Effects of Crab Shellmeal Inclusions to Fishmeal Replacement on the Survival, Growth, and Feed Utilization of Mangrove Crab Scylla serrata (Forsskal 1775)

Abstract

Mangrove crab Scylla serrata is associated with mangroves throughout the Indian and Pacific oceans. This species is crucial to aquaculture and fishing. As wild stocks decline and demand rises, mangrove crab aquaculture has become increasingly popular. However, feed development research and its quality are still meager in the industry. This study examined the interactive effects of different levels of crab shellmeal (CSM) to fishmeal (FM) replacement on proximate composition, feed utilization, carcass composition, growth, and survival performance of mangrove crab S. serrata. Four formulated diets were prepared, and one for chopped trash fish (TF) supplement: 30% FM and 0% CSM (Diet 1) as a negative control, 20% FM and 10% CSM (Diet 2), 10% FM and 20% CSM (Diet 3), 0% FM and 30% CSM (Diet 4), and TF as a positive control (Diet 5). Experiments were conducted in each group for 30 days with ten replicates. Results revealed that formulated diets using different levels of CSM and FM did not significantly affect mangrove crabs' growth and survival rates as well as feed utilization. However, the proximate composition of Diet 4 was significantly higher among other experimental diets. Moreover, the crab's whole body composition (ash, moisture, carbohydrates, crude protein, crude fat, and calories) with different levels of CSM and FM was significantly improved. Hence, it is possible to enhance the carcass composition and proximate composition by supplementing CSM; however, it has no effect on feed utilization, as well as the growth and survival rates of mangrove crab S. serrata.

Keywords

• Crab shellmeal
• Fishmeal
• Growth
• Mangrove crab
• Survival

References

1. Agbayani, R. F. (2001). Production economics and marketing of mud crabs in the Philippines. Asian Fisheries Science, 14(2), 201-210. http://hdl.handle.net/10862/1886
2. Alber, R. 2003. Growth and Survival of Mud crab (Scylla serrata) Fed with Bagungon Meat (Telescopium telescopium) as Alternative Feed Ingredient in Mud crab Fattening. Presented during the National Research Symposium held the BSWM Convention Hall
3. Alberts-Hubatsch, H., Lee, S. Y., Meynecke, J. O., Diele, K., Nordhaus, I., & Wolff, M. (2016). Life-history, movement, and habitat use of Scylla serrata (Decapoda, Portunidae): current knowledge and future challenges. Hydrobiologia, 763(1), 5-21.
4. Alberts-Hubatsch, H., Yip Lee, S., Diele, K., Wolff, M., & Nordhaus, I. (2014). Microhabitat use of Early Benthic Stage Mud Crabs, Scylla serrata, in Eastern Australia. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 34(5), 604-610.
5. Ali, S. A., Dayal, J. S., & Ambasankar, K. (2011). Presentation and evaluation of formulated feed for mud crab Scylla serrata. Indian Journal for Fisheries 58(2): 67-73
6. Barnes, D. K. A., Dulvy, N. K., Priestley, S. H., Darwall, W. R. T., Choisel, V., & Whittington, M. (2002). Fishery characteristics and abundance estimates of the mangrove crab Scylla serrata in southern Tanzania and northern Moçambique. African Journal of Marine Science, 24, 19-25.
7. Basu, S., & Roy, A. (2018). Economic assessment of mud crab (Scylla Serrata) culture as an adaptation strategy to salinity intrusion in south-west region of Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 75(6), 891-902. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2018.1470402
8. Baylon, J. C. (2010). Effects of salinity and temperature on survival and development of larvae and juveniles of the mud crab, Scylla serrata (Crustacea: Decapoda: Portunidae). Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 41(6), 858-873. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2010.00429.x

9. Brock, T. D., Madigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., & Parker, J. (2003). Brock biology of microorganisms. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice-Hall, 2003.
10. Buendia, J.C. (1999). Chitin from shell waste. SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture, 21(4): 34-38
11. Cornwall, J. (2014). Edible Crab Measuring Guide”. Retrieved on september, 26.
12. Gasco, L., Gai, F., Maricchiolo, G., Genovese, L., Ragonese, S., Bottari, T., & Caruso, G. (2018). Fishmeal alternative protein sources for aquaculture feeds. In Feeds for the aquaculture sector (pp. 1-28). Springer, Cham.
13. Gonzalez-Felix, M. L., Lawrence, A. L., Gatlin III, D. M., & Perez-Velazquez, M. (2002). Growth, survival and fatty acid composition of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei fed different oils in the presence and absence of phospholipids. Aquaculture, 205: 325–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00684-6
14. Goytortua-Bores, E., Civera-Cerecedo, R., Rocha-Meza, S., & Green-Yee, A. (2006). Partial replacement of red crab (Pleuroncodes planipes) meal for fish meal in practical diets for the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: Effect on growth and in vivo digestibility. Aquaculture, 256: 414–422.
15. Guerrero, R. (2000). Brock biology of microorganisms.
16. Hasanuzzaman, A. F. M., Arafat, S. T., & Huq, K. A. (2014). Mud Crab (Scylla spp.) Aquaculture in the south-west Sundarbans region of Bangladesh. Iraqi Journal of Aquaculture, 11(1), 57-83.
17. Jiang, H. B., Chen, L. Q., Qin, J. G., Gao, L. J., Li, E. C., Yu, N., Sun, S. M., & Jiang, X. Q. (2013). Partial or complete substitution of fish meal with soybean meal and cottonseed meal in Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis diets. Aquaculture International, 21: 617–628.
18. Kader, M. A., Bulbul, M., Asaduzzaman, M., Abol-Munafi, A. B., Noordin, N. M., Ikhwanuddin, M., ... & Ali, M. E. (2017). Effect of phospholipid supplements to fishmeal replacements on growth performance, feed utilization and fatty acid composition of mud crab, Scylla paramamosain (Estampador 1949). J Sustain Sci Manag, 2017, 47-61.
19. Kader, M. A., Koshio, S., Ishikawa, M., Yokoyama, S., Bulbul, M., Nguyen, B. T., Gao, J., & Laining, A. (2012). Can fermented soybean meal and squid by-product blend be used as fishmeal replacements for Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Aquaculture Research, 43: 1427–1438. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.02945.x
20. Kato, Y., Onishi, H., & Machida, Y. (2003). Application of chitin and chitosan derivatives in the pharmaceutical field. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 4(5), 303-309. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389201033489748
21. Krogdahl, A. 2016. The Fishmeal Meal Dilemma – what are the alternatives?. Proceedings of the aquaculture breakout session at the 2016 World Nutrition Forum in Vancouver, Canada
22. Krogdahl, Å., Hemre, G. I., & Mommsen, T. P. (2005). Carbohydrates in fish nutrition: digestion and absorption in postlarval stages. Aquaculture nutrition, 11(2), 103-122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2004.00327.x
23. Kumaraguruvasagam, K. P., Ramesh, S., & Balasubramanian, T. (2005). Dietary value of different vegetable oil in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon in the presence and absence of soy lecithin supplementation: effect on growth, nutrient digestibility and body composition. Aquaculture, 250: 317–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.02.035
24. Le Vay, L., Ut, V. N., & Walton, M. (2007). Population ecology of the mud crab Scylla paramamosain (Estampador) in an estuarine mangrove system; a mark-recapture study. Marine Biology, 151(3), 1127-1135.
25. Li, P., Wang, X., Hardy, R. W., & Gatlin III, D. M. (2004). Nutritional values of fisheries by-catch and by-product meals in the diet of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Aquaculture, 236: 485-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.02.010
26. Li, X., Wang, J., Han, T., Hu, S., Jiang, Y., & Wang, C. (2014). Effect of dietary phospholipids levels and sources on growth performance, fatty acid composition of the juvenile swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus. Aquaculture, 430: 166– 172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.03.037
27. Li, Y., Gao, J., & Huang, S. (2015). Effects of different dietary phospholipid levels on growth performance, fatty acid composition, PPAR gene expressions and antioxidant responses of blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala fingerlings. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 41: 423–436.
28. Lindner, R. K. (2005). Impacts of mud crab hatchery technology in Vietnam (No. 434-2016-33653). Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, pp. 66
29. Luo, Z., Li, X. D., Wang, W. M., Tan, X. Y., & Liu, X. (2011). Partial replacement of fish meal by a mixture of soybean meal and rapeseed meal in practical diets for juvenile Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis: effects on growth performance and in vivo digestibility. Aquaculture Research, 42: 1616–1622. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02751.x
30. Marichamy, R., & Rajapackiam, S. (2001). The aquaculture of Scylla species in India. Asian Fisheries Science, 14, 231-238. Michael, F. R., & Koshio, S. (2008). Biochemical studies on the interactive effects of dietary choline and inositol in juvenile Kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus. Aquaculture, 285: 179–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.08.006
31. Mirera, O. D. (2011). Trends in exploitation, development and management of artisanal mud crab (Scylla serrata-Forsskal-1775) fishery and small-scale culture in Kenya: An overview. Ocean & coastal management, 54(11), 844-855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2011.08.001
32. Ndome, C., Oriakpono, O., & Ogar, A. (2010). Proximate composition and nutritional values of some commonly consumed fishes from the Cross River Estuary. Tropical Freshwater Biology, 19(1), 11.
33. Nguyen, N. T. B., Chim, L., Lemaire, P., & Wantiez, L. (2014). Feed intake, molt frequency, tissue growth, feed efficiency and energy budget during a molt cycle of mud crab juveniles, Scylla serrata (Forskal, 1775), fed on different practical diets with graded levels of soy protein concentrate as main source of protein. Aquaculture, 434: 499–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.09.014
34. Petersen, E. H., Suc, N. X., Thanh, D. V., & Hien, T. T. (2011). Bioeconomic analysis of extensive mud crab farming in Vietnam and analysis of improved diets. Aquaculture Economics & Management, 15(2), 83-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/13657305.2010.549164
35. Quinitio, E. T. (2017). Overview of the mud crab industry in the Philippines. In Philippines: In the forefront of the mud crab industry development: proceedings of the 1st National Mud Crab Congress, 16-18 November 2015, Iloilo City, Philippines (pp. 1-12). Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center. http://hdl.handle.net/10862/3159
36. Ringø, E., Zhou, Z., Olsen, R. E., & Song, S. K. (2012). Use of chitin and krill in aquaculture–the effect on gut microbiota and the immune system: a review. Aquaculture Nutrition, 18(2), 117-131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2011.00919.x
37. Sathiadhas, R., & Najmudeen, T. M. (2004). Economic evaluation of mud crab farming under different production systems in India. Aquaculture Economics & Management, 8(1-2), 99-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/13657300409380355
38. Say, W. C., & Ikhwanuddin, A. M. (1999). Pen culture of mud crabs, genus Scylla, in the mangrove ecosystems of Sarawak, East Malaysia. In ACIAR PROCEEDINGS (pp. 83-88). AUSTRALIAN CENTRE FOR INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL.
39. Shelley, C. (2008). Capture-based aquaculture of mud crabs (Scylla spp.). Capture-based aquaculture. Global overview. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, 508, 255-269.
40. Shelley, C., & Lovatelli, A. (2011). Mud crab aquaculture: a practical manual. FAO Fisheries and aquaculture technical paper, (567). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, 80p
41. Suwirya, K., Giri, N. A., & Marzuqi, M. (2009). Replacement of fish meal protein by soy bean and corn gluten meal proteins in the diet of mud crab, Scylla paramamosain. Indonesian Aquaculture Journal, 4: 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/iaj.4.1.2009.75-78
42. Toppe, J., Aksnes, A., Hope, B., & Albrektsen, S. (2006). Inclusion of fish bone and crab by-products in diets for Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Aquaculture, 253: 636– 645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.09.015
43. Uyan, O., Koshio, S., Ishikawa, M., Yokoyama, S., Uyan, S., Ren, T., & Hernandez, L. H. H. (2009). The influence of dietary phospholipid level on the performances of juvenile amberjack, Seriola dumerili, fed non-fishmeal diets. Aquaculture Nutrition, 15: 550–557. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2008.00621.x
44. Viswanathan, C., & Raffi, S. M. (2015). The natural diet of the mud crab Scylla olivacea (Herbst, 1896) in Pichavaram mangroves, India. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 22(6), 698-705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.08.005
45. Williams, G., & Field, D. (1999). Development of hatchery practices for the culture of mud crabs in Northern Australia. WORLD AQUACULTURE-BATON ROUGE-, 30(4), 56-58.
46. Zhao, J., Wen, X., Li, S., Zhu, D., & Li, Y. (2016). Effects of different dietary lipid sources on tissue fatty acid composition, serum biochemical parameters and fatty acid synthase of juvenile mud crab Scylla paramamosain (E stampador 1949). Aquaculture Research, 47(3), 887-899. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12547