D-lactic Acidosis in Neonatal Ruminants

Öz

    D-lactic acidosis in neonatal ruminants is a condition that causes metabolic acidosis and is often overlooked. D-lactic acidosis-related diseases are named differently according to animal species. The disease is called 'Floppy Kid Disease' in goat kids, 'Ruminal Drinkers' in cattle, and 'Drunken Lamb Syndrome' in lambs. Large quantities of D-lactic acid is produced by bacterial fermantation in colon and rumen and absorbed through intestines, thus anion-gap metabolic acidosis occur. D-lactic acidosis can cause depression, dehydration and neurological symptoms therefore diagnoses can be challenging. In this review, metabolism, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and laboratory alterations of D-lactic acidosis will be evaluated.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• d-lactic,acid,metabolic,acidosis,neonatal,ruminant

Neonatal Ruminantlarda D-laktik Asidoz

Öz

Neonatal ruminantlarda D-laktik asidoz, metabolik asidoza sebep olan ve sıklıkla gözden kaçabilen bir durumdur. D-laktik asidoz ile seyreden hastalıklar hayvan türlerine göre farklı isimlerle adlandırılmıştır. Oğlaklarda hastalık tablosu ‘Floppy Kid Disease’, sığırlarda ‘Ruminal Drinkers’ son olarak kuzularda ‘Drunken Lamb Sendromu’ olarak adlandırılmıştır. Bu üç hastalığın etiyopatogenezinde, rumende veya barsak florasında ani ve çok miktarda bakteriyel fermantasyon sonucu artan D-laktik asit’ın sistemik dolaşıma katılması ve anyon açıklı metabolik asidozun oluşumu rol almaktadır. D-laktik asidoz, depresyon, dehidrasyon ve nörolojik belirtilerin oluşmasına yol açabilmekte ve tanısı zor konulmaktadır. Bu derlemede D-laktik asidoz’un metabolizması, patogenezi hayvan türlerine göre oluşan klinik bulguları ve laboratuvar değişimleri irdelenecektir.  

Anahtar Kelimeler

• d-laktik,asit,metabolik,asidoz,neonatal,ruminant

Kaynakça

1. Angell JW, Jones GL, Voigt K, Grove-White DH. Successful correction of D-lactic acid neurotoxicity (drunken lamb syndrome) by bolus administration of oral sodium bicarbonate. Veterinary Record 173, 193, 2013.
2. Bleul U, Schwantag S, Stocker H, Corboz L, Grimm F, Engels M, Lutz H, Schönmann M, Kähn W. Floppy kid syndrome caused by D-lactic acidosis in goat kids. Journal Of Veterinary Internal Medicine 20, 1003–1008, 2006.
3. Bongaerts GP, Tolboom JJ, Naber AH, Sperl WJ, Severijnen RS, Bakkeren JA, Willems JL. Role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of short bowel syndrome-associated D-lactic acidemia. Microbial Pathogenesis 22, 285–293, 1997.
4. Breukink HJ, Wensing T, van Weeren-Keverling Buisman A, van Bruinessen-Kapsenberg EG, de Visser NA. Consequences of failure of the reticular groove reflex in veal calves fed milk replacer. The Veterinary Quarterly 10, 126–35, 1988.
5. Bustos D, Pons S, Pernas JC, Gonzalez H, Caldarini MI, Ogawa K, De Paula JA. Fecal lactate and short bowel syndrome. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 39, 2315–2319, 1994.
6. Cebra C, Cebra M. Goat and Sheep Medicine: Disease of the Hematologic, Immunologic, and Lymphatic Systems (Multisystem Disease), 1st ed., P. DG (ed.), Saunders, Philadelpihia. 2002.
7. Christodoulopoulos G. Salivary abomasum disease in young lambs. Veterinary Record 162, 732–732, 2008.
8. Cross SA, Callaway CW. D-Lactic acidosis and selected cerebellar ataxia. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 59, 202–205, 1984.

9. Dahlquist N, Perrault J, Callaway C, Jones J. D-Lactic Acidosis and Encephalopathy After Jejunoileostomy: Response to Overfeeding and to Fasting in Humans. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 59, 141–145, 1984.
10. Ewaschuk JB, Naylor JM, Zello GA. D-lactate in human and ruminant metabolism. The Journal of Nutrition 135, 1619–25, 2005.
11. Garry F. Large Animal Internal Medicine. in B. Smith (ed.), Large Animal Internal Medicine, pp. 837–839, Mosby-Year Book, St Louis, 1996.
12. Geishauser T, Thünker B. Metabolic acidosis in diarrheic neonatal calves – estimation using suckling reflex and standing ability. Tierärztliche Praxis 78, 600–605, 1997.
13. Gentile A, Lorenz I, Sconza S, Klee W. Exper imentall y Induced Systemic Hyper chl or emic Aci dosis in Calves. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 190–195, 2008.
14. Gentile A, Sconza S, Lorenz I, Otranto G, Rademacher G, Klee W. D -Lactic Acidosis in Calves as a Consequence of Experimentally Induced Ruminal Acidosis. Clinical Medicine 70, 64–70, 2004.
15. Gibbs M, Hertz L. Inhibition of astrocytic energy metabolism by d-lactate exposure impairs memory. Neurochemistry International 52, 1012–1018, 2008.
16. Halperin M, Kamel K. D-lactic acidosis: Turning sugar into acids in the gastrointestinal tract. Kidney International 49, 1–8, 1996.
17. Harris PA, Coenen M, Frape D, Jeffcott LB, Meyer H. Goat Medicine:Nutrition and metabolic diseases, 2nd ed., Mary C. Smith & D. M. Sherman (eds.), Wiley-Blackwell, Singapur, 2009a.
18. Harris PA, Coenen M, Frape D, Jeffcott LB, Meyer H. Musculoskeletal System, 2nd ed., M. C. Smith & D. M. Sherman (eds.), Wiley-Blackwell, Singapur, 2009b.
19. Hove H, Mortensen P. Colonic lactate metabolism and d-lactic acidosis. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 40, 320–330, 1995.
20. James P, Black D, Kuper A, Saibil F. D-lactic acidosis and ataxia in a man with Crohn disease. Cmaj 182, 276–279, 2010.
21. Karton M, Rettmer RL, Lipkin EW. Effect of parenteral nutrition and enteral feeding on D-lactic acidosis in a patient with short bowel. Journal Of Parenteral And Enteral Nutrition 11, 586–589, 1987.
22. Kasari T, Naylor J. Further studies on the clinical features and clinicopathological findings of a syndrome of metabolic acidosis with minimal dehydration in neonatal calves. Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire 50, 502–508, 1986.
23. Klein C, Bostedt H, Whrend A. D-lactate elevation as a cause of metabolic acidosis in newborn goat kids The potential role of milk ingestion as etiopathogenetic factor. Tierarztliche Grobtiere, 371–375, 2010.
24. Lorenz I. D-Lactic acidosis in calves. Veterinary Journal 179, 197–203, 2009.
25. Lorenz I. Investigations on the influence of serum D-lactate levels on clinical signs in calves with metabolic acidosis. Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997) 168, 323–7, 2004.
26. Lorenz I, Gentile A. D-Lactic Acidosis in Neonatal Ruminants. Veterinary Clinics of North America - Food Animal Practice 30, 317–331, 2014.
27. Lorenz I, Gentile A, Klee W. Investigations of D-lactate metabolism and the clinical signs of D-lactataemia in calves. The Veterinary Record 156, 412–415, 2005.
28. Lorenz I, Hartmann I, Gentile A. Determination of D-lactate in calf serum samples - An automated enzymatic assay. Comparative Clinical Pathology 12, 169–171, 2003.
29. Lorenz I, Lorch A. D-Lactic asidosis in lambs. Veterinary Record 164, 174–175, 2009.
30. Nappert G, Hamilton D, Petrie L, Naylor JM. Determination of lactose and xylose malabsorption in preruminant diarrheic calves. Revue Canadienne de Recherche Veterinaire 57, 152–158, 1993.
31. Narula RK, El Shafei A, Ramaiah D, Schmitz PG. D-lactic acidosis 23 years after jejuno-ileal bypass', American Journal Of Kidney Diseases: The Official Journal Of The National Kidney Foundation 36, 9–10, 2000.
32. Naylor J. A retrospective study of the relationship between clinical signs and severity of acidosis in diarrheic calves. The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue vétérinaire canadienne 30, 577–80, 1989.
33. Naylor, J. Disorders and Manangement of the Neonate. in B. Smith (ed.) Large Animal Internal Medicine, p. 396, Mosby-Year Book, St. Louis, 1996.
34. Naylor J. Severity and nature of acidosis in diarrheic calves over and under one week of age. The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue vétérinaire canadienne 28, 168–73, 1987.
35. Naylor J, Kronfeld D. In vivo studies of hypoglycemia and lactic acidosis in endotoxic shock. American Journal of Physiology 248, 309–316, 1985.
36. Naylor J, Kronfeld D, Freeman D, Richardson D. Hepatic and extrahepatic lactate metabolism in sheep: effects of lactate loading and pH. American Journal of Physiology 247, 747–755, 1984.
37. Omole O, Brocks D, Nappert G, Naylor J, Zello G. High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of (D)-lactic acid and its enantiomers in calf serum. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 727, 23–29, 1999.
38. Omole O, Nappert G, Naylor J, Zello G. Both L- and D-lactate contribute to metabolic acidosis in diarrheic calves. The Journal of Nutrition 131, 2128–2131, 2001.
39. Overås J, Ulvund M, Waldeland H. Gastropathy in young lambs. Veterinary Record 17, 268, 1990.
40. Petersen C. D-lactic acidosis. Nutrition in Clinical Practice 20, 634–645, 2005.
41. Rehman A, Badger C, Patel N, Gangireddy V, Rao SS. Brain fogginess, gas, bloating and distension: A link between SIBO, probiotics and metabolic acidosis. Gastroenterology 146, S850–S851, 2014.Scheele C. The Collected Papers of Carl Wilhelm Scheele, 1782, 1931.
42. Temizel EM, Sayıner S, Kavukçu F, Karakuş AÖ. Floppy Kid Disease: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach in Kids Suffering from FKD in Northern Cyprus. J. Biol. Environ. Sci, 11(33): 137-141, 2017.
43. Tremblay RR, Butler DG, Allen JW, Hoffman AM. Metabolic acidosis without dehydration in seven goat kids. The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue vétérinaire canadienne 32, 308–10, 1991.
44. Urribari J, Carroll H. A review of clinical presentation, biochemical features, and pathophysiologic Mechanisms. Medicine 77, 73–82, 1998.
45. Vella A, Farrugia G. D-Lactic acidosis: Pathologic consequence of saprophytism. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 73, 451–456, 1998.
46. Wong JM, de Souza R, Kendall CW, Emam A, Jenkins DJ. Colonic health: fermentation and short chain fatty acids. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 40, 235–243, 2006.
47. Yasuda T, Ozawa S, Shiba C, Maeba T, Kanazawa T, Sugiyama M, ve ark. CAPD Nephron 63, 416–422, 1993.