalanması ve belirlenmesi konularını içermektedir.
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