A Study Toward Analyzing the Energy, Exergy and Sustainability Index Based on Performance and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of a Spark-Ignition Engine Fuelled with the Binary Blends of Gasoline and Methanol or Ethanol

Battal Doğan; Murat Kadir Yeşilyurt; Derviş Erol; Abdülvahap Çakmak

doi:10.29137/umagd.728802

EN

A Study Toward Analyzing the Energy, Exergy and Sustainability Index Based on Performance and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of a Spark-Ignition Engine Fuelled with the Binary Blends of Gasoline and Methanol or Ethanol

Abstract

In this study, engine performance and exhaust emission tests were performed using pure gasoline and volumetrically 10% ethanol-C2 or methanol-C1/gasoline blends (G100, E10, and M10) fuels in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, spark-ignition (SI) engine under constant engine speed (1500 rpm) and different loads (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). In the tested engine, the brake specific fuel consumption values of G100, M10 and E10 fuels under full load condition were found to be as 0.279 kg/kWh, 0.296 kg/kWh and 0.307 kg/kWh, respectively. When the exhaust emissions were examined, E10 and M10 fuels were observed to have lesser CO, CO2, NOX, and HC emissions compared to pure gasoline. The lowest CO emission was determined as 3.15% for E10 fuel at 75% load. NOX emission decreased with the increase of engine load in all fuel blends, the best performance is measured as 908.86 ppm in E10 fuel at 100% load. The minimum HC emission for E10 fuel was measured as 116.36 ppm at 75% load. Compared with G100 fuel, E10 and M10 blends emitted 39% and 35% less HC emissions, respectively at 75% load. In addition, E10 and M10 fuels generated 8% and 5% less CO2 emissions at all engine loads, respectively, as compared to G100 fuel. As a result of thermodynamic analyses; The highest exergy efficiency values were found to be at 21.0% for G100, 17.92% for E10, and 16.85% for M10, respectively. Besides, the energy efficiencies were obtained to be as 30.01% for G100, 28.33% for E10, and 29.90% for M10, respectively. According to the sustainability analysis, E10 fuel performed better results than M10 fuel in order to be an alternative to G100 fuel.

Keywords

Spark-ignition engine, ethanol, methanol, exergy analyses, sustainability index

References

Agarwal, A. K., Karare, H., Dhar, A. (2014). Combustion, performance, emissions and particulate characterization of a methanol–gasoline blend (gasohol) fuelled medium duty spark ignition transportation engine. Fuel Processing Technology, 121:16-24.
Aghbashlo, M., Tabatabaei, M., Mohammadi, P., Pourvosoughi, N., Nikbakht, A. M., Goli, S. A. H. (2015). Improving exergetic and sustainability parameters of a DI diesel engine using polymer waste dissolved in biodiesel as a novel diesel additive. Energy Conversion and Management, 105:328-337.
Aghbashlo, M., Tabatabaei, M., Mohammadi, P., Mirzajanzadeh, M., Ardjmand, M., Rashidi, A. (2016). Effect of an emission-reducing soluble hybrid nanocatalyst in diesel/biodiesel blends on exergetic performance of a DI diesel engine. Renewable Energy, 93:353-368.
Aghbashlo, M., Tabatabaei, M., Hosseinpour, S., Khounani, Z., Hosseini, S. S. (2017). Exergy-based sustainability analysis of a low power, high frequency piezo-based ultrasound reactor for rapid biodiesel production. Energy Conversion and Management, 148:759-769.
Altun, Ş., Öztop, H. F., Öner, C., Varol, Y. (2013). Exhaust emissions of methanol and ethanol-unleaded gasoline blends in a spark ignition engine. Thermal Science, 17(1):291-297.
Alexandru, D., Ilie, D., Dragos, T. (2017). Evaluation of performance and emissions characteristics of methanol blend (gasohol) in a naturally aspirated spark ignition engine. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 252(1). doi:10.1088/1757-899X/252/1/012086
Awad, O. I., Mamat, R., Ibrahim, T. K., Hammid, A. T., Yusri, I. M., Hamidi, M. A., Humada, A. M., Yusop, A. F. (2018). Overview of the oxygenated fuels in spark ignition engine: Environmental and performance. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 91:394-408.
Awad, O. I., Mamat, R., Ali, O. M., Sidik, N. A. C., Yusaf, T., Kadirgama, K., Kettner, M. (2018). Alcohol and ether as alternative fuels in spark ignition engine: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82:2586-2605.
Balki, M. K., Sayin, C. (2014). The effect of compression ratio on the performance, emissions and combustion of an SI (spark ignition) engine fueled with pure ethanol, methanol and unleaded gasoline. Energy, 71:194-201.
Balki, M. K., Sayin, C., Canakci, M. (2014). The effect of different alcohol fuels on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a gasoline engine. Fuel, 115:901-906.

Barreto, R. A. (2018). Fossil fuels, alternative energy and economic growth. Economic Modelling, 75:196-220.
Bilgin, A., Sezer, I. (2008). Effects of methanol addition to gasoline on the performance and fuel cost of a spark ignition engine. Energy & Fuels, 22(4):2782-2788.
Boles, M., Cengel, Y. (2014). An Engineering Approach. New York: McGraw-Hil l Education.
Bussar, C., Stöcker, P., Cai, Z., Moraes Jr, L., Magnor, D., Wiernes, P., Bracht, N. V., Moser, A., Sauer, D. U. (2016). Large-scale integration of renewable energies and impact on storage demand in a European renewable power system of 2050—Sensitivity study. Journal of Energy Storage, 6:1-10.
Chaudhary, V., Gakkhar, R. P. (2020). Influence of DEE on entropy generation and emission characteristics of DI diesel engine fuelled with WCO biodiesel. Alternative fuels and their utilization strategies in internal combustion engines, pp. 167-178. Springer, Singapore. ISBN 978-981-15-0417-4
Chen, Y., Ma, J., Han, B., Zhang, P., Hua, H., Chen, H., Su, X. (2018). Emissions of automobiles fueled with alternative fuels based on engine technology: A review. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition), 5(4):318-334.
Connolly, D., Lund, H., Mathiesen, B. V. (2016). Smart energy Europe: the technical and economic impact of one potential 100% renewable energy scenario for the European Union. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60:1634-1653.
Connolly, D., Mathiesen, B. V. (2014). A technical and economic analysis of one potential pathway to a 100% renewable energy system. International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management, 1:7-28.
Çakmak, A., Bilgin, A. (2017). Exergy and energy analysis with economic aspects of a diesel engine running on biodiesel-diesel fuel blends. International Journal of Exergy, 24(2-4):151-172.
Çakmak, A., Bilgin, A. (2017). Thermodynamic analysis of the use of corn oil biodiesel in a diesel engine. Gazi University Journal of Science and Technology Part C: Design and Technology, 5(2):87-97.
Caliskan, H., Tat, M. E., Hepbasli, A. (2009). Performance assessment of an internal combustion engine at varying dead (reference) state temperatures. Applied Thermal Engineering, 29(16):3431-3436.
Canakci, M., Ozsezen, A. N., Alptekin, E., Eyidogan, M. (2013). Impact of alcohol–gasoline fuel blends on the exhaust emission of an SI engine. Renewable Energy, 52:111-117.
da Costa, R. B. R., Hernández, J. J., Teixeira, A. F., Netto, N. A. D., Valle, R. M., Roso, V. R., Coronado, C. J. (2019). Combustion, performance and emission analysis of a natural gas-hydrous ethanol dual-fuel spark ignition engine with internal exhaust gas recirculation. Energy Conversion and Management, 195:1187-1198.
Doğan, B., Erol, D., Yaman, H., Kodanli, E. (2017). The effect of ethanol-gasoline blends on performance and exhaust emissions of a spark ignition engine through exergy analysis. Applied Thermal Engineering, 120:433-443.
Douvartzides, S., Coutelieris, F., Tsiakaras, P. (2004). Exergy analysis of a solid oxide fuel cell power plant fed by either ethanol or methane. Journal of Power Sources, 131(1-2):224-230.
Elfasakhany, A. (2014). The effects of ethanol-gasoline blends on performance and exhaust emission characteristics of spark ignition engines. International Journal of Automotive Engineering, 4(1):609-620.
Elfasakhany, A. (2015). Investigations on the effects of ethanol–methanol–gasoline blends in a spark-ignition engine: performance and emissions analysis. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 18(4):713-719.
Elfasakhany, A. (2017). Investigations on performance and pollutant emissions of spark-ignition engines fueled with n-butanol–, isobutanol–, ethanol–, methanol–, and acetone–gasoline blends: A comparative study. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 71:404-413.
Elsemary, I. M., Attia, A. A., Elnagar, K. H., Elaraqy, A. A. (2016). Experimental investigation on performance of single cylinder spark ignition engine fueled with hydrogen-gasoline mixture. Applied Thermal Engineering, 106:850-854.
Eyidogan, M., Ozsezen, A. N., Canakci, M., Turkcan, A. (2010). Impact of alcohol–gasoline fuel blends on the performance and combustion characteristics of an SI engine. Fuel, 89(10):2713-2720.
Farkade, H. S., Pathre, A. P. (2012). Experimental investigation of methanol, ethanol and butanol blends with gasoline on SI engine. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 2(4):205-215.
Fletcher, R., Heywood, J. (1971). A model for nitric oxide emission from aircraft gas turbine engines. 9th Aerospace Sciences Meeting (p. 123).
Ghazikhani, M., Hatami, M., Safari, B. (2014). The effect of alcoholic fuel additives on exergy parameters and emissions in a two stroke gasoline engine. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 39(3):2117-2125.
Gong, C. M., Huang, K., Jia, J. L., Su, Y., Gao, Q., Liu, X. J. (2011). Improvement of fuel economy of a direct-injection spark-ignition methanol engine under light loads. Fuel, 90(5):1826-1832.
Gravalos, I., Moshou, D., Gialamas, T., Xyradakis, P., Kateris, D., Tsiropoulos, Z. (2013). Emissions characteristics of spark ignition engine operating on lower–higher molecular mass alcohol blended gasoline fuels. Renewable Energy, 50:27-32.
Gümüş, M., Atmaca, M. (2013). Energy and exergy analyses applied to a CI engine fueled with diesel and natural gas. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 35(11):1017-1027.
Hansen, K., Mathiesen, B. V., Skov, I. R. (2019). Full energy system transition towards 100% renewable energy in Germany in 2050. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 102:1-13.
Hasan, A. O., Al-Rawashdeh, H., Ala'a, H., Abu-jrai, A., Ahmad, R., Zeaiter, J. (2018). Impact of changing combustion chamber geometry on emissions, and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder SI (spark ignition) engine fueled with ethanol/gasoline blends. Fuel, 231:197-203.
Kapusuz, M., Ozcan, H., Yamin, J. A. (2015). Research of performance on a spark ignition engine fueled by alcohol–gasoline blends using artificial neural networks. Applied Thermal Engineering, 91:525-534.
Khanali, M., Aghbashlo, M., Rafiee, S., Jafari, A. (2013). Exergetic performance assessment of plug flow fluidised bed drying process of rough rice. International Journal of Exergy, 13(3):387-408.
Kim, Y., Kawahara, N., Tsuboi, K., Tomita, E. (2016). Combustion characteristics and NOX emissions of biogas fuels with various CO2 contents in a micro co-generation spark-ignition engine. Applied Energy, 182:539-547.
Koç, M., Sekmen, Y., Topgül, T., Yücesu, H. S. (2009). The effects of ethanol–unleaded gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions in a spark-ignition engine. Renewable Energy, 34(10):2101-2106.
Krakowski, V., Assoumou, E., Mazauric, V., Maïzi, N. (2016). Feasible path toward 40–100% renewable energy shares for power supply in France by 2050: A prospective analysis. Applied Energy, 171:501-522.
Li, J., Gong, C. M., Su, Y., Dou, H. L., Liu, X. J. (2010). Effect of injection and ignition timings on performance and emissions from a spark-ignition engine fueled with methanol. Fuel, 89(12):3919-3925.
Li, Y., Gong, J., Deng, Y., Yuan, W., Fu, J., Zhang, B. (2017). Experimental comparative study on combustion, performance and emissions characteristics of methanol, ethanol and butanol in a spark ignition engine. Applied Thermal Engineering, 115:53-63.
Lund, H., Mathiesen, B. V. (2009). Energy system analysis of 100% renewable energy systems-The case of Denmark in years 2030 and 2050. Energy, 34(5):524-531.
Masum, B. M., Masjuki, H. H., Kalam, M. A., Fattah, I. R., Palash, S. M., Abedin, M. J. (2013). Effect of ethanol–gasoline blend on NOX emission in SI engine. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24:209-222.
Mithaiwal, K., Modi, A. J., Gosai, D. (2017). Energy and exergy analysis on SI engine by blend of ethanol with petrol. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, AI Publications, 4(4):49-61.
Moran, M. J., Shapiro, H. N., Boettner, D. D., Bailey, M. B. (2010). Fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics. John Wiley & Sons.
Mwangi, J. K., Lee, W. J., Chang, Y. C., Chen, C. Y., Wang, L. C. (2015). An overview: energy saving and pollution reduction by using green fuel blends in diesel engines. Applied Energy, 159:214-236.
Özcan, H. Çakmak, A., (2018). Comparative exergy analysis of fuel additives containing oxygen and HC based in a spark-ignition (SI) engine. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 7(3):124-133.
Özsezen, A. N., Canakci, M. (2011). Performance and combustion characteristics of alcohol–gasoline blends at wide-open throttle. Energy, 36(5):2747-2752.
Pulkrabek, W. W. (2004). Engineering fundamentals of the internal combustion engine.
Sayah, A. K., Sayah, A. K. (2011). Wind-hydrogen utilization for methanol production: An economy assessment in Iran. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(8):3570-3574.
Schifter, I., Diaz, L., Rodriguez, R., Gómez, J. P., Gonzalez, U. (2011). Combustion and emissions behavior for ethanol–gasoline blends in a single cylinder engine. Fuel, 90(12):3586-3592.
Sezer, I., Altin, I., Bilgin, A. (2009). Exergetic analysis of using oxygenated fuels in spark-ignition (SI) engines. Energy & Fuels, 23(4):1801-1807.
Sezer, İ., Bilgin, A. (2013). Effects of charge properties on exergy balance in spark ignition engines. Fuel, 112:523-530.
Shenghua, L., Clemente, E. R. C., Tiegang, H., Yanjv, W. (2007). Study of spark ignition engine fueled with methanol/gasoline fuel blends. Applied Thermal Engineering, 27(11-12):1904-1910. Şimşek, S., Saygın, H., Özdalyan, B. (2020). Improvement of fusel oil features and effect of its use in different compression ratios for an SI engine on performance and emission. Energies, 13(7):1824.
Taghavifar, H., Nemati, A., Walther, J. H. (2019). Combustion and exergy analysis of multi-component diesel-DME-methanol blends in HCCI engine. Energy, 187:115951.
Tangestani, V., Isfahani, A. M. (2020). Experimental evaluation of the performance and exhaust emissions of porous medium diesel and Otto engines. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 17(3):1463-1474.
Thangavelu, S. K., Ahmed, A. S., Ani, F. N. (2016). Review on bioethanol as alternative fuel for spark ignition engines. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 56:820-835.
Tian, Z., Zhen, X., Wang, Y., Liu, D., Li, X. (2020). Comparative study on combustion and emission characteristics of methanol, ethanol and butanol fuel in TISI engine. Fuel, 259:116199.
Turner, D., Xu, H., Cracknell, R. F., Natarajan, V., Chen, X. (2011). Combustion performance of bio-ethanol at various blend ratios in a gasoline direct injection engine. Fuel, 90(5):1999-2006.
Uslu, S., Celik, M. B. (2020). Combustion and emission characteristics of isoamyl alcohol-gasoline blends in spark ignition engine. Fuel, 262:116496.
Verhelst, S., Turner, J. W., Sileghem, L., Vancoillie, J. (2019). Methanol as a fuel for internal combustion engines. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 70:43-88.
Wu, B., Wang, L., Shen, X., Yan, R., Dong, P. (2016). Comparison of lean burn characteristics of an SI engine fueled with methanol and gasoline under idle condition. Applied Thermal Engineering, 95:264-270.
Yanju, W., Shenghua, L., Hongsong, L., Rui, Y., Jie, L., Ying, W. (2008). Effects of methanol/gasoline blends on a spark ignition engine performance and emissions. Energy & Fuels, 22(2):1254-1259.
Yücesu, H. S., Topgül, T., Çınar, C., Okur, M. (2006). Effect of ethanol–gasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions in different compression ratios. Applied Thermal Engineering, 26(17-18):2272-2278.
Zhen, X., Wang, Y. (2015). An overview of methanol as an internal combustion engine fuel. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52:477-493.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Mechanical Engineering

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Battal Doğan
0000-0001-5542-4853
Türkiye

Murat Kadir Yeşilyurt
0000-0003-0870-7564
Türkiye

Derviş Erol ^*
0000-0002-3438-9312
Türkiye

Abdülvahap Çakmak
0000-0003-1434-6697
Türkiye

Publication Date

June 30, 2020

Submission Date

April 29, 2020

Acceptance Date

May 18, 2020

Published in Issue

Year 2020 Volume: 12 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.29137/umagd.728802

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA96BD98EL

APA

Doğan, B., Yeşilyurt, M. K., Erol, D., & Çakmak, A. (2020). A Study Toward Analyzing the Energy, Exergy and Sustainability Index Based on Performance and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of a Spark-Ignition Engine Fuelled with the Binary Blends of Gasoline and Methanol or Ethanol. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 12(2), 529-548. https://doi.org/10.29137/umagd.728802

AMA

1.Doğan B, Yeşilyurt MK, Erol D, Çakmak A. A Study Toward Analyzing the Energy, Exergy and Sustainability Index Based on Performance and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of a Spark-Ignition Engine Fuelled with the Binary Blends of Gasoline and Methanol or Ethanol. IJERAD. 2020;12(2):529-548. doi:10.29137/umagd.728802

Chicago

Doğan, Battal, Murat Kadir Yeşilyurt, Derviş Erol, and Abdülvahap Çakmak. 2020. “A Study Toward Analyzing the Energy, Exergy and Sustainability Index Based on Performance and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of a Spark-Ignition Engine Fuelled With the Binary Blends of Gasoline and Methanol or Ethanol”. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development 12 (2): 529-48. https://doi.org/10.29137/umagd.728802.

EndNote

Doğan B, Yeşilyurt MK, Erol D, Çakmak A (June 1, 2020) A Study Toward Analyzing the Energy, Exergy and Sustainability Index Based on Performance and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of a Spark-Ignition Engine Fuelled with the Binary Blends of Gasoline and Methanol or Ethanol. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development 12 2 529–548.

IEEE

[1]B. Doğan, M. K. Yeşilyurt, D. Erol, and A. Çakmak, “A Study Toward Analyzing the Energy, Exergy and Sustainability Index Based on Performance and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of a Spark-Ignition Engine Fuelled with the Binary Blends of Gasoline and Methanol or Ethanol”, IJERAD, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 529–548, June 2020, doi: 10.29137/umagd.728802.

ISNAD

Doğan, Battal - Yeşilyurt, Murat Kadir - Erol, Derviş - Çakmak, Abdülvahap. “A Study Toward Analyzing the Energy, Exergy and Sustainability Index Based on Performance and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of a Spark-Ignition Engine Fuelled With the Binary Blends of Gasoline and Methanol or Ethanol”. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development 12/2 (June 1, 2020): 529-548. https://doi.org/10.29137/umagd.728802.

JAMA

1.Doğan B, Yeşilyurt MK, Erol D, Çakmak A. A Study Toward Analyzing the Energy, Exergy and Sustainability Index Based on Performance and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of a Spark-Ignition Engine Fuelled with the Binary Blends of Gasoline and Methanol or Ethanol. IJERAD. 2020;12:529–548.

MLA

Doğan, Battal, et al. “A Study Toward Analyzing the Energy, Exergy and Sustainability Index Based on Performance and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of a Spark-Ignition Engine Fuelled With the Binary Blends of Gasoline and Methanol or Ethanol”. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, vol. 12, no. 2, June 2020, pp. 529-48, doi:10.29137/umagd.728802.

Vancouver

1.Battal Doğan, Murat Kadir Yeşilyurt, Derviş Erol, Abdülvahap Çakmak. A Study Toward Analyzing the Energy, Exergy and Sustainability Index Based on Performance and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of a Spark-Ignition Engine Fuelled with the Binary Blends of Gasoline and Methanol or Ethanol. IJERAD. 2020 Jun. 1;12(2):529-48. doi:10.29137/umagd.728802